Anatomy Chapter 2: Thorax
Name in sequence, from right to left, the three main vessels at or just superior to the base of the heart
-Superior vena cava -Ascending aorta -Pulmonary trunk
Name the four muscles of the rotator cuff
-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Subscapularis -Teres minor
In sagittal sections through the right lateral region of the thorax, how many lobes are evident in the right lung?
3
The right bronchus divides into how many secondary bronchi?
3
How many vertebrochondral ribs are there?
3 pairs
In coronal sections through the anterior portion of the middle mediastinum, what vessel is seen between the superior vena cava and the pulmonary trunk?
Ascending aorta
What vessel assumes a central position as it communicates with the chamber of the heart with which it is associated?
Ascending aorta
What vessel branches opposite the vertebral artery?
Thyrocervical trunk
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen second, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?
Ascending aorta
What vessel curves over the root of the right lung to drain into the superior vena cava?
Azygos vein
What vessel drains into the superior vena cava just superior to the right bronchus?
Azygos vein
What vessel loops over the right bronchus?
Azygos vein
Which is most to the right side, the azygos vein, the descending aorta, or the esophagus?
Azygos vein
What is the position of the esophagus relative to the trachea?
To the left
What is the primary orientation of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle, to the right, to the left, anteriorly, or inferiorly?
To the left
What vessel passes anterior to the descending aorta?
Left pulmonary vein
What blood vessel is closest to the apex of the left lung?
Left subclavian artery
What posterior vessel indents the pleura of the left lung?
Left subclavian artery
When coronal sections are taken from posterior to anterior, which branch of the aortic arch is seen first?
Left subclavian artery
From what chamber does the ascending aorta receive blood?
Left ventricle
What chamber of the heart indents the left lung?
Left ventricle
What chamber of the heart makes up most of the left side of the heart and forms the apex?
Left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
Left ventricle
What vessel ascends from the left subclavian artery?
Left vertebral artery
What muscle extends from the ribs to the vertebral transverse process in this section?
Levator costarum
What is the boundary between the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum?
Line from sternal angle to intervertebral disc between 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae
What specific portion of the parietal pleura is closest to the pericardial sac?
Mediastinal parietal pleura
What is the position of the superior vena cava relative to the ascending aorta?
To the right
Which is more to the right, the trachea or the descending aorta?
Trachea
The heart is located in the ______ mediastinum
Middle
What specific portion of the mediastinum contains the heart?
Middle mediastinum
The valve located between the most posterior chamber of the heart and the chamber with the thickest walls is the ________
Mitral valve
Which valve associated with the heart is located farthest to the left?
Mitral valve
When sagittal sections are taken through the thorax from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen last, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary trunk
Which is most to the left side, the superior vena cava, the pulmonary trunk, or the ascending aorta?
Pulmonary trunk
Which valve is located at the exit from the right ventricle?
Pulmonic valve
Which valve of the heart is the most superiorly located and is seen first when visualizing serial sections from superior to inferior?
Pulmonic valve
What articulates with the body of a thoracic vertebrae?
Rib
As the esophagus descends through the posterior mediastinum, on which side of the thoracic aorta is it typically located?
Right
On which side of the body does the diaphragm typically extend more superiorly?
Right
On which side of the descending aorta is the azygos vein located, to the right or to the left?
Right
On which side of the heart do the vena cava enter?
Right
The lymphatic vessel posterior to the esophagus is called the _______
Thoracic duct
What lymphatic vessel is to the right of the descending aorta?
Thoracic duct
What structure is posterior to the esophagus, to the left of the azygos vein, and to the right of the descending aorta?
Thoracic duct
Which is most posterior, the left main bronchus, the thoracic duct, or the esophagus?
Thoracic duct
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the ______ valve
Tricuspid
What term is used to designate the true ribs?
Vertebrosternal ribs
What is the name of the specific serous membrane that is closely applied to the lung surface?
Visceral pleura
Which layer of the pleura is closely attached to the lung?
Visceral pleura
What two muscles form the anterior wall of the pectoral region?
-Pectoralis major -Pectoralis minor
What is the relative position of the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch?
Anterior & to the left
What valve is at the base of the ascending aorta?
