Anatomy CNS & PNS
What are the functions of the Nervous System?
- Processing and evaluating information - Collecting information - Responding to information the nervous system is completely involved in all aspects of how we sense, process, evaluate, and respond to our environment.
What region of the spinal cord match up with the number of spinal nerve pairs that are associated with it 1. Twelve 2. One 3. Eight 4. Five
1. Thoracic 2. Coccygeal 3. Cervical 4. Lumbar the sacral part was not included because it also contains five pairs of nerves, like the lumbar region. With one exception (the cervical part), the number of spinal nerves matches the number of vertebrae in that region.
There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves
31
Gustatory cells within a taste bud are specialized neuroepithelial cells that have a(n) _____ life span.
7-10 day
What is a dermatome?
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
What is the correct order for events to occur during a reflex?
A stimulus activates a receptor, Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS, Information is processed by interneurons, Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector, Effector responds
Hormone Secreted: Adrenal cortex
ACTH
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory
Which endocrine gland is paired (meaning that there are two in the body)?
Adrenal
Adrenal Gland: Inner region
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Gland: Outer region
Adrenal cortex
Which statement is correct concerning the terms afferent and efferent with respect to the nervous system?
Afferent refers to the conduction of sensory impulses toward the CNS
Insulin
Allows cells to take in glucose
Glaucoma causes
An increase in pressure in the posterior chamber
A condition in which the brain is substantially missing is
Anencephaly
what are the hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Oxytocin (OT)
In anterior cavity; filtrate of plasma that resembles CSF
Aqueous humor
The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the
Arachnoid
Endocrine Glands
Are ductless glands, Are the organs of the endocrine system, Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, Help maintain homeostasis
The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the
Astrocyte
The most abundant glial cell in the CNS is the
Astrocyte
The name of the glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier is a(n)
Astrocyte
Glial Cell: have a starlike shape; most abundant glial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
When our esophagus contracts involuntarily to move a bolus of food down, it is acting based on which subdivision of the motor nervous system?
Autonomic
"involuntary" innervates cardiac and smooth muscle
Autonomic Motor
Nervous system: Involuntary control of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Autonomic Nervous System
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain
Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
These receptors detect changes in pressure within the body.
Baroreceptors
Olfactory Cell: Replace olfactory adn epithelium comonents
Basal cells
Small molecules made by altering the structure of an amino acid
Biogenic amines
Olfactory receptor cells are _____ neurons
Bipolar
what Neuron controls: Special Senses
Bipolar Neurons
A spinal nerve contains
Both motor axons and sensory axons
The plexus that travels through the axillary region is the
Brachial
the plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the ______ plexus
Brachial
The corpora quadrigemina is part of what portion of the brain?
Brainstem
Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
the nerve for olfaction is
CN I
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements, CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain
The part of the neuron responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses is the
Cell body
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
This part of the brain contains the arbor vitae
Cerebellum
This portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture
Cerebellum
This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.
Cerebellum
The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the
Cerebrum
Ceruminous glands secrete __________.
Cerumen
The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses
Cervical
What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?
Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral - Coccygeal
These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments
Chemoreceptors
Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from
Cholesterol
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the
Choroid plexus
Eye: Forms thick secretory products
Ciliary gland
The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the _______ part
Coccygeal
Hearing organs are housed within the ________ in the inner ear
Cochlea
Eye: Function in high-intensity light and color vision
Cones
Eye: Contains lubricating goblet cells and blood vessels
Conjunctiva
Association tracts
Connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Control of autonomic nervous system Control of the endocrine system Control of emotional behavior Control of food and water intake Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms
The eye structure that transmits and refracts incoming light is the
Cornea
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the
Corpus callosum
The epineurium is composed of
Dense irregular connective tissue
Brain Vesicle: Forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Diencephalon
Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?
Diencephalon
Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Individuals with type I diabetes
Do not produce insulin
Many visceral effectors have ______ innervation, meaning that they are innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions.
Dual
Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?
Dura mater
What is the action of an oligodendrocyte?
Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously
The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the
Ependymal Cell
Glial cell: Cuboidal epithelial cells; line internal cavities of the brain
Ependymal cells
The space that lies between the dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae, and houses areolar connective tissue, lood vessels, and adipose connective tissue is the ______ space.
Epidural, the epidural space has important clinical significance because it is in this space that an epidural anesthetic is given.
The connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer, are
Epineurium--> perineurium--> Endoneurium
The division of the diencephalon that houses the pineal gland is the ________
Epithalamus
What are the hormones that are secreted by the gonads
Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone
Commissural tracts
Extend between the right and left cerebral hemishperes
Eye: Prevents sweat from dripping into the eye
Eyebrow
Eye: Moveable protective covering over the eye surface
Eyelid
Hormone Secreted: Ovaries in females and testes in males
FSH and LH
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial
Cranial Nerves: Innervates the facial muscles
Facial nerve
The fovea centralis has the sharpest vision because it is the area with the highest proportion of rods and almost no cones
False
True or False: A tumor can occur in any tissue within the CNS
False
Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS. True or False?
False While ganglia are clusters of neuron bodies, they are not in the CNS, but in the PNS.
T or F: The middle ear has four bones
False 3
T or F: the postganglionic axons in the sympathetic division are myelinated, while in the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic axons are unmyelinated
False, In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, the preganglionic axons are myelinated and the postganglionic axons are unmyelinated.
True or False: A primary tumor is one that originates in a primary embryonic germ layer such as mesoderm, endoderm, or ectoderm
False; Primary CNS tumors originate in supporting tissues within the brain or spinal cord that have retained the capacity to undergo mitosis: the meninges or the glial cells
In a nerve, groups of axons are wrapped into separate bundles called ____________.
Fascicles
The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris is the _____ nerve.
Femoral
The proper sequence of eye layers from the outermost to the innermost layer is
Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, Neural tunic
Which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, actually lack taste buds?
Filiform
The least developed of the papilla types are the ______ papillae, which house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood.
Foliate
The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _______ ventricle
Fourth
What part of the retina is responsible for teh sharpest vision?
Fovea centralis
What are the cerebral lobes visible on the superior surface of the brain in the correct anterior- posterior order?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital
The papillae located on the tip adn sides of the tongue that contain only a few buds each are the _____ papillae.
Fungiform
Eye: Form the innermost layer in the neural layer
Ganglion cells
Which two distinct cell types form nervous tissue?
Glial cells and neurons
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerves: Innervates pharynx and secretion of parotid salivary gland
Glossopharyngeal
Which of the following hormone secreted by the pancreatic islet cells functions to increase blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner ______ matter region, and an outer ______ matter region.
Gray, White
Hormone Secreted: Almost every cell in the body
Growth Hormone
Eyelids serve two purposes: one is to protect the eye and the other is to
Help distribute lacrimal fluid to cleanse and lubricate the surface
What are the characteristics of neurons?
High metabolic rate, Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen, Extreme longevity.
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerves: Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
Hypoglossal nerve
the area of the brain that oversees all autonomic functions is the:
Hypothalamus
Where is teh greatest concentration of cones located?
In the fovea centralis
Of the five cerebral lobes, the one not visible on the surface of the brain is the
Insula
The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes
Insulin
The structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is teh
Iris
The vascular tunic of the eye (the uvea) has three distinct regions. From anterior to posterior what are they?
Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid.
A nerve
Is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons
What does the Endocrine system do?
It communicates using hormones secreted into the bloodstream, It casues metabolic activity changes in its target cells, Its effects last from minutes to weeks, Its effects may continue after the stimulus is removed
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra
L1 Recall that the spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral canal in an adult, due to the fact that the growth of the vertebrae continued longer than the growth of the spinal cord itself
Eye: Houses ciliary glands
Lacrimal caruncle
A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the ______ ventricle
Lateral
The _______ is/are composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions.
Limbic system
Projection tracts
Link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord
Arrange the inner ear bones from lateral to medial
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.
Mechanoreceptors
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. you suspect that he has damaged the
Median Nerve
A person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the
Median nerve
The most caudal part of the brain, the ________, is continuous with the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
Brain Vesicle: Does not form a new secondary vesicle
Mesencephalon
Brain Vesicle: Forms the pons and cerebellum
Metencephalon
The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the
Microglial cell
Glial cell: Large cells; wrap around CNS axons forming a myelin sheath
Microglial cells
Glial cell: Small cells; wander through teh CNS in response to infection
Microglial cells
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.
Monosynaptic
the simplest reflex is the ____ reflex
Monosynaptic
The anterior roots contain ________ axons, while the posterior roots contain _______ axons.
Motor, Sensory
This condition invloves progressive demelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination
Multiple sclerosis
Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _____ neuron.
