Anatomy Chapter 2: Thorax

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Name in sequence, from right to left, the three main vessels at or just superior to the base of the heart

-Superior vena cava -Ascending aorta -Pulmonary trunk

Name the four muscles of the rotator cuff

-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Subscapularis -Teres minor

In sagittal sections through the right lateral region of the thorax, how many lobes are evident in the right lung?

3

The right bronchus divides into how many secondary bronchi?

3

How many vertebrochondral ribs are there?

3 pairs

In coronal sections through the anterior portion of the middle mediastinum, what vessel is seen between the superior vena cava and the pulmonary trunk?

Ascending aorta

What vessel assumes a central position as it communicates with the chamber of the heart with which it is associated?

Ascending aorta

What vessel branches opposite the vertebral artery?

Thyrocervical trunk

When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen second, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?

Ascending aorta

What vessel curves over the root of the right lung to drain into the superior vena cava?

Azygos vein

What vessel drains into the superior vena cava just superior to the right bronchus?

Azygos vein

What vessel loops over the right bronchus?

Azygos vein

Which is most to the right side, the azygos vein, the descending aorta, or the esophagus?

Azygos vein

What is the position of the esophagus relative to the trachea?

To the left

What is the primary orientation of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle, to the right, to the left, anteriorly, or inferiorly?

To the left

What vessel passes anterior to the descending aorta?

Left pulmonary vein

What blood vessel is closest to the apex of the left lung?

Left subclavian artery

What posterior vessel indents the pleura of the left lung?

Left subclavian artery

When coronal sections are taken from posterior to anterior, which branch of the aortic arch is seen first?

Left subclavian artery

From what chamber does the ascending aorta receive blood?

Left ventricle

What chamber of the heart indents the left lung?

Left ventricle

What chamber of the heart makes up most of the left side of the heart and forms the apex?

Left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?

Left ventricle

What vessel ascends from the left subclavian artery?

Left vertebral artery

What muscle extends from the ribs to the vertebral transverse process in this section?

Levator costarum

What is the boundary between the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum?

Line from sternal angle to intervertebral disc between 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae

What specific portion of the parietal pleura is closest to the pericardial sac?

Mediastinal parietal pleura

What is the position of the superior vena cava relative to the ascending aorta?

To the right

Which is more to the right, the trachea or the descending aorta?

Trachea

The heart is located in the ______ mediastinum

Middle

What specific portion of the mediastinum contains the heart?

Middle mediastinum

The valve located between the most posterior chamber of the heart and the chamber with the thickest walls is the ________

Mitral valve

Which valve associated with the heart is located farthest to the left?

Mitral valve

When sagittal sections are taken through the thorax from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen last, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary trunk

Which is most to the left side, the superior vena cava, the pulmonary trunk, or the ascending aorta?

Pulmonary trunk

Which valve is located at the exit from the right ventricle?

Pulmonic valve

Which valve of the heart is the most superiorly located and is seen first when visualizing serial sections from superior to inferior?

Pulmonic valve

What articulates with the body of a thoracic vertebrae?

Rib

As the esophagus descends through the posterior mediastinum, on which side of the thoracic aorta is it typically located?

Right

On which side of the body does the diaphragm typically extend more superiorly?

Right

On which side of the descending aorta is the azygos vein located, to the right or to the left?

Right

On which side of the heart do the vena cava enter?

Right

The lymphatic vessel posterior to the esophagus is called the _______

Thoracic duct

What lymphatic vessel is to the right of the descending aorta?

Thoracic duct

What structure is posterior to the esophagus, to the left of the azygos vein, and to the right of the descending aorta?

Thoracic duct

Which is most posterior, the left main bronchus, the thoracic duct, or the esophagus?

Thoracic duct

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the ______ valve

Tricuspid

What term is used to designate the true ribs?

Vertebrosternal ribs

What is the name of the specific serous membrane that is closely applied to the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

Which layer of the pleura is closely attached to the lung?

Visceral pleura

What two muscles form the anterior wall of the pectoral region?

-Pectoralis major -Pectoralis minor

What is the relative position of the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch?

Anterior & to the left

What valve is at the base of the ascending aorta?

Aortic valve

What valve is in the ascending aorta?

