Anatomy CNS & PNS

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What are the functions of the Nervous System?

- Processing and evaluating information - Collecting information - Responding to information the nervous system is completely involved in all aspects of how we sense, process, evaluate, and respond to our environment.

What region of the spinal cord match up with the number of spinal nerve pairs that are associated with it 1. Twelve 2. One 3. Eight 4. Five

1. Thoracic 2. Coccygeal 3. Cervical 4. Lumbar the sacral part was not included because it also contains five pairs of nerves, like the lumbar region. With one exception (the cervical part), the number of spinal nerves matches the number of vertebrae in that region.

There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves

31

Gustatory cells within a taste bud are specialized neuroepithelial cells that have a(n) _____ life span.

7-10 day

What is a dermatome?

A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

What is the correct order for events to occur during a reflex?

A stimulus activates a receptor, Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS, Information is processed by interneurons, Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector, Effector responds

Hormone Secreted: Adrenal cortex

ACTH

Cranial Nerve VI

Abducens

Cranial Nerve XI

Accessory

Which endocrine gland is paired (meaning that there are two in the body)?

Adrenal

Adrenal Gland: Inner region

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Gland: Outer region

Adrenal cortex

Which statement is correct concerning the terms afferent and efferent with respect to the nervous system?

Afferent refers to the conduction of sensory impulses toward the CNS

Insulin

Allows cells to take in glucose

Glaucoma causes

An increase in pressure in the posterior chamber

A condition in which the brain is substantially missing is

Anencephaly

what are the hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Oxytocin (OT)

In anterior cavity; filtrate of plasma that resembles CSF

Aqueous humor

The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the

Arachnoid

Endocrine Glands

Are ductless glands, Are the organs of the endocrine system, Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, Help maintain homeostasis

The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the

Astrocyte

The most abundant glial cell in the CNS is the

Astrocyte

The name of the glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier is a(n)

Astrocyte

Glial Cell: have a starlike shape; most abundant glial cells in the CNS

Astrocytes

When our esophagus contracts involuntarily to move a bolus of food down, it is acting based on which subdivision of the motor nervous system?

Autonomic

"involuntary" innervates cardiac and smooth muscle

Autonomic Motor

Nervous system: Involuntary control of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

Autonomic Nervous System

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain

Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

These receptors detect changes in pressure within the body.

Baroreceptors

Olfactory Cell: Replace olfactory adn epithelium comonents

Basal cells

Small molecules made by altering the structure of an amino acid

Biogenic amines

Olfactory receptor cells are _____ neurons

Bipolar

what Neuron controls: Special Senses

Bipolar Neurons

A spinal nerve contains

Both motor axons and sensory axons

The plexus that travels through the axillary region is the

Brachial

the plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the ______ plexus

Brachial

The corpora quadrigemina is part of what portion of the brain?

Brainstem

Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?

C5-T1

the nerve for olfaction is

CN I

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements, CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain

The part of the neuron responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses is the

Cell body

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Central Nervous System

This part of the brain contains the arbor vitae

Cerebellum

This portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture

Cerebellum

This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.

Cerebellum

The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the

Cerebrum

Ceruminous glands secrete __________.

Cerumen

The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses

Cervical

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral - Coccygeal

These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments

Chemoreceptors

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

Cholesterol

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the

Choroid plexus

Eye: Forms thick secretory products

Ciliary gland

The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the _______ part

Coccygeal

Hearing organs are housed within the ________ in the inner ear

Cochlea

Eye: Function in high-intensity light and color vision

Cones

Eye: Contains lubricating goblet cells and blood vessels

Conjunctiva

Association tracts

Connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Control of autonomic nervous system Control of the endocrine system Control of emotional behavior Control of food and water intake Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms

The eye structure that transmits and refracts incoming light is the

Cornea

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the

Corpus callosum

The epineurium is composed of

Dense irregular connective tissue

Brain Vesicle: Forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Diencephalon

Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?

Diencephalon

Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

Diencephalon

Individuals with type I diabetes

Do not produce insulin

Many visceral effectors have ______ innervation, meaning that they are innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions.

Dual

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

Dura mater

What is the action of an oligodendrocyte?

Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the

Ependymal Cell

Glial cell: Cuboidal epithelial cells; line internal cavities of the brain

Ependymal cells

The space that lies between the dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae, and houses areolar connective tissue, lood vessels, and adipose connective tissue is the ______ space.

Epidural, the epidural space has important clinical significance because it is in this space that an epidural anesthetic is given.

The connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer, are

Epineurium--> perineurium--> Endoneurium

The division of the diencephalon that houses the pineal gland is the ________

Epithalamus

What are the hormones that are secreted by the gonads

Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

Commissural tracts

Extend between the right and left cerebral hemishperes

Eye: Prevents sweat from dripping into the eye

Eyebrow

Eye: Moveable protective covering over the eye surface

Eyelid

Hormone Secreted: Ovaries in females and testes in males

FSH and LH

Cranial Nerve VII

Facial

Cranial Nerves: Innervates the facial muscles

Facial nerve

The fovea centralis has the sharpest vision because it is the area with the highest proportion of rods and almost no cones

False

True or False: A tumor can occur in any tissue within the CNS

False

Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS. True or False?

False While ganglia are clusters of neuron bodies, they are not in the CNS, but in the PNS.

T or F: The middle ear has four bones

False 3

T or F: the postganglionic axons in the sympathetic division are myelinated, while in the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic axons are unmyelinated

False, In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, the preganglionic axons are myelinated and the postganglionic axons are unmyelinated.

True or False: A primary tumor is one that originates in a primary embryonic germ layer such as mesoderm, endoderm, or ectoderm

False; Primary CNS tumors originate in supporting tissues within the brain or spinal cord that have retained the capacity to undergo mitosis: the meninges or the glial cells

In a nerve, groups of axons are wrapped into separate bundles called ____________.

Fascicles

The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris is the _____ nerve.

Femoral

The proper sequence of eye layers from the outermost to the innermost layer is

Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, Neural tunic

Which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, actually lack taste buds?

Filiform

The least developed of the papilla types are the ______ papillae, which house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood.

Foliate

The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _______ ventricle

Fourth

What part of the retina is responsible for teh sharpest vision?

Fovea centralis

What are the cerebral lobes visible on the superior surface of the brain in the correct anterior- posterior order?

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital

The papillae located on the tip adn sides of the tongue that contain only a few buds each are the _____ papillae.

Fungiform

Eye: Form the innermost layer in the neural layer

Ganglion cells

Which two distinct cell types form nervous tissue?

Glial cells and neurons

Cranial Nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal

Cranial Nerves: Innervates pharynx and secretion of parotid salivary gland

Glossopharyngeal

Which of the following hormone secreted by the pancreatic islet cells functions to increase blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner ______ matter region, and an outer ______ matter region.

Gray, White

Hormone Secreted: Almost every cell in the body

Growth Hormone

Eyelids serve two purposes: one is to protect the eye and the other is to

Help distribute lacrimal fluid to cleanse and lubricate the surface

What are the characteristics of neurons?

High metabolic rate, Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen, Extreme longevity.

Cranial Nerve XII

Hypoglossal

Cranial Nerves: Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

Hypoglossal nerve

the area of the brain that oversees all autonomic functions is the:

Hypothalamus

Where is teh greatest concentration of cones located?

In the fovea centralis

Of the five cerebral lobes, the one not visible on the surface of the brain is the

Insula

The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes

Insulin

The structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is teh

Iris

The vascular tunic of the eye (the uvea) has three distinct regions. From anterior to posterior what are they?

Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid.

A nerve

Is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons

What does the Endocrine system do?

It communicates using hormones secreted into the bloodstream, It casues metabolic activity changes in its target cells, Its effects last from minutes to weeks, Its effects may continue after the stimulus is removed

The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra

L1 Recall that the spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral canal in an adult, due to the fact that the growth of the vertebrae continued longer than the growth of the spinal cord itself

Eye: Houses ciliary glands

Lacrimal caruncle

A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the ______ ventricle

Lateral

The _______ is/are composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions.

Limbic system

Projection tracts

Link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord

Arrange the inner ear bones from lateral to medial

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

Mechanoreceptors

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. you suspect that he has damaged the

Median Nerve

A person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the

Median nerve

The most caudal part of the brain, the ________, is continuous with the spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

Brain Vesicle: Does not form a new secondary vesicle

Mesencephalon

Brain Vesicle: Forms the pons and cerebellum

Metencephalon

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the

Microglial cell

Glial cell: Large cells; wrap around CNS axons forming a myelin sheath

Microglial cells

Glial cell: Small cells; wander through teh CNS in response to infection

Microglial cells

The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

Monosynaptic

the simplest reflex is the ____ reflex

Monosynaptic

The anterior roots contain ________ axons, while the posterior roots contain _______ axons.

Motor, Sensory

This condition invloves progressive demelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination

Multiple sclerosis

Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _____ neuron.

