Anatomy Chapter 7
10 Factors affecting bone development, growth, and repair
*Deficiency of vitamin A - retards bone development *Deficiency of vitamin C - results in fragile bones *Deficiency of vitamin D - rickets happens in childhood causes bowing of legs, osteomalacia- in adults malnutrition of the legs *Insufficient growth hormone - dwarfism or pituitary dwarfism results in individual the is proportionally small all over body like a child *Excessive growth hormone - gigantism- that person grows pre closure of epiphseal plates all over person is large, acromegaly- excess growth in adults small bone areas enlarge post-closure of ephiseal plates enlarges bone areas enlarge but length does not extend *Insufficient thyroid hormone - delays bone growth *Sex hormones - promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates Physical stress - stimulates bone growth can be such as gymnists other cultures deliberatly breaking or stretching to change body part shape
11 Clinical application Fractures
*Greenstick fracture - is incomplete, and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone *Fissured fracture - involves an incomplete longitudinal break *transverse fracture - is complete, and the break occurs at the right angle to the axis of the bone *Oblique fracture - occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone *Comminuted fracture - is complete and fragments the bone *Spiral fracture - is caused by twisting a bone excessively
1 Skeletal System Bone Classification
*Long bones- most of the bones in the body fall in this classification. Femur is most distintive long bone in body. a little philange is also a long bone. Long bone means elongated not necessarily long like femur *Short bones- more blocky - tallus bone in ankle is a short bone. *Flat bones- all form in intramembranous. kinda like a sheet cake that has filling in the middle. skull bones are considered flat bones even though they are curved. *Irregular bones- have lots of projections off of them for muscle attachment. vertebrae are all irregular bones. *Sesamoid (round) bones - means round, they form within a tendon, patella or kneecap is a sesamoid bone.
22 Clinical Applications
*Spina Bifida: vertebrae fail to fuse exposing spinal cord *Osteoporosis - demineralization of the bone *Polydactyly - extra digits *Syndactyly - webbed digits *Talipes - clubfoot
2 Functions of the skeletal system
*Support - something for muscles to attach to *Movement - also listed with muscle system because skeletal system could not move without muscles and muscles would not work without skeletal system *Protection provides different levels of protection. 1st level of protection most protected is the brain and spinal column. 2nd level of protection is to the heart and lungs. *Hemopoiesis: blood cell production, blood cells are produced in the marrow of the bones. *Storage of inorganic salts: calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. a function of the skeletal system is to store calcium which makes bone strong. If the body needs calcium in the blood to function it gets it from the skeletal system.
4 Parts of a long bone
*epiphysis the ends are called ephisysis, ~distal ~proximal *diaphysis - also called shaft, the *compact bone - with the marrow in the middle *spongy bone - in the epiphysis, is porous *articular cartilage- at the end where the bone articulates or moves against another bone. the type of articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage. *periosteum- is a connective tissue that is covering the outside of the long bone, Will allow for diametric growth of the bone. after birth bone has to grow in two dimensions. *endosteum- lines the inside of the long bone *medullary cavity- means hollow inside *trabeculae - are solid portion of the spongy bone marrow *marrow ~red - nutrient rich blood ~yellow - fatty that is why it is yellow
3 This is a picture of squamous bone. Squamous bone
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5 Compact and Spongy Bone
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197 Bone Development and Growth
1. Intramembranous bones a. Certain flat bones of the skull are intramembranous bones. b. They develop from layers of connective tissues c. Osteoblasts within the membranous layers form bone tissue. d. Osteoblasts surrounded by extracellular matrix are called osteocytes. e. Relatively unspecialized connective tissues gives rise to the periosteum. 2. Endochondral bones a. Most of the bones of the skeleton are endochondral. b. They develop as hyline cartilage that bone tissue later replaces. c. The primary ossification center appears in the diaphysis whereas secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. d. An epiphyseal plate remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers. 3. Growth at the ephyseal plate a. An epiphyseal plate consists of layers of cells; zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, and zone of calcified cartilage. b. The epiphyseal plates are responsible for bone lengthening. c. Long bones continue to lengthen until the epiphyseal plates are ossified. d. Growth in bone thickness is due to ossification beneath the periosteum. e. The action of osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity. 4. Homeostasis of bone tissue. a. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts continually remodel bone. b. The total mass of bone remains nearly constant. 5. Factors affecting bone development, growth, and repair. a. Deficiencies of vitamin A, C, or D result in abnormal bone development. b. Insufficient secretion of pituitary growth hormone may result in dwarfism; excessive secretion may result in gigantism, or acromegaly. c. Deficiency of thyroid hormone delays bone growth. d. Male and female sex hormones promote bone formation and stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates.
