Anatomy chapter 2
Minerals
4
Presence of channels and transporters
Help with movement of things
Enzyme
Type of protein that controls rate of reaction
cellular adhension molecules
allow certain cells to touch or bind, cells aggregate to form tissues, mark the cells of an individual as self
Carbohydrates
1
Citric acid cycle
1
An egg cell contains
140 um(barely visible)
Fats
16
Proteins
16
How many mitochondria is in the typicall cell?
1700
Glycolysis
2
Electron transport chain
33
How many enzymes are in a lysosome
40
What percent of the cells energy supply can be used for active transport?
40 Percent
Have many lipids are in every 1 protein
50
A smooth muscle contains
500 um
Water percent
64
A red blood cell contains
7.5 um
Which transport system requires cellular energy?
Active transport
Nucleus
Central portion of cell and contains genetic material of cell
Charge
Charged molecules cannot pass easily
Nucleolus
Condensed central part that is composed of proteins and rna, has no membrane, and assemble ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Contains a series of protein rod and tubules that form a supportive framework
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes on the surface
ECF vs. ICF
Cytoplasm
What is the fluid part in Cytoplasm
Cytosol
What are the parts in Cytoplasm
Cytosol, Organelles, and inclusions
Histones
DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters
General protein synthesis equation
DNA->mRNA->protein
Metabolism
Describes every single biochemical reaction going in the body
peripheral protein
Does not extend all the way through, remains at the surface
Nuclear membrane
Double layer with large pores and channels consisting of 100 different protein channels
lipid-soluble
Due to the oily nature of the inner membrane, water insoluble
Matrix
Enzyme-solutions fluid
Where is the Cilia found?
Epithelial cells
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends organelles and dissolve solutes
Lysosomes
Garbage or recycling center, Contains enzymes to dismantle deloris
14 steps to enzyme to provide body with energy
Glycolysis->citric acid cycle->electron transport chain
Water
H2O, energy making
Biochemical reactions in a peroxisome
Help form bile salts that digests fats, breakdown large lipid chains, breakdown rare chemicals, detoxification of alcohols
What does smooth ER do
Helps lipid synthesis, fat absorption, breaking down drugs
What does the Rough ER do
Helps with protein synthesis
What is the Chemical part in Cytoplasm
Inclusions
Mitochondria
Increases surface area where chemical reactions can occur, Contain own DNA for making a small number of proteins and specialized RNA
Cytoplasm
Intracellular, fluid environment that contains, cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
3 things that travel across an active transport system
Ions, amino acids, monosaccharides
Size
Large molecules cannot pass through easily or at all
Catabolism
Larger molecules are broken down in the smaller ones, releasing energy
Anabolism
Larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring energy input, required for cellular growth and repair
ECF
Link to cells and the bodys internal environment
Selective permeability
Lipid solubility, size, charge, and presence of channels and transporters
Phospholipids
Lipids that contain phosphorus, causes the inside to be oily
Fats
Long carbon chains called fatty acids, storage of energy, making structures, steroids, must be ingested
Carbohydrates
Long units of simple sugars, major ATP
Flagella
Long, whip-like tail found on a cell
Chromatin
Loosely coiled fibers in the nuclear fluid, dna molecules wrapped around protein clusters, has dna
Cytosine
Mainly KO+ and PO-3, proteins
ECF
Mainly Na+ and cl-
Proteins
Makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body, brings nitrogen into the body , made of amino acids that are linked by peptidebonds
Membrane proteins
Many different types providing specialized functions
Micrometers
Measured in units(um), change to shape alters ability to function
Chemical gradient
Membrane maintain different chemical compositions between the off and ecf
Electrochemical gradient
Membrane maintains an electrical and chemical gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Membrane-bound, flattened sacs, enlongated canals, and fluid filled vesicles
Microtubules
More rigid, adding more structure to the cell, move organelles and structures with the cell
Cilia and Flagella
Motile extensions of some cell
Cilia(function)
Move particles along the way, as well as help cells anchor in place
Passive transport
Movement with the gradient, does not require cellular energy, depends upon concentration gradient and pressure
Cellular respiration
One of the most important metabolic prosses to humans
What is the physical part in Cytoplasm
Organelles
Organelles
Parts of a cell that have specific functions
which transport system does not require cellular energy?
