Anatomy Concept Questions
14.6: List, in order, the five steps in a reflex arc.
(1) Stimulation and activation of a receptors. (2) Activation of a sensory neuron. (3) Information processing CNS. (4) Activation of a motor neuron. (5) Response by effector.
15.3: Through which of the motor tracts would the following commands travels: (a) reflexive change of head position due to bright lights, (b) automatic alterations in limb position to maintain balance
(a) tectospinal tracts (b) vestibulospinal tracts
13.7: Myasthenia gravis is a disease that decreases the amount of acetylcholine released from the axon terminal. What effect, if any, would this have on the generation of an action potential?
Action potential will not generate at the postsynaptic membrane
14.3: What is the difference between ascending tracts and descending tracts in the white matter?
Ascending tracts carry sensory information towards the brain. Descending tracts carry motor commands into the spinal cord.
13.3: Specifically, what cells help maintain the blood brain barrier (BBB)
Astrocytes
astrocyte
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
17.1: Where do the preganglionic fibers of the parasympatheic division of the ANS originate
Brainstem (cranial nerve III, IX, X) or Sacral spinal cord
13.9: Describe the following anatomical structures that occur within the central nervous system: center, tract, and pathway.
Center: a collection of neuron cell bodies with a common function. Tracts: Bundles of axons in the CNS that share common origins, destinations, and functions. Pathway: centers and tracts that link the brain with the rest of the body.
13.1: What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
16.6: What area of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature
Changes in body temperature stimulate the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus, a division of the diencephalon
Patterns of interactions between neurons include which of the following
Divergence, parallel processing, and reverberation
13.8: Distinguish between a neuronal pool whose function is divergence and a neuronal pool whose function is convergence.
Divergence: spread info from one neuron to another or one pool to multiple pools. Convergence: several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron, or several neuronal pools synapse on one neuronal pool.
neuroglia
Function: support, secretion of cerebrospinal fluid, and phagocytosis Neuroglia found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are satellite cells.
Cell body of a neuron function
House organelles that produce energy and synthesize organic molecules.
posterior column
Information about "what," "where," and "when"
The brachial plexus
Innervates the shoulder girdle and the upper extremity. Is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerve C5 - T1. Is the source of the musculocutaneous radial, median, and ulnar nerves
17.3: Where are intramural ganglia located
Intramural ganglia are located in the tissues of their target organs
15.4: Which neurons, upper motor or lower motor, are affected more by somatic motor control
Lower motor neurons are affected more by somatic motor control
13.3: What is the name of the membranous coating formed by oligodendrocytes around CNS axons?
Myelin
oligodendrocyte
Myelin
13.2: Which of the two cell types found within nervous tissue has retained the ability to divide?
Neuroglia
13.2: What are the two distinct cell types found within nervous tissue?
Neurons Neuroglia
13.6: Two axons are tested for conduction speeds. One conducts action potentials at 50 m/s, the other at 1 m/s. Which axon is myelinated?
Neurons that conduct action potentials at 50 m/s would be myelinated
17.1: Name of the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers
Which of the following actions would be compromised if a person suffered an injury to lumbar spinal segments L3 and L4
Performing a Plie (shallow knee Bend) in ballet. Sitting cross-legged in the lotus position (lateral side of the foot on the medial side of the opposite thigh). Riding a horse.
14.5: Injury to which of the nerve plexuses would interfere with the ability to breathe?
Phrenic nerves that innervate the diaphragm originate in the cervical plexus.
13.4: Examination of a tissue sample shows pseudounipolar neurons. Are these more likely to be sensory neurons or motor neurons?
Sensory nuerons
collaterals
Side branches of axons
14.3: A patient with polio- a viral infection of motor neurons- has lost the use of his leg muscles. In what area of his spinal cord would you expect to find the infected motor neurons?
Since the poliovirus would be located in the somatic motor neurons, we would find it in the anterior horns of the spinal cord where the cell bodies of these neurons are located.
13.1: What are the two subdivisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
13.6: Define excitability.
The ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus and generate an action potential
14.5: Which nerve plexus may have been damaged if motor activity in the arm forearm are affected by injury?
The brachial plexus may have been damaged.
14.1: The filum terminale and the long dorsal and ventral root that extend caudal to the conus medullaris form what anatomical structure?
The cauda equina is formed from the filum terminale and the long dorsal and ventral roots that extend caudal to the conus medullaris
17.4: Name three plexuses in the abdominopelvic cavity
The celiac plexus the inferior mesenteric plexus the hypogastric plexus
14.1: What structure contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons?
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found within the dorsal root ganglion
15.2: As a result of pressure on her spinal cord, Jill cannot feel touch or pressure on her legs. What spinal tract a being compressed
The gracile fasciculus in the posterior column of the spinal cord is being compressed. It is responsible for carrying information about touch and pressure in the lower part of the body to the brain.
14.6: Distinguish between a monosynaptic and a polysynaptic reflex
The monosynaptic Reflex has a sensory neuron synapsing directly on a motor neuron. A polysynaptic reflex has more than one synapse between the stimulus and response.
14.4: Describe, in order from outermost to innermost, the three connective tissue layers surrounding each peripheral nerve
The outermost layer is called the epineurium. It's surrounds the entire nerve. The middle layer, or perineurium, divides the nerve into a series of compartments that contains on those of axons. A single bundle is called the fascicle. The endoneurium is the innermost layer, and it surrounds individual axons
16.6: Which region of the diencephalon helps coordinate somatic motor activities
The thalamus coordinate somatic motor activities at the conscious and subconscious levels
14.4: Distinguish between a white ramus and a gray ramus
The white ramus miscarries preganglionic axons that are myelinated from the nerve to the ganglion. The grey ramus carries postganglionic unmyelinated axons from the ganglion back to the spinal nerve.