151 Major Steps in Bone Development - Endochondral Ossification
1. Masses of hyaline cartilage form models of future bones 2. Cartilage tissue breaks down, periosteum develops. 3. Blood vessels and differentiating osteoblasts from the periosteum invade the disintegrating tissue 4. Osteoblasts form spongy bone in the space occupied by cartilage 5. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum deposit a thin layer of compact bone. 6. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when boney matrix completely surrounds them.
198 Skeletal Organization
1. Number of Bones a. Usually a human skeleton has 206 bones, but the number may vary. b. Extra bones in sutures are called sutural bones 2. Divisions of the Skeleton a. The skeleton can be divided into axial and appendicular portions. b. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. c. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
150 Major Steps in Bone Development - Intramembranous Ossification
1. Sheets of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue appear at sites of future bones. 2. Partially differentiated connective tissue cells collect around blood vessels in layers. 3. Connective tissue cells further differentiate into osteoblasts, which deposit spongy bone. 4. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them. 5. Connective tissue on the surface of each developing structure forms a periosteum. 6. Osteoblasts on the inside of the periosteum deposit compact bone over spongy bone.
16 Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas - 1st helps say \"yes\" Axis - 2nd helps say \"NO\"
13 Skeletal Organization
Axial Skeleton *head *neck *trunk Appendicular Skeleton *upper limbs *lower limbs *pectoral girdle *pelvic girdle
196 Bone Structure
Bone structure reflects on its function 1. Bone classification Bones are grouped according to their shapes-long, short, flat, irregular, or round (sesamoid) 2. Parts of a Long Bone a. Epiphyses at each end are covered with articular cartilage and articulate with other bones b. The shaft of a bone is called a diaphysis c. Except for the articular cartilage, a bone is covered by periosteum. d. Compact bone has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps e. Spongy bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates. f. Both compact and spongy bone are strong and resist bending g. The diaphysis contains a medullary cavity filled with marrow. 3. Microscopic structure a. Compact bone contains osteons cemented together b. Central canals contain blood vessels that nourish the cells of osteons c. Perforating canals connect central canals transversely and communicate with the bone\'s surface and the medullary cavity d. Diffusion from the surface of thin bony plates nourishes cells of spongy bones.
205 Lower Limb
Bones of the lower limb provide frameworks of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. 1. Femur a. The femur extends from the hip to the knee. b. It has a head, fovea capitis, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, linea aspera, lateral condyle, and medial condyle. 2. Patella a. The patella is a sesamoid bone in the tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee. b. It controls the angle of this tendon and functions in lever actions associated with lower limb movements 3. Tibia a. The tibia is located on the medial side of the leg. b. It has medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, and medial malleolus. c. It articulates with the talus of the ankle. 4. Fibula a. The fibula is located on the lateral side of the tibia. b. It has a head and lateral malleolus that articulates with the ankle but does not bear weight. 5. Foot a. The ankle includes the talus and six other tarsals. b. The instep has five metatarsals. c. The five toes have fourteen phalanges.
