Anatomy Concept Questions

14.6: List, in order, the five steps in a reflex arc.

(1) Stimulation and activation of a receptors. (2) Activation of a sensory neuron. (3) Information processing CNS. (4) Activation of a motor neuron. (5) Response by effector.

15.3: Through which of the motor tracts would the following commands travels: (a) reflexive change of head position due to bright lights, (b) automatic alterations in limb position to maintain balance

(a) tectospinal tracts (b) vestibulospinal tracts

13.7: Myasthenia gravis is a disease that decreases the amount of acetylcholine released from the axon terminal. What effect, if any, would this have on the generation of an action potential?

Action potential will not generate at the postsynaptic membrane

14.3: What is the difference between ascending tracts and descending tracts in the white matter?

Ascending tracts carry sensory information towards the brain. Descending tracts carry motor commands into the spinal cord.

13.3: Specifically, what cells help maintain the blood brain barrier (BBB)

Astrocytes

astrocyte

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

17.1: Where do the preganglionic fibers of the parasympatheic division of the ANS originate

Brainstem (cranial nerve III, IX, X) or Sacral spinal cord

13.9: Describe the following anatomical structures that occur within the central nervous system: center, tract, and pathway.

Center: a collection of neuron cell bodies with a common function. Tracts: Bundles of axons in the CNS that share common origins, destinations, and functions. Pathway: centers and tracts that link the brain with the rest of the body.

13.1: What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

16.6: What area of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature

Changes in body temperature stimulate the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus, a division of the diencephalon

Patterns of interactions between neurons include which of the following

Divergence, parallel processing, and reverberation

13.8: Distinguish between a neuronal pool whose function is divergence and a neuronal pool whose function is convergence.

Divergence: spread info from one neuron to another or one pool to multiple pools. Convergence: several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron, or several neuronal pools synapse on one neuronal pool.

neuroglia

Function: support, secretion of cerebrospinal fluid, and phagocytosis Neuroglia found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are satellite cells.

Cell body of a neuron function

House organelles that produce energy and synthesize organic molecules.

posterior column

Information about "what," "where," and "when"

The brachial plexus

Innervates the shoulder girdle and the upper extremity. Is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerve C5 - T1. Is the source of the musculocutaneous radial, median, and ulnar nerves

17.3: Where are intramural ganglia located

Intramural ganglia are located in the tissues of their target organs

15.4: Which neurons, upper motor or lower motor, are affected more by somatic motor control

Lower motor neurons are affected more by somatic motor control

13.3: What is the name of the membranous coating formed by oligodendrocytes around CNS axons?

Myelin

oligodendrocyte

Myelin

13.2: Which of the two cell types found within nervous tissue has retained the ability to divide?

Neuroglia

13.2: What are the two distinct cell types found within nervous tissue?

Neurons Neuroglia

13.6: Two axons are tested for conduction speeds. One conducts action potentials at 50 m/s, the other at 1 m/s. Which axon is myelinated?

Neurons that conduct action potentials at 50 m/s would be myelinated

17.1: Name of the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Which of the following actions would be compromised if a person suffered an injury to lumbar spinal segments L3 and L4

Performing a Plie (shallow knee Bend) in ballet. Sitting cross-legged in the lotus position (lateral side of the foot on the medial side of the opposite thigh). Riding a horse.

14.5: Injury to which of the nerve plexuses would interfere with the ability to breathe?

Phrenic nerves that innervate the diaphragm originate in the cervical plexus.

13.4: Examination of a tissue sample shows pseudounipolar neurons. Are these more likely to be sensory neurons or motor neurons?

Sensory nuerons

collaterals

Side branches of axons

14.3: A patient with polio- a viral infection of motor neurons- has lost the use of his leg muscles. In what area of his spinal cord would you expect to find the infected motor neurons?

Since the poliovirus would be located in the somatic motor neurons, we would find it in the anterior horns of the spinal cord where the cell bodies of these neurons are located.

13.1: What are the two subdivisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system?

Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

13.6: Define excitability.

The ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus and generate an action potential

14.5: Which nerve plexus may have been damaged if motor activity in the arm forearm are affected by injury?

The brachial plexus may have been damaged.

14.1: The filum terminale and the long dorsal and ventral root that extend caudal to the conus medullaris form what anatomical structure?

The cauda equina is formed from the filum terminale and the long dorsal and ventral roots that extend caudal to the conus medullaris

17.4: Name three plexuses in the abdominopelvic cavity

The celiac plexus the inferior mesenteric plexus the hypogastric plexus

14.1: What structure contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found within the dorsal root ganglion

15.2: As a result of pressure on her spinal cord, Jill cannot feel touch or pressure on her legs. What spinal tract a being compressed

The gracile fasciculus in the posterior column of the spinal cord is being compressed. It is responsible for carrying information about touch and pressure in the lower part of the body to the brain.

14.6: Distinguish between a monosynaptic and a polysynaptic reflex

The monosynaptic Reflex has a sensory neuron synapsing directly on a motor neuron. A polysynaptic reflex has more than one synapse between the stimulus and response.

14.4: Describe, in order from outermost to innermost, the three connective tissue layers surrounding each peripheral nerve

The outermost layer is called the epineurium. It's surrounds the entire nerve. The middle layer, or perineurium, divides the nerve into a series of compartments that contains on those of axons. A single bundle is called the fascicle. The endoneurium is the innermost layer, and it surrounds individual axons

16.6: Which region of the diencephalon helps coordinate somatic motor activities

The thalamus coordinate somatic motor activities at the conscious and subconscious levels

14.4: Distinguish between a white ramus and a gray ramus

The white ramus miscarries preganglionic axons that are myelinated from the nerve to the ganglion. The grey ramus carries postganglionic unmyelinated axons from the ganglion back to the spinal nerve.