Aortic valve

Which lung is more displaced by the mass of the heart, the right lung or the left lung?

Left lung

In sagittal sections on the left side of the mediastinum, what artery is cut perpendicular to its axis, just inferior to the aortic arch and anterior to the thoracic aorta?

Left pulmonary artery

Which is more anterior, the superior lobe of the left lung or the inferior lobe?

Superior

What are the two vessels that join to form the superior vena cava?

-Right brachiocephalic vein -Left brachiocephalic vein

In coronal views, what vessels appear immediately superior to the left atrium?

-Right pulmonary artery -Left pulmonary artery

What vessels are associated with the left atrium?

-Right pulmonary vein -Left pulmonary vein

Valves located in the outflow vessels from the heart are called ______

Semilunar valves

What type of fluid is produced by the pleural membrane?

Serous fluid

The muscle that appears to enclose the ribs and intercostal muscles like parentheses is the ________

Serratus anterior muscle

What is the name of the smooth-walled region of the right atrium where the superior vena cava enters?

Sinus venarum

What muscle begins at the clavicle and ascends through the neck?

Sternocleidomastoid

What ligament extends between the pericardium ad the posterior surface of the sternum?

Sternopericardial ligament

What ligament extends from the pericardium to the sternum?

Sternopericardial ligament

From what vessel does the vertebral artery arise?

Subclavian artery

What artery is cut perpendicular to its axis in sagittal sections, posterior to the internal jugular vein?

Subclavian artery

What blood vessel is prominent posterior to the anterior scalene muscle?

Subclavian artery

Which is more posterior, the brachiocephalic vein or the subclavian artery?

Subclavian artery

What is the small muscle along the posterior surface of the clavicle?

Subclavius muscle

What two vessels join to form the brachiocephalic veins?

-Internal jugular veins -Subclavian veins

What are the two vessels posterior to the clavicle but anterior to the first rib?

-Left subclavian artery -Left subclavian vein

What are the three divisions of the sternum?

-Manubrium -Body -Xiphoid process

What muscle is between the scapula and the serratus anterior muscle in sagittal sections through the lateral thorax?

Subscapularis muscle

What are the two muscles evident in the anterior thoracic wall of sagittal sections through the right lateral region?

-Pectoralis major -Pectoralis minor

Lateral to the clavicle, what name designates the continuation of the subclavian artery and vein?

-Axillary artery -Axillary vein

Name 3 structures and/or tissues that are found in the anterior mediastinum

-Connective tissue -Fat -Lymph nodes -Thymus gland

Name 4 vessels and/or structures that are found in the posterior mediastinum

-Descending aorta -Azygos vein -Hemiazygos vein -Thoracic duct -Esophagus

What two blood vessels join to form the brachiocephalic vein?

-Internal jugular vein -Subclavian vein

What single vessel branches from the aorta to supply the right side of the head and the right upper extremity?

Brachiocephalic artery

What bones are anterior to the brachiocephalic veins?

Clavicle

What piece of bone is anterior to the left brachiocephalic vein?

Clavicle

What is the venous structure in the posterior atrioventricular sulcus?

Coronary sinus

What venous structure is located along the posterior surface of the heart, between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Coronary sinus

What large vessel is posterior to the left atrium?

Descending aorta

What vessel is posterior to the right bronchus?

Descending aorta

What forms the partition on the left side between the mediastinum and the abdominal organs?

Diaphragm

What muscular structure is between the right ventricle and the liver?

Diaphragm

What longitudinal structure is slightly to the left of the trachea?

Esophagus

What structure descends, and is therefore cut parallel to its axis, between the left atrium and the descending aorta?

Esophagus

Which is more to the left, the trachea or the esophagus?

Esophagus

Which is most anterior, the descending aorta or the esophagus?

Esophagus

The parenchyma of the breast is arranged in ________

Glandular lobules

Is the left pulmonary artery superior or inferior to the aortic arch?

Inferior

What blood vessel is anterior and to the right of the esophagus?

Inferior vena cava

What muscle is superficial to the body of the scapula?

Infraspinatus muscle

What blood vessel is located in the sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Interatrioventricular artery

What is the name of the ligament between the two clavicles?

Interclavicular ligament

What is the name of the muscular wall between the right and left ventricles?