Passive transport
Signal transduction pathways
Peripheral proteins are enzymes and take part
Electrical gradient
Present because the inside of the cell surface is more negative than those outside of the cells surface
Peroxisomes
Present in all cells, but much more abundant in liver and kidney cells
Hydrolysis
Process where water is used to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins
Lysosomes(parts)
Proteins,carbs,nucleic acid, bacteria, old worn cell parts
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Release energy from the glucose and organic nutrients
What are the 2 types of ER
Rough, Smooth
Where are Ribosomes found?
Scattered through the cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum
Cilia
Small, hair-like projections from the surface of the cell
Microfilaments
Smaller than other, various types of movements within cells
What cell is one type of flagella cell
Sperm cell
Cisternae
Stack of 6-8 membranes
Inclusions(3 purposes)
Stored nutrients=Glycogen and lipids, Pigments=melanin, Functional proteins=cyclin(Cell division)
Lipid solubility
Substances dissolved in lipids pass easily
Cristae
The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Nutrients
The molecules your body is continually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart again
Viscous(cytosol)
Thick, low flow
Chromosome
Thickened rods of chromatin, coil up tighter, pair of chromatids
Microtubules and Microfilaments
Thread-like structures found throughout the autoplasm forming the cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Tiny, spherical structures composed of proteins and RNA
Minerals
Vitamins=A,B,C,D,E,K Ions
Membrane poteintial
Voltage due to the separation surface of the positive and negative ions
Heads of phospholipids(polar or nonpolar)
Water soluble, phosphate groups from the outer surface(polar)
Lysosomes(function)
acidic conditions so they do not destroy the cells around them
Signal transduction
allows cell to receive and respond to incoming messages(chemical form)
isotonic solution
any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
equilibrium
becomes more evenly distributed
Fluid mosaic model
bilayer of phospholipid molecules and embedded proteins
Some parts of the Fluid Mosaic Model
carbohydrates, Cholesterols, glycolipids
3 main parts of a basic cell
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
transparent(cytosol)
clear, seethrough
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, not permeable to proteins
Types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
ASR
enzymes Peroxides
Integral proteins
extends from the ECF and the ICF, provide routes into and out of the cell for smaller molecules and ions, bind to specific molecules that trigger responses in the cell
Cell membrane (structure)
extremely thin, but flexible lining, controls entrance and exists of substances
What does the centrosome help form
fibers that will control chromosomal movement, flagella and cilia
filtration
forced movement through a membrane based on pressure, typically blood pressure controlled by the heart, pushes substances through capillary walls, blood proteins cannot pass
Smooth ER
has no ribsomes
3 types of osmosis
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Facilitated diffusion
is aided by membrane proteins or pores, higher to lower concentrations
water-soluble
molecules do not pass easily
Exocytosis
movement of molecules out of a cell, passage of vesicles to the ECF, used for protein transporting and neurochemical transfer
Centrosome/Centriole(Location)
near the nucleus of animal cells
active transport
net movement of particles passing through a membrane from lower concentration to a high concentration, use of cellular energy
Transport Vesicles
packaged in parts of the golgi membrane, can travel to the cell membrane and release contents to the ECF
2 types of endocytosis
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
integral proteins(parts)
pores for water molecules to enter
Gogi complex or body
refines, packages(Vesicles), and delivers proteins synthesized by the Rough ER, Chemically modify Glycoproteins as they pass from sac to sac
hypotonic solution
solutions that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids, low solute, high water
hypertonic solution
solutions with a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids, high solute, low water
cell membrane
surface membrane that separates the external environment from the internal environment, actively functioning part of the living material,
Pinocytosis
takes in liquid, water and particles dissolved in it that would otherwise be too large
phagocytosis
takes in solid particles, disposal of foreign objects, removal of damaged cells and parts, destruction of disease-causing organism
Inclusions
tend to share a group of chemicals
diffusion
tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of high conectration to an area of low concentration
The function of the ER
to communicate with the cell membrane and other organelles, Transport system
Centrioles
two hollow cylinders, each consist of two tubelike proteins organized in nine groups of three, active in cell division
endocytosis
vesicular transport into the cell
What is the main fluid in the Cytoplasm
water
Tails of phospholipids
water-insoluble fatty acid chains that make up the interior of the membrane (nonpolar)