14.2: List the three meninges that cover the spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots in order from deep to superficial

There are three men in general layers surrounding the spinal cord and nerve roots. From deep (closest to the spinal cord) to superficial, these three layers are the pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater.

13.5: What is Wallerian degeneration, and where does it occur?

Wallerian degeneration is the process by which a peripheral nerve distal to an injury undergoes deterioration and regeneration.

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus

a part of the limbic system

fascicle

a single bundle of axons

The neurotransmitter at all synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic division of the ANS is

acetylcholine

All preganglionic autonomic fibers release ___ at their axon terminals, and the effects are always ___.

acetylcholine; excitatory

16.7: What are the two primary functions of the cerebellum

adjusting the postural muscles of the body programming and fine-tuning voluntary and involuntary movements of the body

epinephrine

adrenal medulla

sensory

afferent

acetylcholine

all preganglionic fibers

The deep crease on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is the

anterior median fissure

Cranial blood vessels pass through the space directly deep to the

arachnoid mater

In contrast with those of the brain, responses of the spinal reflexes

are immediate

Developmental problems in the growth and interconnections of neurons in the brain reflect problem with the

astrocytes

Which neuronal tissue cell type is likely to be malfuctioning if the blood brain barrier is no longer adequately protecting the brain?

astrocytes

Lying within each hemisphere inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricles is/are the

basal nuclei

The white ramus communicans

carries the preganglionic fibers into a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the

cerebral peduncles

16.1: List the six major regions in the adult brain

cerebrum diencephalon mesencephalon (midbrain) pons cerebullem medulla oblongata

The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs is the

cervical enlargement

phrenic nerve

cervical plexus

prevertebral

collateral ganglia

Tingling and numbness in the palmar region of the hand could be caused by

compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

axon hillock

connects initial segment to cell body

Efferent tracts from the hypothalamus

control involuntary motor activities control autonomic function coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems

Decussation

crossing over

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body wold interfere with the ability to

dilate the right pupil

The paired structures that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and are associated with each segment of the spinal cord are the

dorsal root ganglia

16.9: Bruce has lost the ability to detect tastes on the tip of his tongue. What cranial nerve is involved

facial nerve (VII)

The ____ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament

filum terminale

Preganglionic

first neuron

axons ascend the posterior column to reach the

gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures

16.9: John is experiencing problem in moving his tongue. His doctor tells him the problems are due to pressure on a cranial nerve. Which cranial nerve is involved

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

The primary link between the nervous and the endocrine systems is the

hypothalamus

What symptoms would you associate with damage to the gracile nucleus on the right side of the medulla oblongata

inability to perceive fine touch from the left lower limb

Splanchnic nerves

include preganglionic fibers that go to collateral ganglia

reflex

involuntary motor response

Which of the following is true of the spinothalamic tract

its neuron synapse in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

sympathetic

long postganglionic fiber

epidural space

loose connective tissue- adipose tissue

obturator nerve

lumbar plexus

proprioceptors

monitor position/ movement of joints

ventral root

motor neuron axon

axons of the cortucospinal tract synapse at

motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord

ganglia

neuron cell bodies in PNS

The only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum are the

olfactory

bipolar neurons

one dendrite

Spinothalamic

pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure

brachial plexus

pectoral girdle/ upper extremity

The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each peripheral nerve is the

perineurium

tectospinal tracts

position change-noise related

reverberation

positive feedback

Splanchnic

preganglionic fibers to collateral ganglia

16.3: What three types of nuclei are found within the medulla

relay nuclei cranial nerve nuclei autonomic nuclei

The large cells in the adrenal medulla, which resemble neurons in sympathetic ganglia

release epinephrine and norepinephrine

pudendal nerve

sacral plexus

interneuron

second-order

Visceral motor neurons in the CNS

send axons to synapse on peripherally located ganglionic neurons

afferent divison

sensory information

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are characterized as being

short in length and myelinated

effector division

skeletal muscle cells

dermatome

specific region of body surface

rubrospinal tract

subconscious control of distal limb musculature

Crisis

sympathetic activation

paravertebral

sympathetic chain ganglia

Which of the following ganglia belong to the sympathetic division of the ANS

sympathetic chain ganglion

thoracolumbar

sympathetic division

What anatomical mechanism is involved in causing a person to blush

sympathetic stimulation relaxes vessel walls, increasing blood flow to the skin

axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

telodendria

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

temporal lobe

parasympathetic

terminal ganglia

The diencephalic components of the limbic system include the

thalamus and hypothalamus

14.2: Identify the location of the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord

the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord is found in the subarachnoid space, which lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

16.2: Identify the four extensions of the innermost layer of the dura mater into the cranial cavity that stabilize and support the brain

the four extension of the dura mater are the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae

16.7: Name the three structure that link the cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord

the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles

Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because

they contain sensory and motor fibers

Preganglionic fibers of the ANS sympathetic division originate in the

thoracic and lumbar spinal

16.2: What is the function of the blood brain barrier

to isolate the CNS from general circulation

white matter

tracts and columns

Spinocerebellar

unconscious proprioception

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

unmyelinated

What nerve is likely to transmit pain when a person receives an intramuscular injection into the deltoid region of the arm

upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm

Sensory and motor innervations of the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the body are provided by the body are provided by the

ventral ramus

Which of the following are spinal tracts within the subconscious motor pathways

vestibulospinal tract tectospinal tract medial reticulospinal tracts

Which of the following activities or sensations are not monitored by interoceptors

visual activities

corticospinal system

voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Cutting the ventral root of the spinal nerve a L2 would interrupt the transmission of what type of informations

voluntary motor output ANS motor output