Anatomy Chapter 14: Blood

Desiree how the body recycles hemoglobin

-Hemoglobin breaks down into globin chains -Decomposes into biliverdin -Iron and transferin are carried to the hematopoietic tissue in red bone marrow

What percentage of the hematocrit is WBCs and platelets

1%

the basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the transformation of a soluble plasma protein, ____, to a relatively insoluble protein, ____.

1. fibrinogen 2. fibrin

Red Blood cells are ____ hemoglobin

1/3

a normal red cell count is _____ for an adult female

4,200,000 - 5,400,000

What is the normal red cell count for a child?

4,500,000-5,100,000

a normal red cell count is _____ for an adult male

4,600,000 - 6,200,000

What percentage of the hematocrit are red blood cells?

45%

what is the blood volume of an average sized adult?

5 Liters

the normal white blood count is

5,000 - 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter

What percentage of the hematocrit is plasma?

55%

plasma represents approximately ___% of a normal blood sample

55%

Smallest Large spherical nucleus Surrounded by cytoplasm Attack microorganisms and produce antibodies 25-33% of Leukocytes

Lymphocytes

which of the following blood types is the universal donor?

O

How are red blood cells damaged?

age passing through capillaries particularly those of active muscles

significant in maintaining osmostic pressure

albumins

a person with type A blood has

antigen A and antibody B

which of the plasma electrolytes is responsible for maintaining blood pH?

bicarbonate

bil-

bile

the heme portion of damaged red blood cells is decomposed into iron and

biliverdin

hema-

blood

hemo-

blood

What factors influence a person's blood volume?

body size, changes in fluid and electrolyte concentration, amount of adipose tissue

the gases that are normally dissolved in plasma include

carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen

-thromb

clot

Describe the process of RBC formation

erythroblast divide new cells shrink and are pinched off macrophages engulf extruded materials reticulocytes exit red bone marrow

the clumping together of red blood cells when unlike types of blood are mixed is due to antibodies in the plasma and antigens on the

erythrocytes

an Rh-negative mother, carrying a fetus who is Rh-positive, may have an infant with a blood problem called

erythroldastosis

red blood cell production is stimulated by the hormone ____ that is released from the kidney in response to low oxygen concentration

erythropioetin

a platelet plug begins to form when platelets are

exposed to a rough surface

largest molecular size, plays a part in blood clotting

fibrinogens

transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins, antibody of immunity

globulins

-stasis

halt

the percentage of formed elements, especially red blood cells, in blood is called

hematocrit

an Rh-negative mother who delivers an Rh-positive baby is given ____ within 72 hours of delivery to prevent the above condition.

rhogam

-crit

separate

embol-

stopper

an enzyme that may be used to dissolve blood clots is

streptokinase

in the fetus, red blood cells are produced in

the liver

prothrombin is a plasma protein that is produced by

the liver

Where are the RBCs produced after birth?

tissue lining in the spaces in bones (Red bone marrow)

agglutin-

to glue together

-poie

to make

what are the functions of blood?

transport, regulation, defense

cellular components of the immune system and formed elements of blood originate from a common stem cell known as hematopoietic stem cell.

true

the application of medicinal leeches has been used as an adjunctive therapy to microsurgery to maintain the patency of small veins

true

factors that prevent coagulation in a normal vascular system include all of the following except

vitamin K

What do you find in the plasma?

water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste

leuko-

white

does statement A explain statement B? A. vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary to cell growth and reproduction B. the rate of red blood cell production is particularly dependent upon vitamin B12 and folic acid.

yes

Where are the RBCs produced before birth?

yolk sac, liver, spleen

red blood cells cannot reproduce because they lack a

nucleus

list the cellular and noncellular components transported by plasma

nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones, electrolytes

antibodies for Rh appear

only in response to stimulations by Rh antigens

red blood cell counts are important clinically because they provide information about

oxygen carrying capacity

substances believed necessary to activate prothrombin are thought to include

phospholipids

the blood element concerned with the control of bleeding and the formation of clots is the

platelet

all of the following nutrients are present in plasma except

polysaccharides

once a blood clot begins to form, it promotes still more clotting. this is an example of a

positive feedback system

what factors can stimulate the release of erythropoietin?

prolonged oxygen deficiency

laboratory tests used to evaluate blood coagulation mechanisms are the

prothrombin time and the partial prothrombine time

the bioconcave shape of red blood cells

provides an increased surface area for gas diffusion, moves the cell membrane closer to hemoglobin, and allows the cell to move through capillaries

erythr-

red

blood cells are primarily formed in

red bone marrow

Caused by radiation and toxic chemicals

A-plasmic Anemia

Similar to Eosinophils Deep blue stain Promote inflammation and blood flow to damaged tissue

Basophills

The shape of a red blood cell is a _____ _______

Biconcave disk

Leukocytes squeezing between cell walls that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels

Diapedesis

Course, uniformly sized granules Appear deep red Modify alergic reactions Defend against parasitic worms 1-3% of leukeocytes

Eosinophils

What are the two types of Leukocytes?

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

What is known as the process of blood formation?

Hematopoiesis

What are the three different cells that are produced in the process of Hematopoiesis?

Hemocytoblast, Erythroblast, Erythrocytes

Caused by toxic chemicals

Hemolytic Anemia

Caused by dietary lack of iron

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Damaged red blood cells are destroyed by calls called ______, located in the _____ and _____.

Macrophages Spleen Liver

Largest and spherical in shape Kidney shaped nucleus Phagosize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris 3-9% of Leukocytes

Monocytes

How is the production of red blood cells controlled?

Negative feedback- Erythropoietin

Appear light purple Have a lobed nucleus with 2-5 sections Phagosize bacteria, fungi, and some viral infections 52-64% of Leukeocytes

Neutrophils

Caused by the inability to absorb B12

Pernicious Anemia

Biconcave disks Thin in the center Thick around the edges

Red Blood Cells

Caused by a defective gene

Sickle Cell and Thalassemia

What factors may cause an increase in the red blood cell count?

Strenuous exercise or an increase of altitude

-osis

abnormal condition

What is the role of folic acid and vitamin B12 in red blood cell production?

They are required for DNA Synthesis and necessary for growth and development of all cells

How does the lack of a nucleus and other organelles affect red blood cell function?

They cannot synthesize proteins or divide

retraction of the clot, pulling the edges of the severed vessel closer together, is due to the action of

actin

a lack of vitamin B12 is usually due to

a disorder of the stomach lining

an increase in the blood level of nonprotein nitrogen can indicate

a kidney disorder

which of the following represents the correct order of appearance of cells in red blood cell production?

hemocytoblasts, erythroblasts, erythrocytes

the hereditary disease that is almost exclusively male and is due to the lack of one of several clotting factors is

hemophilia

macro-

large

hepa-

liver

the white blood cell that has the longest life span is the

lymphocyte

damaged red blood cells are destroyed by what?

macrophage

poly-

many

What do red blood cells consist of? (look in book about this one)

membrane, water, electrolytes, and enzymes

the most mobile and active phagocytic leukocytes are

monocytes and neutrophils

list the plasma electrolytes

na, mg, k, ca, phosphate, sulfates, chlorides, and bicarbonates

the most numerous type of white blood cell is the

neutrophil

The most mobile and active phagocytes are ____ and _____.

neutrophils and monocytes