12 Bucket handle or Corner fractures
Chips from the head of the bone named because of the shape red flag items
165 Fissure
Cleft or groove example: inferior orbital fissure in the orbit of the eye
20 Male and Female Pelves
Female *iliac bones more flared *broader hips *pubic arch angle greater *lighter bones Male *narrow and massive iliac bones *pubic arch angle less than 90 degrees *denser bones *sacral curvature longer
14 Cranium
Frontal *contains a sinus Occipital *foramen magnum is largest foramen of skull Sphenoid *most frequently broken bone of the skull *contains a sinus Ethmoid *contains a sinus
8 Bone Development
Intramembranous Ossification (occurs within a membrane) *bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues *broad, flat bones form from intramembranous ossification *skull bones (except mandible) form from intramembranous ossification think of soft spots in a newborn infants skull osteoblasts form in tissue and spreads *intramembranous bones Endochondral Ossification *bones begin as hyaline cartilage *form models for future bones *most bones of the skeleton *endochondral bones
18 Humerus
Lateral epicondyle pushes against ulnar nerve to form \"funny bone\"
203 Upper Limb
Limb bones form the framework and provide the attachments for muscles of the upper limbs and chest. 1. Humerus a. The humerus extends from scapula to the elbow. b. It has a head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, anatomical neck, surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, trochlea, epicondyles, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa. 2. Radius a. The radius is on the thumb side of the forearm between the elbow and the wrist. b. It has a head, radial tuberosity, styloid process, and ulnar notch. 3. Ulna a. The ulna is longer than the radius and overlaps the humerus posteriorly. b. It has a trochlear notch, olecranon process coronoid process, head, styloid process, and radial notch. c. It articulates with the radius laterally and with a disc of fibrocartilage inferiorly. 4. Hand a. The wrist has 8 carpals b. The palm has 5 metacarpals. c. The five fingers have 14 phalanges
21 Femur
Longest bone of body
182 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Mastoid Process
Male - Larger Female - Smaller
186 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Forehead
Male - Shorter Female - taller
188 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Palate
Male - U shaped Female - V shaped
185 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Jaw Angle
Male - angle of ramus about degrees Female - angle of ramus more than degrees
189 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Pelvis
Male - hip bones heavier, thicker, more evidence of muscle attachment Female - Hip bones lighter, less evidence of muscle attachment
191 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Acetabulum
Male - larger Female - smaller
194 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Coccyx
Male - less movable Female - more movable
192 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Pubic Arch
Male - more narrow, V shaped Female - broader, more convex
190 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Obturator foramen
Male - more oval Female - more triangular
183 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Supraorbital Ridges
Male - more prominent Female - less prominent
184 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Chin
Male - more squared Female - more pointed
195 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Pubic Cavity
Male - narrow & long, more funnel shaped Female - wide distance between ischial spines and ishial tuberosities is greater
193 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Sacrum
Male - narrow, sacral promontory projects more forward, sacral curvature bends less sharply posteriorly Female - wide, sacral curvature bend sharply posteriorly
187 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Orbit
Male - superior border blunt edge thicker Female - superior border thinner, sharp edge
181 Differences Between the Male & Female Skeleton- Skull
Male- larger, heavier, more conspicuous muscle attachment Female - smaller, more delicate, less evidence of muscle attachment
15 Facial Skeleton
Maxillary *contains a sinus *only facial bone with a sinus Mandible *only moveable bone of the skull
9 Endochondral Ossification
Most bones of the skeleton start out this way. Starts out as *hyaline cartilage model and could turn out to be any bone. starts to develop periosteum and calcified cartilage. then primary ossification center the blood vessels start to be established getting blood supply to bone to provide nutrients allows osteoblasts to invade and start to grow. bone grows in both directions from the middle out.*secondary ossification centers growth at the ends of the bones and allows for shaping of the epipysese. Each end grows differently based on the function of the bone *epiphyseal plate is hyaline cartilage also known as growth plates as long as they are present bones can continue to elongate. average end of growth in females is age 16 males is age 18. After we reach closure bone cells will still wear out. osteoclasts will eat dead bone cells and osteoclasts will create new bone cells *osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
17 Clavicles
Most broken bone of the body
19 Coxae
Obturator foramen is largest foramen of body
161 Condyle
Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone example: Occipital condyle of the occipital bone
7 Cell Types
Stem cell can be any type of cell. we all started out from stem cells. cell differentiation stem cells can reproduce to make 2 new stem cells and other times they reproduce and make a stem cell and a progenitor cell. progenitor cells start to become more restricted they are still unspecialized. they start to head down more specific Osteogenic: progenitors - is destined to become some type of bone cell but has not been determined what type of bone cell it will become. It will become either an osteoclast or an osteoblast. Osteoclasts: \"eat\" bone this cell eats bone it is specialized to break down bone cells. Osteoblasts: bone \"buds\" that will specialize and become mature bone cells. these are the fibroblasts of bone Osteocytes: mature bone cells that retire into the lucuna after maturing final product matured bone cells
202 Pectoral Girdle
The pectoral girdle is composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. It forms an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs and provides attachments for muscles that move the upper limbs. 1. Clavicles a. Clavicles are rodlike bones that run horizontally between the sternum and shoulders. b. They hold the shoulders in place and provide attachments for muscles. 2. Scapulae a. The scapulae are broad, triangular bones with bodies, spines, acromion processes, coracoid processes, glenoid cavities, supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, superior borders, axillary borders. b. They articulate with the humerus of each upper limb and provide attachments for muscles of the upper limbs.