Aortic valve
What valve is in the ascending aorta?
Aortic valve
Which lung is more displaced by the mass of the heart, the right lung or the left lung?
Left lung
In sagittal sections on the left side of the mediastinum, what artery is cut perpendicular to its axis, just inferior to the aortic arch and anterior to the thoracic aorta?
Left pulmonary artery
Which is more anterior, the superior lobe of the left lung or the inferior lobe?
Superior
What are the two vessels that join to form the superior vena cava?
-Right brachiocephalic vein -Left brachiocephalic vein
In coronal views, what vessels appear immediately superior to the left atrium?
-Right pulmonary artery -Left pulmonary artery
What vessels are associated with the left atrium?
-Right pulmonary vein -Left pulmonary vein
Valves located in the outflow vessels from the heart are called ______
Semilunar valves
What type of fluid is produced by the pleural membrane?
Serous fluid
The muscle that appears to enclose the ribs and intercostal muscles like parentheses is the ________
Serratus anterior muscle
What is the name of the smooth-walled region of the right atrium where the superior vena cava enters?
Sinus venarum
What muscle begins at the clavicle and ascends through the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
What ligament extends between the pericardium ad the posterior surface of the sternum?
Sternopericardial ligament
What ligament extends from the pericardium to the sternum?
Sternopericardial ligament
From what vessel does the vertebral artery arise?
Subclavian artery
What artery is cut perpendicular to its axis in sagittal sections, posterior to the internal jugular vein?
Subclavian artery
What blood vessel is prominent posterior to the anterior scalene muscle?
Subclavian artery
Which is more posterior, the brachiocephalic vein or the subclavian artery?
Subclavian artery
What is the small muscle along the posterior surface of the clavicle?
Subclavius muscle
What two vessels join to form the brachiocephalic veins?
-Internal jugular veins -Subclavian veins
What are the two vessels posterior to the clavicle but anterior to the first rib?
-Left subclavian artery -Left subclavian vein
What are the three divisions of the sternum?
-Manubrium -Body -Xiphoid process
What muscle is between the scapula and the serratus anterior muscle in sagittal sections through the lateral thorax?
Subscapularis muscle
What are the two muscles evident in the anterior thoracic wall of sagittal sections through the right lateral region?
-Pectoralis major -Pectoralis minor
Lateral to the clavicle, what name designates the continuation of the subclavian artery and vein?
-Axillary artery -Axillary vein
Name 3 structures and/or tissues that are found in the anterior mediastinum
-Connective tissue -Fat -Lymph nodes -Thymus gland
Name 4 vessels and/or structures that are found in the posterior mediastinum
-Descending aorta -Azygos vein -Hemiazygos vein -Thoracic duct -Esophagus
What two blood vessels join to form the brachiocephalic vein?
-Internal jugular vein -Subclavian vein
What single vessel branches from the aorta to supply the right side of the head and the right upper extremity?
Brachiocephalic artery
What bones are anterior to the brachiocephalic veins?
Clavicle
What piece of bone is anterior to the left brachiocephalic vein?
Clavicle
What is the venous structure in the posterior atrioventricular sulcus?
Coronary sinus
What venous structure is located along the posterior surface of the heart, between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Coronary sinus
What large vessel is posterior to the left atrium?
Descending aorta
What vessel is posterior to the right bronchus?
Descending aorta
What forms the partition on the left side between the mediastinum and the abdominal organs?
Diaphragm
What muscular structure is between the right ventricle and the liver?
Diaphragm
What longitudinal structure is slightly to the left of the trachea?
Esophagus
What structure descends, and is therefore cut parallel to its axis, between the left atrium and the descending aorta?
Esophagus
Which is more to the left, the trachea or the esophagus?
Esophagus
Which is most anterior, the descending aorta or the esophagus?
Esophagus
The parenchyma of the breast is arranged in ________
Glandular lobules
Is the left pulmonary artery superior or inferior to the aortic arch?
Inferior
What blood vessel is anterior and to the right of the esophagus?
Inferior vena cava
What muscle is superficial to the body of the scapula?
Infraspinatus muscle
What blood vessel is located in the sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Interatrioventricular artery
What is the name of the ligament between the two clavicles?