Multipolar
What Neuron: is the Most common type; innervates muscles and glands
Multipolar Neurons
Brain Vesicle: Forms the medulla oblongata
Myencephalon
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the
Neurolemmocyte
Glial cell: Also called Schwann cells; myelinate PNS axons
Neurolemmocytes
These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli
Nociceptors
The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the
Occipital lobe
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor
The cranial nerve responsible for movement of teh medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique eye muscles is the _________ nerve
Oculomotor
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory
The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the ______ nerve
Olfactory
the most anterior cranial nerve is the
Olfactory
Olfactory Cell: Detect odors
Olfactory receptor cells
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the
Oligodendrocyte
Which of the following glial cells form a myelin sheath around axons?
Oligodendrocyte, Neurolemmocyte Recall that oligodendrocytes form a protective, insulating myelin sheath by wrapping around axons in the CNS, and neurolemmocytes wrap around axons, forming a myelin sheath in the PNS.
Cranial Nerve II
Optic
What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
Optic disc
what part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
Optic disc
Cranial Nerves: Vision
Optic nerve
Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons?
Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, Occipital Lobe.
Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons?
Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, Occipital lobe
These are four types of papillae on the tongue. Elect the exception
Papiform
ANS: "Rest and Digest" helps maintain homeostasis
Parasympathetic division
A slowly progressive disorder affecting muscle movement and balance, this condition is characterized by stiff posture, tremors, and reduced spontaneity of facial expressions
Parkinson disease
Formed from chains of amino acids
Peptide hormones
Which hormones are formed from chains of amino acids?
Peptides
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascilcles) of axons is the
Perineurium
What belongs to the Peripheral Nervous System?
Peripheral Nerve, Spinal Nerve, Cranial Nerve, Ganglion
Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
Peripheral Nervous System
Of the six groups of receptors classified by the modality of stimulus, the ones located in the eye that detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement are the _________,
Photoreceptor
These receptors detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement.
Photoreceptors
If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged
Phrenic nerve
The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the
Pia mater
What are the cranial meninges in order, from deep to superficial?
Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater
This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.
Pineal gland
The infundibulum is attached to the
Pituitary Gland
The infundiulum is attached to the
Pituitary gland
Centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing, known as the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers, are located in the
Pons
The parathyroid gland are located on the ____ surface of the thyroid gland
Posterior
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the
Posterior Root Ganglion
Parasympathetic ________ axons are longer than their counterparts in the sympathetic division
Preganglionic
The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the _____ neuron
Preganglionic
Hormone Secreted: Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males
Prolactin (PRL)
Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?
Proprioceptors
What are the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order?
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
The sclera
Protects the inner eye and provides shape to the eye
what are all of the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides buoyancy to the brain, Protects the brain from sudden movements, Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, and removes waste products
Nervous system response time
Rapid
A rapid, automatic, involuntary reaction of muscles or glands to a particular stimulus is a(n)
Reflex
Endocrine system response time
Relatively slow
Eye: function in dim light
Rods
Which photoreceptor cells are more numerous?
Rods
Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?
Rods
Which photorecptor cells are more numerous?
Rods
The plexus formed from the anterior rami of L4- S4 is the ______ plexus.
Sacral
The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the
Satellite cell
Glial cell: Flattened cells in the PNS; around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia
Satellite cells
The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _______ nerve.
Sciatic
Injury to this nerve causes the condition known as sciatica
Sciatic nerve
Which nerve of the sacral plexuses is the largest and longest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
Another term for the __________ system is the afferent nervous system.
Sensory
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.
Sensory
What are the events involved with a reflex arc into the correct order
Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli, Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord, Information is processed in the integration center by interneurons, Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector, Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron
What are the components of a monosynaptic reflex arc?
Sensory receptors, motor neurons.
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
Sensory; Motor The nervous system can be functionally organized into the sensory and motor nervous systems. The sensory nervous system transmits information FROM sensory receptors TO the CNS, while the motor nervous system transmits information FROM the CNS to the rest of the body.
The partition between the lateral ventricles is the
Septum pellucidum
What is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal Muscles
What are the effectors innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Glands
The "voluntary" nervous system component of the motor nervous system is the ____________ motor subdivision.
Somatic
Nervous system: Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Somatic Nervous System
Receives information from skin, muscles, and special senses
Somatic Sensory
The _________ ___________ system includes sensory information such as touch, pain, pressure, vibrations, and the general senses.
Somatic Sensory The two components of the sensory nervous system are the somatic sensory and visceral sensory. The somatic sensory receives information from the above mentioned senses (somatic senses).
"Voluntary" nervous system; innervates muscles
Somatic motor
Put the events of sound wave movement through the ear and nervous pathways in order
Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate. Sound waves are amplified due to movement by the auditory ossicles. Pressure waves are generated within the oval window and travel through the scala vestiuli The vestibular membrane begins to vibrate A pressure wave in the endolymph of the cochlear duct displaces a specific region of the basilar membrane Hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted The cochlear branch of CN VIII is stimulated
A type of lipid derived from cholesterol
Steroid hormone
Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone?