14.2: List the three meninges that cover the spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots in order from deep to superficial
There are three men in general layers surrounding the spinal cord and nerve roots. From deep (closest to the spinal cord) to superficial, these three layers are the pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater.
13.5: What is Wallerian degeneration, and where does it occur?
Wallerian degeneration is the process by which a peripheral nerve distal to an injury undergoes deterioration and regeneration.
The anterior nuclei of the thalamus
a part of the limbic system
fascicle
a single bundle of axons
The neurotransmitter at all synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic division of the ANS is
acetylcholine
All preganglionic autonomic fibers release ___ at their axon terminals, and the effects are always ___.
acetylcholine; excitatory
16.7: What are the two primary functions of the cerebellum
adjusting the postural muscles of the body programming and fine-tuning voluntary and involuntary movements of the body
epinephrine
adrenal medulla
sensory
afferent
acetylcholine
all preganglionic fibers
The deep crease on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is the
anterior median fissure
Cranial blood vessels pass through the space directly deep to the
arachnoid mater
In contrast with those of the brain, responses of the spinal reflexes
are immediate
Developmental problems in the growth and interconnections of neurons in the brain reflect problem with the
astrocytes
Which neuronal tissue cell type is likely to be malfuctioning if the blood brain barrier is no longer adequately protecting the brain?
astrocytes
Lying within each hemisphere inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricles is/are the
basal nuclei
The white ramus communicans
carries the preganglionic fibers into a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by
cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia
Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the
cerebral peduncles
16.1: List the six major regions in the adult brain
cerebrum diencephalon mesencephalon (midbrain) pons cerebullem medulla oblongata
The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs is the
cervical enlargement
phrenic nerve
cervical plexus
prevertebral
collateral ganglia
Tingling and numbness in the palmar region of the hand could be caused by
compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.
axon hillock
connects initial segment to cell body
Efferent tracts from the hypothalamus
control involuntary motor activities control autonomic function coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems
Decussation
crossing over
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body wold interfere with the ability to
dilate the right pupil
The paired structures that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and are associated with each segment of the spinal cord are the
dorsal root ganglia
16.9: Bruce has lost the ability to detect tastes on the tip of his tongue. What cranial nerve is involved
facial nerve (VII)
The ____ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament
filum terminale
Preganglionic
first neuron
axons ascend the posterior column to reach the
gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the
gray commissures
16.9: John is experiencing problem in moving his tongue. His doctor tells him the problems are due to pressure on a cranial nerve. Which cranial nerve is involved
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
The primary link between the nervous and the endocrine systems is the
hypothalamus
What symptoms would you associate with damage to the gracile nucleus on the right side of the medulla oblongata
inability to perceive fine touch from the left lower limb
Splanchnic nerves
include preganglionic fibers that go to collateral ganglia
reflex
involuntary motor response
Which of the following is true of the spinothalamic tract
its neuron synapse in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
sympathetic
long postganglionic fiber
epidural space
loose connective tissue- adipose tissue
obturator nerve
lumbar plexus
proprioceptors
monitor position/ movement of joints
ventral root
motor neuron axon
axons of the cortucospinal tract synapse at
motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord
ganglia
neuron cell bodies in PNS
The only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum are the
olfactory
bipolar neurons
one dendrite
Spinothalamic
pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure
brachial plexus
pectoral girdle/ upper extremity
The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each peripheral nerve is the
perineurium
tectospinal tracts
position change-noise related
reverberation
positive feedback
Splanchnic
preganglionic fibers to collateral ganglia
16.3: What three types of nuclei are found within the medulla
relay nuclei cranial nerve nuclei autonomic nuclei
The large cells in the adrenal medulla, which resemble neurons in sympathetic ganglia
release epinephrine and norepinephrine
pudendal nerve
sacral plexus
interneuron
second-order
Visceral motor neurons in the CNS
send axons to synapse on peripherally located ganglionic neurons
afferent divison
sensory information
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are characterized as being
short in length and myelinated
effector division
skeletal muscle cells
dermatome
specific region of body surface
rubrospinal tract
subconscious control of distal limb musculature
Crisis
sympathetic activation
paravertebral
sympathetic chain ganglia
Which of the following ganglia belong to the sympathetic division of the ANS
sympathetic chain ganglion
thoracolumbar
sympathetic division
What anatomical mechanism is involved in causing a person to blush
sympathetic stimulation relaxes vessel walls, increasing blood flow to the skin
axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
telodendria
The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the
temporal lobe
parasympathetic
terminal ganglia
The diencephalic components of the limbic system include the
thalamus and hypothalamus
14.2: Identify the location of the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord
the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord is found in the subarachnoid space, which lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
16.2: Identify the four extensions of the innermost layer of the dura mater into the cranial cavity that stabilize and support the brain
the four extension of the dura mater are the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae
16.7: Name the three structure that link the cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord
the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because
they contain sensory and motor fibers
Preganglionic fibers of the ANS sympathetic division originate in the
thoracic and lumbar spinal
16.2: What is the function of the blood brain barrier
to isolate the CNS from general circulation
white matter
tracts and columns
Spinocerebellar
unconscious proprioception
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually
unmyelinated
What nerve is likely to transmit pain when a person receives an intramuscular injection into the deltoid region of the arm
upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
Sensory and motor innervations of the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the body are provided by the body are provided by the
ventral ramus
Which of the following are spinal tracts within the subconscious motor pathways
vestibulospinal tract tectospinal tract medial reticulospinal tracts
Which of the following activities or sensations are not monitored by interoceptors
visual activities
corticospinal system
voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Cutting the ventral root of the spinal nerve a L2 would interrupt the transmission of what type of informations
voluntary motor output ANS motor output