Anatomy chapter 2

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Minerals

4

Presence of channels and transporters

Help with movement of things

Enzyme

Type of protein that controls rate of reaction

cellular adhension molecules

allow certain cells to touch or bind, cells aggregate to form tissues, mark the cells of an individual as self

Carbohydrates

1

Citric acid cycle

1

An egg cell contains

140 um(barely visible)

Fats

16

Proteins

16

How many mitochondria is in the typicall cell?

1700

Glycolysis

2

Electron transport chain

33

How many enzymes are in a lysosome

40

What percent of the cells energy supply can be used for active transport?

40 Percent

Have many lipids are in every 1 protein

50

A smooth muscle contains

500 um

Water percent

64

A red blood cell contains

7.5 um

Which transport system requires cellular energy?

Active transport

Nucleus

Central portion of cell and contains genetic material of cell

Charge

Charged molecules cannot pass easily

Nucleolus

Condensed central part that is composed of proteins and rna, has no membrane, and assemble ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

Contains a series of protein rod and tubules that form a supportive framework

Rough ER

Contains ribosomes on the surface

ECF vs. ICF

Cytoplasm

What is the fluid part in Cytoplasm

Cytosol

What are the parts in Cytoplasm

Cytosol, Organelles, and inclusions

Histones

DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters

General protein synthesis equation

DNA->mRNA->protein

Metabolism

Describes every single biochemical reaction going in the body

peripheral protein

Does not extend all the way through, remains at the surface

Nuclear membrane

Double layer with large pores and channels consisting of 100 different protein channels

lipid-soluble

Due to the oily nature of the inner membrane, water insoluble

Matrix

Enzyme-solutions fluid

Where is the Cilia found?

Epithelial cells

Cytosol

Fluid that suspends organelles and dissolve solutes

Lysosomes

Garbage or recycling center, Contains enzymes to dismantle deloris

14 steps to enzyme to provide body with energy

Glycolysis->citric acid cycle->electron transport chain

Water

H2O, energy making

Biochemical reactions in a peroxisome

Help form bile salts that digests fats, breakdown large lipid chains, breakdown rare chemicals, detoxification of alcohols

What does smooth ER do

Helps lipid synthesis, fat absorption, breaking down drugs

What does the Rough ER do

Helps with protein synthesis

What is the Chemical part in Cytoplasm

Inclusions

Mitochondria

Increases surface area where chemical reactions can occur, Contain own DNA for making a small number of proteins and specialized RNA

Cytoplasm

Intracellular, fluid environment that contains, cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

3 things that travel across an active transport system

Ions, amino acids, monosaccharides

Size

Large molecules cannot pass through easily or at all

Catabolism

Larger molecules are broken down in the smaller ones, releasing energy

Anabolism

Larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring energy input, required for cellular growth and repair

ECF

Link to cells and the bodys internal environment

Selective permeability

Lipid solubility, size, charge, and presence of channels and transporters

Phospholipids

Lipids that contain phosphorus, causes the inside to be oily

Fats

Long carbon chains called fatty acids, storage of energy, making structures, steroids, must be ingested

Carbohydrates

Long units of simple sugars, major ATP

Flagella

Long, whip-like tail found on a cell

Chromatin

Loosely coiled fibers in the nuclear fluid, dna molecules wrapped around protein clusters, has dna

Cytosine

Mainly KO+ and PO-3, proteins

ECF

Mainly Na+ and cl-

Proteins

Makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body, brings nitrogen into the body , made of amino acids that are linked by peptidebonds

Membrane proteins

Many different types providing specialized functions

Micrometers

Measured in units(um), change to shape alters ability to function

Chemical gradient

Membrane maintain different chemical compositions between the off and ecf

Electrochemical gradient

Membrane maintains an electrical and chemical gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

Membrane-bound, flattened sacs, enlongated canals, and fluid filled vesicles

Microtubules

More rigid, adding more structure to the cell, move organelles and structures with the cell

Cilia and Flagella

Motile extensions of some cell

Cilia(function)

Move particles along the way, as well as help cells anchor in place

Passive transport

Movement with the gradient, does not require cellular energy, depends upon concentration gradient and pressure

Cellular respiration

One of the most important metabolic prosses to humans

What is the physical part in Cytoplasm

Organelles

Organelles

Parts of a cell that have specific functions

which transport system does not require cellular energy?