Steroid hormone
What are the function of oxytocin
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterine wall in females Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of male reproductive tract.
Changes in the external and internal environment can produce _______ that are detected by the sensory system
Stimuli
Olfactory Cell: Sandwiches and sustains olfactory neurons
Supporting cells
Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation?
Sympathetic
Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?
Sympathetic
Which type of innervation cuases the heart rate to increase?
Sympathetic
the _______ division of the ANS is most commonly associated with the preparation of the body for emergencies
Sympathetic
ANS: "Fight or Fight" prepares the body for emergencies
Sympathetic division
A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the ___________.
Synaptic Cleft
Hormone Secreted: Thyroid gland
TSH
The most numerous type of receptor in the body is the
Tactile receptor
Gustatory cells are housed in special sensory organs termed _________
Taste buds
Your grandmother copmlains that the meal she just ate was rather bland or tasteless. this is because as an elderly person, her
Taste buds are decreasing in number and decreasing in sensitivity.
What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid producation and drainage?
Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, Tears disperse across the surface of the eye, Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac, Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct, Fluid enters the nasal cavity
Brain Vesicle: Forms the cerebrum
Telencephalon
The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?
Telencephalon
What are the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
The middle and inner ear are housed within the _____ bone.
Temporal
Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two parts. What are they?
The cornea and the sclera
The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to
The high lipid content of the myelin sheath
"Oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly" is a mnemonic device to help you remember
The names of the cranial nerves
what are the functions of the thymus?
The thymus helps regulate body immunity, and secretes thymopoietin and thymosins. The thymus works with the lymphatic system to maintain immunity by secreting complementary hormones that promote the growth of T-lymphocytes.
What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing?
The tympanic membrane vibrates, Ossicles vibrate, Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli, Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse, Pressure wave vibrations are transferred to scala tympani and exit the inner ear via the round window
These receptors respond to changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
What do all glial cells have in common?
They assist neurons in their respective functions
The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the ______ ventricle
Third
By the end of the fourth week of embryonic development, the developing brain has formed _______ primary brain vesicles
Three
The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the:
Thyroid gland
What is the function of teh auditory tube?
To equalize air pressure between teh atmosphere and the middle ear
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerves: Innervates muscles of mastication
Trigeminal nerve
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
T or F: A dermatome is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
True
T or F: ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration
True
T or F: ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream
True
T or F: In the brain, the outer cerebral cortex consists of gray matter, but in the spinal cord, gray matter is confined to the innermost regions.
True
T or F: Olfactory receptors cells are modified bipolar neurons that bear olfactory hairs
True
T or F: Suspensory ligaments function to change the shape of the lens within the eye
True
T or F: The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglioinic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments
True
T or F: The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the craniosacral division
True
True or False: A secondary tumor is one that originates in one site but subsequently spreads to another site
True
True or False: All spinal nerves are mixed nerves
True
True or False: In both the cerebrum and the cerebellum, white matter lies deep to superficial gray matter
True
True or False: Interneurons are not involved in a typical monosynaptic reflex
True
True or False: The brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord
True
True or False: The white matter of the brain derives its color from myelin
True
the ANS consists of how many neurons in a pathway?
Two
During hearing, which of the following is the first to virate?
Tympanic membrane
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his "pinky". You suspect that he has damaged the
Ulnar Nerve
What Neuron: contains the Most neurons in the PNS
Unipolar Neurons
Postganglionic axons are
Unmyelinated
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus
The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the _____ nerve
Vagus
Cranial Nerves: Innervates visceral smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Vagus nerve
The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shaped on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. they contain the majority of taste buds and are called ______ papillae.
Vallate
Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labryinth?
Vestibule
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Cranial Nerves: Conducts impulses for equilibrium and hearing
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Receives information from viscera
Visceral Sensory
In posterior cavity; transparent, gelatinous gel
Vitreous humor
The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the
Vitreous humor
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Where is the saccule located?
Within the vestibule
During hearing, which of the following is the last to virate?
hair cells of spiral organ
The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located:
in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments
After eating a meal, blood sugar levels
increase
In Type I diabetes blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because
no insulin is released.
The epithelial and connective tissue elevations on the dorsal surface of the tongue are called __________.
papillae
"Rest and digest" as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, is associated with the action of the ______ division of the ANS.
parasympathetic
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released y the
posterior pituitary
Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to
return to aout normal