Multipolar

What Neuron: is the Most common type; innervates muscles and glands

Multipolar Neurons

Brain Vesicle: Forms the medulla oblongata

Myencephalon

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the

Neurolemmocyte

Glial cell: Also called Schwann cells; myelinate PNS axons

Neurolemmocytes

These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli

Nociceptors

The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the

Occipital lobe

Cranial Nerve III

Oculomotor

The cranial nerve responsible for movement of teh medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique eye muscles is the _________ nerve

Oculomotor

Cranial Nerve I

Olfactory

The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the ______ nerve

Olfactory

the most anterior cranial nerve is the

Olfactory

Olfactory Cell: Detect odors

Olfactory receptor cells

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the

Oligodendrocyte

Which of the following glial cells form a myelin sheath around axons?

Oligodendrocyte, Neurolemmocyte Recall that oligodendrocytes form a protective, insulating myelin sheath by wrapping around axons in the CNS, and neurolemmocytes wrap around axons, forming a myelin sheath in the PNS.

Cranial Nerve II

Optic

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

Optic disc

what part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

Optic disc

Cranial Nerves: Vision

Optic nerve

Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons?

Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, Occipital Lobe.

Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons?

Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, Occipital lobe

These are four types of papillae on the tongue. Elect the exception

Papiform

ANS: "Rest and Digest" helps maintain homeostasis

Parasympathetic division

A slowly progressive disorder affecting muscle movement and balance, this condition is characterized by stiff posture, tremors, and reduced spontaneity of facial expressions

Parkinson disease

Formed from chains of amino acids

Peptide hormones

Which hormones are formed from chains of amino acids?

Peptides

The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascilcles) of axons is the

Perineurium

What belongs to the Peripheral Nervous System?

Peripheral Nerve, Spinal Nerve, Cranial Nerve, Ganglion

Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

Peripheral Nervous System

Of the six groups of receptors classified by the modality of stimulus, the ones located in the eye that detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement are the _________,

Photoreceptor

These receptors detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement.

Photoreceptors

If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged

Phrenic nerve

The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the

Pia mater

What are the cranial meninges in order, from deep to superficial?

Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater

This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.

Pineal gland

The infundibulum is attached to the

Pituitary Gland

The infundiulum is attached to the

Pituitary gland

Centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing, known as the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers, are located in the

Pons

The parathyroid gland are located on the ____ surface of the thyroid gland

Posterior

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the

Posterior Root Ganglion

Parasympathetic ________ axons are longer than their counterparts in the sympathetic division

Preganglionic

The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the _____ neuron

Preganglionic

Hormone Secreted: Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males

Prolactin (PRL)

Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?

Proprioceptors

What are the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order?

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

The sclera

Protects the inner eye and provides shape to the eye

what are all of the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Provides buoyancy to the brain, Protects the brain from sudden movements, Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, and removes waste products

Nervous system response time

Rapid

A rapid, automatic, involuntary reaction of muscles or glands to a particular stimulus is a(n)

Reflex

Endocrine system response time

Relatively slow

Eye: function in dim light

Rods

Which photoreceptor cells are more numerous?

Rods

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?

Rods

Which photorecptor cells are more numerous?

Rods

The plexus formed from the anterior rami of L4- S4 is the ______ plexus.

Sacral

The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the

Satellite cell

Glial cell: Flattened cells in the PNS; around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia

Satellite cells

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _______ nerve.

Sciatic

Injury to this nerve causes the condition known as sciatica

Sciatic nerve

Which nerve of the sacral plexuses is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

Sciatic nerve

Another term for the __________ system is the afferent nervous system.

Sensory

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.

Sensory

What are the events involved with a reflex arc into the correct order

Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli, Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord, Information is processed in the integration center by interneurons, Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector, Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron

What are the components of a monosynaptic reflex arc?

Sensory receptors, motor neurons.

The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.

Sensory; Motor The nervous system can be functionally organized into the sensory and motor nervous systems. The sensory nervous system transmits information FROM sensory receptors TO the CNS, while the motor nervous system transmits information FROM the CNS to the rest of the body.

The partition between the lateral ventricles is the

Septum pellucidum

What is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Skeletal Muscles

What are the effectors innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Glands

The "voluntary" nervous system component of the motor nervous system is the ____________ motor subdivision.

Somatic

Nervous system: Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Somatic Nervous System

Receives information from skin, muscles, and special senses

Somatic Sensory

The _________ ___________ system includes sensory information such as touch, pain, pressure, vibrations, and the general senses.

Somatic Sensory The two components of the sensory nervous system are the somatic sensory and visceral sensory. The somatic sensory receives information from the above mentioned senses (somatic senses).

"Voluntary" nervous system; innervates muscles

Somatic motor

Put the events of sound wave movement through the ear and nervous pathways in order

Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate. Sound waves are amplified due to movement by the auditory ossicles. Pressure waves are generated within the oval window and travel through the scala vestiuli The vestibular membrane begins to vibrate A pressure wave in the endolymph of the cochlear duct displaces a specific region of the basilar membrane Hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted The cochlear branch of CN VIII is stimulated

A type of lipid derived from cholesterol

Steroid hormone

Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone?