Passive transport

Signal transduction pathways

Peripheral proteins are enzymes and take part

Electrical gradient

Present because the inside of the cell surface is more negative than those outside of the cells surface

Peroxisomes

Present in all cells, but much more abundant in liver and kidney cells

Hydrolysis

Process where water is used to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins

Lysosomes(parts)

Proteins,carbs,nucleic acid, bacteria, old worn cell parts

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Release energy from the glucose and organic nutrients

What are the 2 types of ER

Rough, Smooth

Where are Ribosomes found?

Scattered through the cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum

Cilia

Small, hair-like projections from the surface of the cell

Microfilaments

Smaller than other, various types of movements within cells

What cell is one type of flagella cell

Sperm cell

Cisternae

Stack of 6-8 membranes

Inclusions(3 purposes)

Stored nutrients=Glycogen and lipids, Pigments=melanin, Functional proteins=cyclin(Cell division)

Lipid solubility

Substances dissolved in lipids pass easily

Cristae

The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Nutrients

The molecules your body is continually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart again

Viscous(cytosol)

Thick, low flow

Chromosome

Thickened rods of chromatin, coil up tighter, pair of chromatids

Microtubules and Microfilaments

Thread-like structures found throughout the autoplasm forming the cytoskeleton

Ribosomes

Tiny, spherical structures composed of proteins and RNA

Minerals

Vitamins=A,B,C,D,E,K Ions

Membrane poteintial

Voltage due to the separation surface of the positive and negative ions

Heads of phospholipids(polar or nonpolar)

Water soluble, phosphate groups from the outer surface(polar)

Lysosomes(function)

acidic conditions so they do not destroy the cells around them

Signal transduction

allows cell to receive and respond to incoming messages(chemical form)

isotonic solution

any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

equilibrium

becomes more evenly distributed

Fluid mosaic model

bilayer of phospholipid molecules and embedded proteins

Some parts of the Fluid Mosaic Model

carbohydrates, Cholesterols, glycolipids

3 main parts of a basic cell

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

transparent(cytosol)

clear, seethrough

osmosis

diffusion of water molecules from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, not permeable to proteins

Types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

ASR

enzymes Peroxides

Integral proteins

extends from the ECF and the ICF, provide routes into and out of the cell for smaller molecules and ions, bind to specific molecules that trigger responses in the cell

Cell membrane (structure)

extremely thin, but flexible lining, controls entrance and exists of substances

What does the centrosome help form

fibers that will control chromosomal movement, flagella and cilia

filtration

forced movement through a membrane based on pressure, typically blood pressure controlled by the heart, pushes substances through capillary walls, blood proteins cannot pass

Smooth ER

has no ribsomes

3 types of osmosis

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

Facilitated diffusion

is aided by membrane proteins or pores, higher to lower concentrations

water-soluble

molecules do not pass easily

Exocytosis

movement of molecules out of a cell, passage of vesicles to the ECF, used for protein transporting and neurochemical transfer

Centrosome/Centriole(Location)

near the nucleus of animal cells

active transport

net movement of particles passing through a membrane from lower concentration to a high concentration, use of cellular energy

Transport Vesicles

packaged in parts of the golgi membrane, can travel to the cell membrane and release contents to the ECF

2 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

integral proteins(parts)

pores for water molecules to enter

Gogi complex or body

refines, packages(Vesicles), and delivers proteins synthesized by the Rough ER, Chemically modify Glycoproteins as they pass from sac to sac

hypotonic solution

solutions that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids, low solute, high water

hypertonic solution

solutions with a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids, high solute, low water

cell membrane

surface membrane that separates the external environment from the internal environment, actively functioning part of the living material,

Pinocytosis

takes in liquid, water and particles dissolved in it that would otherwise be too large

phagocytosis

takes in solid particles, disposal of foreign objects, removal of damaged cells and parts, destruction of disease-causing organism

Inclusions

tend to share a group of chemicals

diffusion

tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of high conectration to an area of low concentration

The function of the ER

to communicate with the cell membrane and other organelles, Transport system

Centrioles

two hollow cylinders, each consist of two tubelike proteins organized in nine groups of three, active in cell division

endocytosis

vesicular transport into the cell

What is the main fluid in the Cytoplasm

water

Tails of phospholipids

water-insoluble fatty acid chains that make up the interior of the membrane (nonpolar)


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