204 Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly. The sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle form the pelvis. The girdle provides support for body weight and attachments for muscles and protects visceral organs. 1. Hip bones a. Ilium (1) The ilium, the largest portion of the hip bone, joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. (2) It has an iliac crest with anterior and posterior superior iliac spines and iliac fossae. b. Ischium (1) The ischium is the lowest portion of the hip bone. (2) It has an ischial tuberosity and ischial spine. c. Pubis (1) The pubis is the anterior portion of the hip bone. (2) Pubis bones are fused anteriorly at the symphysis pubis. 2. Greater and lesser pelves a. The greater pelvis is above the pelvic brim; the lesser pelvis is below it. b. The greater pelvis helps support abdominal organs the lesser pelvis functions as a birth canal. 3. Differences between male and female pelves. a. Differences between male and female pelves reflect the function of the female pelvis as a birth canal. b. Usually the female pelvis is more flared; pubic arch is broader; distance between the ischial spines and the ischial tuberosities is greater; and sacral curvature is shorter.
199 Skull
The skull consists of twenty-two bones, which include eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones. 1. Cranium a. The cranium encloses and protects the brain and provides attachments for muscles. b. Some cranial bones contain air-filled paranasal sinuses that help reduce the weight of the skull. c. Cranial bones include the frontal bone, parietal bones, occipital bone, temporal bones, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone. 2. Facial skeleton a. Facial bones form the basic shape of the face and provide attachments for muscles. b. Facial bones include the maxillary bones, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, vomer bone, inferior nasal conchae, and mandible. 3. Infantile skull a. Incompletely developed bones, connected by fontanels, enable the infantile skull to change shape slightly during childbirth. b. Infantile skull bones are thin, somewhat flexible, and less easily fractured.
201 Thoracic Cage
The thoracic cage includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages. It supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, protects viscera, and functions in breathing. 1. Ribs a. Twelve pairs of ribs are attached to the twelve thoracic vertebrae. b. Costal cartilages of the true ribs join the sternum directly; those of false ribs join indirectly or not at all. c. A typical rib has a shaft, head, and tubercles that articulate with the vertebrae. 2. Sternum a. The sternum consists of a manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. b. It articulates with costal cartilages and clavicles.
200 Vertebral Column
The vertebral column extends from the skull to the pelvis and protects the spinal cord. It is composed of vertebrae seperated by intervertebral discs. An infant has 33 vertebral bones and an adult has 26. The vertebral column has four curvatures-cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. 1. A Typical Vertebra a. A typical vertebra consists of a body, pedicles, laminae, spinous process, transverse processes, and superior and inferior articulating processes. b. Notches on the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicles on adjacent vertebrae form intervertebral foramina through which spinal nerves pass. 2. Cervical Vertebrae a. Cervical vertebrae comprise the bones of the neck b. Transverse processes have transverse foramina. c. The atlas (first vertebra) supports the head. d. The dens of the axis (second vertebra) provides a pivot for the atlas when the head turns from side to side. 3. Thoracic vertebrae a. Thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae. b. Their transverse processes project posteriorly at sharp angles. c. Their long spinous processes slope downward, and facets on the sides of bodies articulate with the ribs 4. Lumbar Vertebrae a. Vertebral bodies of lumbar vertebrae are large and strong. b. Their transverse processes project posteriorly nearly horizontal. 5. Sacrum a. The sacrum, formed of five fused vertebrae, is a triangular structure that has rows of dorsal sacral foramina. b. It is united with the hip bones at the sacroilliac joints. c. The sacral promontory provides a guide for determining the size of the pelvis. 6. Coccyx a. The coccyx, composed of four fused vertebrae, forms the lowest part of the vertebral column. b. It acts as a shock absorber when a person sits and is an attachment for muscles of the pelvic floor.