Steroid hormone

What are the function of oxytocin

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterine wall in females Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of male reproductive tract.

Changes in the external and internal environment can produce _______ that are detected by the sensory system

Stimuli

Olfactory Cell: Sandwiches and sustains olfactory neurons

Supporting cells

Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation?

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation cuases the heart rate to increase?

Sympathetic

the _______ division of the ANS is most commonly associated with the preparation of the body for emergencies

Sympathetic

ANS: "Fight or Fight" prepares the body for emergencies

Sympathetic division

A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the ___________.

Synaptic Cleft

Hormone Secreted: Thyroid gland

TSH

The most numerous type of receptor in the body is the

Tactile receptor

Gustatory cells are housed in special sensory organs termed _________

Taste buds

Your grandmother copmlains that the meal she just ate was rather bland or tasteless. this is because as an elderly person, her

Taste buds are decreasing in number and decreasing in sensitivity.

What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid producation and drainage?

Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, Tears disperse across the surface of the eye, Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac, Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct, Fluid enters the nasal cavity

Brain Vesicle: Forms the cerebrum

Telencephalon

The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Telencephalon

What are the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order?

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

The middle and inner ear are housed within the _____ bone.

Temporal

Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two parts. What are they?

The cornea and the sclera

The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to

The high lipid content of the myelin sheath

"Oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly" is a mnemonic device to help you remember

The names of the cranial nerves

what are the functions of the thymus?

The thymus helps regulate body immunity, and secretes thymopoietin and thymosins. The thymus works with the lymphatic system to maintain immunity by secreting complementary hormones that promote the growth of T-lymphocytes.

What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing?

The tympanic membrane vibrates, Ossicles vibrate, Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli, Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse, Pressure wave vibrations are transferred to scala tympani and exit the inner ear via the round window

These receptors respond to changes in temperature

Thermoreceptors

What do all glial cells have in common?

They assist neurons in their respective functions

The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the ______ ventricle

Third

By the end of the fourth week of embryonic development, the developing brain has formed _______ primary brain vesicles

Three

The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the:

Thyroid gland

What is the function of teh auditory tube?

To equalize air pressure between teh atmosphere and the middle ear

Cranial Nerve V

Trigeminal

Cranial Nerves: Innervates muscles of mastication

Trigeminal nerve

Cranial Nerve IV

Trochlear

T or F: A dermatome is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

True

T or F: ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration

True

T or F: ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream

True

T or F: In the brain, the outer cerebral cortex consists of gray matter, but in the spinal cord, gray matter is confined to the innermost regions.

True

T or F: Olfactory receptors cells are modified bipolar neurons that bear olfactory hairs

True

T or F: Suspensory ligaments function to change the shape of the lens within the eye

True

T or F: The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglioinic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

True

T or F: The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the craniosacral division

True

True or False: A secondary tumor is one that originates in one site but subsequently spreads to another site

True

True or False: All spinal nerves are mixed nerves

True

True or False: In both the cerebrum and the cerebellum, white matter lies deep to superficial gray matter

True

True or False: Interneurons are not involved in a typical monosynaptic reflex

True

True or False: The brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord

True

True or False: The white matter of the brain derives its color from myelin

True

the ANS consists of how many neurons in a pathway?

Two

During hearing, which of the following is the first to virate?

Tympanic membrane

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his "pinky". You suspect that he has damaged the

Ulnar Nerve

What Neuron: contains the Most neurons in the PNS

Unipolar Neurons

Postganglionic axons are

Unmyelinated

Cranial Nerve X

Vagus

The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the _____ nerve

Vagus

Cranial Nerves: Innervates visceral smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Vagus nerve

The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shaped on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. they contain the majority of taste buds and are called ______ papillae.

Vallate

Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labryinth?

Vestibule

Cranial Nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear

Cranial Nerves: Conducts impulses for equilibrium and hearing

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Receives information from viscera

Visceral Sensory

In posterior cavity; transparent, gelatinous gel

Vitreous humor

The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the

Vitreous humor

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Where is the saccule located?

Within the vestibule

During hearing, which of the following is the last to virate?

hair cells of spiral organ

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located:

in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels

increase

In Type I diabetes blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

no insulin is released.

The epithelial and connective tissue elevations on the dorsal surface of the tongue are called __________.

papillae

"Rest and digest" as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, is associated with the action of the ______ division of the ANS.

parasympathetic

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released y the

posterior pituitary

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to

return to aout normal


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