Interventricular septum

Most of the right ventricle is on which side, to the right side of the midline or to the left side of the midline?

Left

On which side of the esophagus is the aorta located?

Left

On which side of the vertebral column is the thoracic aorta usually located?

Left

The left and right pulmonary veins enter what chamber of the heart?

Left atrium

What chamber of the heart is immediately anterior to the esophagus?

Left atrium

What chamber of the heart is most closely related to the esophagus?

Left atrium

What chamber of the heart is posterior to the ascending aorta?

Left atrium

What chamber of the heart is posterior to the superior vena cava and inferior to the right bronchus?

Left atrium

When coronal sections are taken from posterior to anterior, which chamber of the heart is seen first?

Left atrium

When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what chamber of the heart appears to be the most posterior?

Left atrium

Which chamber of the heart is associated with the pulmonary veins?

Left atrium

Which chamber of the heart is most directly related to the esophagus?

Left atrium

What vessel is anterior to the ascending aorta?

Left brachiocephalic vein

When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what vein, cut perpendicular to its axis, is anterior to the ascending aorta?

Left brachiocephalic vein

Which is longer, the right brachiocephalic vein or the left brachiocephalic vein?

Left brachiocephalic vein

What portion of the respiratory system is superior to the left atrium?

Left bronchus

What is the middle branch from the aortic arch?

Left common carotid artery

Which vessel is the middle branch from the arch of the aorta?

Left common carotid artery

What fissure is present in the left lung?

Oblique fissure

Which of the two fissures in the right lung is more superior?

Oblique fissure

The chordae tendineae are anchored to projections of myocardium called ________

Papillary muscle

What is the name of the ridges in the anterior portion of the right atrium?

Pectinate muscle

The skeletal muscle most closely related to the breast is the _______

Pectoralis muscle

What is the name of the "envelope" around the heart?

Pericardial sac

Do the right pulmonary veins enter the heart anterior to the right atrium or posterior to the right atrium?

Posterior

At lower levels, near the heart, which vessel is most anterior, the superior vena cava, the ascending aorta, or the pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary trunk

In sagittal sections, what vessel associated with the heart is seen as having a distinct anterior-to-posterior orientation?

Pulmonary trunk

What vessel exits the heart from the right ventricle?

Pulmonary trunk

In coronal sections, which chamber of the heart is seen as being on the right side?

Right atrium

What chamber of the heart is associated with the inferior vena cava?

Right atrium

What chamber of the heart is to the right of the ascending aorta?

Right atrium

When sagittal sections are taken from right to left through the thorax, what chamber of the heart is seen first?

Right atrium

Which coronary artery is seen in the sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Right coronary artery

Which is longer, the right coronary artery or the left coronary artery?

Right coronary artery

Which is most posterior, the superior vena cava, the right main bronchus, or the right pulmonary artery?

Right main bronchus

What vessel is cut perpendicular to its axis and is located between the right bronchus and the superior vena cava?

Right pulmonary artery

What vessel is posterior to the ascending aorta and superior to the left atrium?

Right pulmonary artery

What vessel is posterior to the superior vena cava and ascending aorta?

Right pulmonary artery

What vessel is posterior to the superior vena cava but anterior to the right bronchus?

Right pulmonary artery

Which is more posterior, the right subclavian artery or the right common carotid artery?

Right subclavian artery

What chamber of the heart forms the most anterior surface?

Right ventricle

When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what chamber of the heart appears to be the most anterior?

Right ventricle

Which chamber of the heart is most anterior?

Right ventricle

In coronal sections, which vessel associated with the heart is most closely related to the right lung?

Superior vena cava

When sagittal sections are taken through the thorax from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen first, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?

Superior vena cava

Which is most anterior, the superior vena cava, the esophagus, or the right main bronchus?

Superior vena cava

Which is most to the right side, the ascending aorta, the descending aorta, or the superior vena cava?

Superior vena cava

Which one of the great vessels of the heart is to the right side of all the others?

Superior vena cava

Fibrous connective bands that help to support the breast are called ________

Suspensory ligaments

Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle? a.) Supraspinatus muscle b.) Infraspinatus muscle c.) Subscapularis muscle d.) Teres major muscle e.) Teres minor muscle

Teres major


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