154 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Axial Skeleton -Hyoid
Total 1 bone 1 hyoid bone
159 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton - Pelvic Girdle
Total 2 Bones 2 hip bones
152 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Axial Skeleton - Skull
Total 22 bones 8 Cranial Bones 1 frontal bone 2 parietal bones 1 occipital bone 2 temporal bones 1 sphenoid bone 1 ethmoid bone 14 Facial Bones 2 maxilla bones 2 palatine bone 2 zygomatic bones 2 lacrimal bones 2 nasal bones 1 vomer bone 2 inferior nasal cncha bones 1 mandible bone
156 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Axial Skeleton - Thoracic Cage
Total 25 Bones 24 rib bones 1 sternum
155 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Axial Skeleton - Vertebral Column
Total 26 Bones 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 1 sacrum bone 1 coccyx bone
157 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton - Pectoral Girdle
Total 4 bones 2 scapula 2 clavicle
153 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Axial Skeleton - Middle Ear Bones
Total 6 Bones 2 malleus bones 2 incus bones 2 stapes bones
160 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Limbs
Total 60 Bones 2 femur bones 2 tibia bones 2 fibula bones 2 patella bones 14 tarsal bones 10 metatarsal bones 28 phalanx bones
158 Bones of the Adult Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Limbs
Total 60 bones 2 humerus 2 radius 2 ulna 16 carpal 10 metacarpal 28 phalanx
139 carac-
a crows beak example: coracoid process - beak-like process of the scapula
84 temporal bone
a temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along a squamous suture
144 inter-
among, between example: intervertebral disc - structure between vertebrae
126 tarsal bones
ankle bones composed of 7 bones
111 scapulae
are broad, somewhat triangular bones located on either side of the
25 short bones
are cube like, with roughly equal lengths and widths. The bones of the wrists and ankles are this type.
94 inferior nasal conchae
are fragile scroll-shaped bones attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
26 flat bones
are plate like structures with broad surfaces, such as ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull.
64 humerus
arm bone
57 ribs
articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae.
55 coccyx
attached to the end of the sacrum
132 ax-
axis example: axial skeleton - upright portion of the skeleton that supports the head neck and trunk
137 clav-
bar example: clavicle- bone that articulates with the sternum and scapula
77 tarsal
bone in the area between the foot and the leg (ankle)
68 metacarpals
bone of the hand between the carpal (wrist) and finger bones. Palm
116 metacarpal bones
bone of the hand between the wrist and finger bones (palm)
43 endochondral bone
bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue
41 intramembranous bones
bone that forms from membrane like layers of primitive connective tissue
42 osteoblasts
bone-forming cell
98 vertebrae
bony parts making up the vertebral column
71 pelvis
bony ring formed by the sacrum & coxae
174 Ramus
branch or similar extension example: ramus of the mandible
35 trabeculae
branching bony plate that seperates irregular spaces within spongy bone.
136 -clast
break example: osteoclast- cell that breaks down bone tissue
133 -blast
bud, a growing organism in early stages example: osteoblast - cell that will form bone tissue
44 epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous layer in the long bone epiphysis that grows
36 medullary cavity
cavity containing marrow into the diaphysis of a long bone
175 Sinus
cavity with a bone example: frontal sinus of the frontal bone
45 osteoclasts
cell that erodes bone
134 canal-
channel example: canaliculus - tubular passage
62 clavicle
collarbone
96 fontanels
commonly known as soft spots, permit movement between the bones so that developing skull is partially compressible and can slightly change
51 skull
composed of the cranium and the facial bones.
99 cervical vertebrae
comprise the bony axis of the neck, smallest but its bone tissues are denser than those in any other region of the vertebral column
38 marrow
connective tissue in bones that includes stem cells.