Interclavicular ligament
What is the name of the muscular wall between the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
Most of the right ventricle is on which side, to the right side of the midline or to the left side of the midline?
Left
On which side of the esophagus is the aorta located?
Left
On which side of the vertebral column is the thoracic aorta usually located?
Left
The left and right pulmonary veins enter what chamber of the heart?
Left atrium
What chamber of the heart is immediately anterior to the esophagus?
Left atrium
What chamber of the heart is most closely related to the esophagus?
Left atrium
What chamber of the heart is posterior to the ascending aorta?
Left atrium
What chamber of the heart is posterior to the superior vena cava and inferior to the right bronchus?
Left atrium
When coronal sections are taken from posterior to anterior, which chamber of the heart is seen first?
Left atrium
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what chamber of the heart appears to be the most posterior?
Left atrium
Which chamber of the heart is associated with the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
Which chamber of the heart is most directly related to the esophagus?
Left atrium
What vessel is anterior to the ascending aorta?
Left brachiocephalic vein
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what vein, cut perpendicular to its axis, is anterior to the ascending aorta?
Left brachiocephalic vein
Which is longer, the right brachiocephalic vein or the left brachiocephalic vein?
Left brachiocephalic vein
What portion of the respiratory system is superior to the left atrium?
Left bronchus
What is the middle branch from the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
Which vessel is the middle branch from the arch of the aorta?
Left common carotid artery
What fissure is present in the left lung?
Oblique fissure
Which of the two fissures in the right lung is more superior?
Oblique fissure
The chordae tendineae are anchored to projections of myocardium called ________
Papillary muscle
What is the name of the ridges in the anterior portion of the right atrium?
Pectinate muscle
The skeletal muscle most closely related to the breast is the _______
Pectoralis muscle
What is the name of the "envelope" around the heart?
Pericardial sac
Do the right pulmonary veins enter the heart anterior to the right atrium or posterior to the right atrium?
Posterior
At lower levels, near the heart, which vessel is most anterior, the superior vena cava, the ascending aorta, or the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary trunk
In sagittal sections, what vessel associated with the heart is seen as having a distinct anterior-to-posterior orientation?
Pulmonary trunk
What vessel exits the heart from the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk
In coronal sections, which chamber of the heart is seen as being on the right side?
Right atrium
What chamber of the heart is associated with the inferior vena cava?
Right atrium
What chamber of the heart is to the right of the ascending aorta?
Right atrium
When sagittal sections are taken from right to left through the thorax, what chamber of the heart is seen first?
Right atrium
Which coronary artery is seen in the sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Right coronary artery
Which is longer, the right coronary artery or the left coronary artery?
Right coronary artery
Which is most posterior, the superior vena cava, the right main bronchus, or the right pulmonary artery?
Right main bronchus
What vessel is cut perpendicular to its axis and is located between the right bronchus and the superior vena cava?
Right pulmonary artery
What vessel is posterior to the ascending aorta and superior to the left atrium?
Right pulmonary artery
What vessel is posterior to the superior vena cava and ascending aorta?
Right pulmonary artery
What vessel is posterior to the superior vena cava but anterior to the right bronchus?
Right pulmonary artery
Which is more posterior, the right subclavian artery or the right common carotid artery?
Right subclavian artery
What chamber of the heart forms the most anterior surface?
Right ventricle
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what chamber of the heart appears to be the most anterior?
Right ventricle
Which chamber of the heart is most anterior?
Right ventricle
In coronal sections, which vessel associated with the heart is most closely related to the right lung?
Superior vena cava
When sagittal sections are taken through the thorax from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen first, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?
Superior vena cava
Which is most anterior, the superior vena cava, the esophagus, or the right main bronchus?
Superior vena cava
Which is most to the right side, the ascending aorta, the descending aorta, or the superior vena cava?
Superior vena cava
Which one of the great vessels of the heart is to the right side of all the others?
Superior vena cava
Fibrous connective bands that help to support the breast are called ________
Suspensory ligaments
Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle? a.) Supraspinatus muscle b.) Infraspinatus muscle c.) Subscapularis muscle d.) Teres major muscle e.) Teres minor muscle
Teres major
