anatomy chapter 4 muscle tissue, nervous tissue, membranes, and inflammation

heat

due to increased blood flow

neutrophils

phagocytic white blood cells that fight infection; dead cells in pus

Dentrites

receive action potentials and conduct them toward the cell body

edema

swelling of tissues when proteins and water from blood enter tissues

fibrin

when the edges of a wound are close together, the wound fills with blood and a clot forms. the clot contains a threadlike protein _______ which binds the edges of the wound together and stops any bleeding

inflammation

- occurs when tissues are damages - signals the body's defenses (white blood cells) to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells so they can repair

chemical mediators

- released after an injury - cause dilation of blood vessels - increase permeability of blood vessels

smooth muscle tissue (organs)

-cells tapered at each end - not striated -involuntary - 1 nucleus - centrally located

skeletal muscle tissue (most muscle)

-cylindrical -striated -voluntary -many nuclei per cell -located in the peripheral

cardiac muscle tissue (heart)

-striated - branching -involuntary - centrally located - 1 nucleus

serous membranes function

Secrete serious fluid

stable

_____ cells do not actively divide after growth ceases, but they do retain the ability to divide after an injury and are capable of regeneration

labile

_______ cells continue to divide throughout life; these cells can be completely repaired by degeneration

permanent

_____cells cannot divide and if killed they are usually replaced by connective tissue

macrophage

after the epithelium is repaired, the scab is shed, and a second type of phagocytic cell, called a _________ removes dead neutrophils, cellular debris, and the decomposing clot

redness

blood vessels dilate

nervous tissue location

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

replacement

cells of a different type develop -- different tissue type. scar

Regeneration

cells of the same type develop -- same tissue. no scare

axon

conducts action potentials away from the cell body

nervous tissue function

control and coordinate body movements

swelling

from water and proteins

other membranes

includes skin, synovial membrane, and periosteum

disturbance of function

limitations produced by edema, tissue destruction, and pain

mucous membranes location

line cavities that open to the outside of the body

serous membrane

line the cavities that do not open to the outside of the body and cover the organs located within the trunk cavities -- pericardial, pleural, and perital cavities

synovial membranes

lines inside of joint cavities -- knuckles, elbows, etc

wound contracture

much more granulation tissue forms and _________ occurs when fibroblasts pull the edges of the wound closer together. this can lead to disfiguring and debilitating scars

pain

nerve endings are stimulated by damage and swelling

nervous tissue consists of what

neurons or nerve cells which consist of axons, dendrites, and cell bodies

cell body

part of the neuron (nerve cell) that contains the nucleus; site of general cell functions

synovial membranes functions

produce synovial fluid

symptoms of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain

mucous membrane functions

secrete mucous

pericardial

serous membrane associated with the heart

peritoneal

serous membranes associated with the abdominopelvic cavity

pleural

serous membranes associated with the lungs

scar

sometimes a large amount of granulation tissue persists as a ________ which at first is bright red because of the vascular-ization of the tissue. repair takes much longer if the wound edges are far apart

striated

striped/banded apperance

what is tissue repair

substitution of dead cells for viable cells (new)

neuroglia

support cells of the nervous system; function to nourish, protect and insulate the neurons

granualation tissue

the clot is replaced by a delicate connective tissue called _______ which consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries

scab

the surface of the clot dries to form a _____ which seals the wound

Dilation and increased permeability

two changes that occur in blood vessels that result in symptoms of redness, heat, and swelling