87 facial skeleton
consists of 13 immovable bones and a movable lower jaw bone
121 pubis
consists of the anterior portion of the hip bone
59 appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.
141 crist-
crest example: cristigalli - bony ridge that projects upward into the cranial cavity
40 osteon
cylindar-shaped unit containing bone cells that surround a central canal; haversion system.
115 carpal bones
eight small bones of the wrist firmly bound in 2 rows of 4 bones each
29 epiphysis
end of a long bone
170 Head
enlargement on the end of a bone example: head of the humerus
97 vertebral column
extends the skull to the pelvis and forms the vertical axis
32 periosteum
fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of a bone.
117 phalanges
finger bones, 3 in each finger - a proximal, middle and distal phalanx
129 metatarsal bones
foot bone between ankle and toes
78 metatarsal
foot bone between the ankle & toe bones
88 maxillary bone
form the upper jaw; together they form the keystone of the face
81 frontal bone
forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes including the forehead, the roof of the nasal cavity, & the roofs of the orbits of the eyes.
120 ischium
forms the lowest portion of the hip bone
27 irregular bones
have a variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones. Irregular bones include the vertebrae that comprise the back bone and many facial bones.
24 long bones
have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. examples of long bones are the forearm and thigh bones
47 growth hormone
hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes the growth of an organism. GH
30 articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
6 Microscopic structure of compact bone
imakes up the diaphysis of our long bones *osteon- run parallel the length of diaphysis, when looked at in microscopic view transvers would have the appearance of the rings in a tree with a dark center, the black center is the central canals *central canal - blood vessels and nerves run through the central canal *perforating canal- blood vessels and canals that connect one osteon to another osteon *osteocyte- is a bone cell a mature bone cell *lucuna- osteocytes are isolated in lucuna, lucuna are like little caves in the solid matrix that osteocytes live in. *lamellae- the solid part, this is a layer *bone matrix- this makes the bone hard *canaliculus - connects lucuna to lucuna provides blood vessels from lucuna to lucuna bones is extremely vascular
103 lumbar vertebrae
in the small of the back (loin) support more weight that the superior vertebrae and have larger and stronger bodies
106 thoracic cage
includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum
72 lower limbs
inferior appendage consisting of thigh, leg, and foot.
145 intra-
inside example: intramembranous bone - bone that forms within sheetlike masses of connective tissue
177 Suture
interlocking line of union between bones example: lamboid suture between the occipital and parietal bones
104 sacrum
is a triangular structure at the base of the vertebral column
85 sphenoid bone
is wedged between several other bones in the anterior portion of the cranium
143 glen-
joint socket example: glenoid cavity - depression in the scapula that articulates with the head of a humerus
76 patella
kneecap
138 condyl-
knob, knuckle example: condyl - rounded boney process
180 Tuberosity
knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle example: radial tuberosity of the radius
102 thoracic vertebrae
larger than vertebrae in the cervical region
86 ethmoid bone
located in front of the sphenoid, consists of the two masses one on each side of the nasal cavity, joined horizontally by thin cribiform plates
52 hyoid bone
located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx.
113 radius
located on thumb side of the forearm, somewhat shorter that the ulna
112 humerus
long bone that extends from the scalpula to the elbow
125 fibula
long slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia
92 nasal bones
long, thin, and nearly rectangular, lie side by side and fused at midline where they form the bridge of the nose
114 ulna
longer than the radius overlaps end of humerus posteriorly
79 mandible
lower jaw bone
95 mandible
lower jaw bone
149 poie-
make, produce example: hematopoises - process that forms blood cells
39 osteocytes
mature bone cell
171 Linea
narrow ridge example: linea aspera of the femur
162 Crest
narrow ridge-like projection example: iliac crest of the ilium
54 saccrum
near its distal end, five vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum part of the pelvis
83 occipital bone
occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the lamboid suture forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.
46 bone remodeling
occurs throughout life as osteoclasts reabsorb bone tissue, and osteoblasts replace the bone
130 phalanges
of the toes are shorter but otherwise similar to those of the fingers
127 talus
one of the ankle bones can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula
119 ilium
one of the bones of a hip bone
65 radius
one of the two forearm bones
66 ulna
one of the two forearm bones
82 parietal bone
one parietal bone is located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone.
167 Foramen
opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments. Example: foramen magnum of the occipital bone
108 sternum
or breast bone, located along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage; flat elongate bone that develops in three parts
58 sternum
or breastbone, to which most of the ribs are attached anteriorly
34 spongy bone
or cancellous bone, bone that consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces.
33 compact bone
or cortical bone, this type of bone has a continuous extra cellular matrix with no gaps. The wall of the diaphysis is mainly composed of compact bone.
128 calcaneus
or heel bone below the talus projects backward to form base of the heel
123 patella
or knee cap; flat sesmoid bone located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee
28 sesamoid bones
or round bones, usually small and nodular and are embedded in tendons adjacent to joints, where the tendons are compressed. Knee cap is a sesamoid bone.
124 tibia
or shin bone, larger of the two leg bones located on the medial side
53 vertebral column
or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae seperated by cartilaginous intevertebral discs.
105 coccyx
or tail bone, lowest part of the vertebral column and usually comprised of 4 vertebrae that fuse between the age of 25 and 30
122 femur
or thigh bone, larges bone in the body; extends from hip to knee
49 hemoglobin
oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells
60 pectoral girdle
part of the skeleton that supports and attaches the upper limbs.
50 axial skeleton
part of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.
118 pelvic girdle
part of the skeleton to which the lower limbs attach
70 pelvic girdle
part of the skeleton to which the lower limbs attach
109 pectoral girdle
part of the skeleton to which the upper limbs attach
147 meat-
passage example: auditory meatus - canal of the temporal bone that leads inward to parts of the ear
142 fov-
pit example: fovea capitis - pit in the head of the femur
48 hematopoiesis
production of blood and blood cells; hemopoieses
163 Epicondyle
projection situated above a condyle example: medial epicondyle of the humerus
173 Process
prominent projection on a bone example: mastoid process of the temporal bone
56 thoracic cage
protects the organs of the thoracic cavity & upper abdominal cavity.
168 Fossa
relatively deep pit or depression example: olecranon fossa or the humerus...
178 Trochanter
relatively large process example: greater trochanter of the femur
90 zygomatic bones
responsible for prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes
31 diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
74 tibia
shin bone, the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
61 scapula
shoulder blade
140 cribr-
sieve example: cribriform plate portion of the ethmoid bone with many openings
110 clavicles
slender, rodlike bones with elongated S-shapes located at the base of the neck
179 Tubercle
small knob-like process example: tubercle of a rib
164 Facet
small nearly flat surface example: facet of a thoracic vertebrae
166 Fontanel
soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones example: anterior frontanel between the frontal and parietal bones
80 cranium
structure formed by the 8 bones of the head
63 upper limb
superior appendage consisting of the arm, forearm, and hand.
23 Skeletal System
support and protect softer tissues, provide points of attachment for muscles, house blood producing cells, and store inorganic salts
89 palatine bone
the L shaped palentine bones are located behind the maxillae
100 atlas
the first cervical vertebrae; supports the head
69 phalanges
the fourteen finger bones & fourteen bones of the toes
75 fibula
the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
101 axis
the second cervical vertebrae; bears a toothlike dens on its body
73 femur
thigh bone
93 vomer bone
thin & flat; located along the midline within the nasal cavity
146 lamelle-
thin plate example: lamella -thin bony plate
91 lacrimal bones
thin scalelike structure located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid bone & the maxilla
176 Spine
thorn-like projection example: spine of the scapula
169 Fovea
tiny pit or depression example: fovea capitus of the femur
37 endosteum
tissue lining the medullary cavity in a bone
148 odont-
tooth example: odontoid process - toothlike process of the second cervical vertebrae
172 Meatus
tubelike passageway within a bone example: external acoustic meatus of the temporal bone
107 ribs
usual number of ribs is 24. one pair attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae
131 acetabul-
vinegar cup example: acetabulum - depression of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur
135 carp-
wrist example: carpals- wrist bones
67 carpals
wrist bone
