Anatomy Exam 1 Practice Questions

match the following: a. gap junctions b. tight junctions c. deosomes - allow ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another - help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells - abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress

- gap junctions: allow ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another - tight junctions: help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells - desosomes: abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress

match the following terms with the correct definition a. isotope b. mass number c. valence electrons d. covalent bond e. ionic bond - atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons - the sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom - the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom - chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms - chemical bond created by the attraction of cations and anions

- isotope: atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons - mass number: the sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom - valence electrons: the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom - covalent bond: chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms - ionic bond: chemical bond created by the attraction of cations and anions

match the following: a. simple columnar epithelium b. perichondrium c. aponeuroses d. fibrocartilage - found in ovaries, gallbladder, lines the digestive tract - found in intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis - sheet-like; attach muscle to muscle or bone - cartilage gets nutrients from blood vessels in ____

- simple columnar epithelium: found in ovaries, gallbladder, lines the digestive tract - perichondrium: cartilage gets nutrients from blood vessels in __ - aponeuroses: sheet-like; attach muscle to muscle or bone - fibrocartilage: found in intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis

in and surrounding a neuron, if sodium was absent, the diffusion of potassium would result in a resting membrane potential of a. -90 mV b. -70 mV c. 0 mV d. +30 mV

-90 mV

elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have ____ electrons in their valence shell a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4

1

the stomach acid that enters the small intestine must be neutralized for digestion to continue properly. what will accomplish this and how will pH change? a. a base; pH will increase b. a base; pH will decrease c. an acid; pH will increase d. an acid; pH will decrease

a base; pH will increase

active transport requires a. an open channel on the surface of the cell b. a carrier protein on the surface of the cell c. a receptor within the cell d. an enzyme within the cell.

a carrier protein on the surface of the cell

which of the following describes the plasma membrane? a. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell b. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma c. a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell d. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae

a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

complete the following multiple choice questions that describe different connective tissue types. a. what type of tissue supports epithelium? b. which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae? c. osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue d. tendons and ligaments are primarily made of e. the structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of - loose connective tissue - hyaline cartilage - bone - dense regular connective tissue - reticular connective tissue

a. loose connective tissue b. hyaline cartilage c. bone d. dense regular connective tissue e. reticular connective tissue

match each example given to one of the five general functions of epithelial tissues a. the outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment b. the epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body c. the epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body d. simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the lungs e. mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body f. the plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins that regulate the absorption of materials g. the epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed h. the epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions - protecting underlying structures - acting as barriers - permitting the passage of substances - secreting substances - absorbing substances

a. protecting underlying structures b. acting as barriers c. acting as barriers d. permitting the passage of substances e. secreting substances f. absorbing substances g. protecting underlying structures h. absorbing substances

a ____ is a molecule that releases protons into a solution

acid

a pH of 5 indicates a ____

acid

dense regular connective tissue are found in a. ligament b. tendon c. aponeuroses d. fascia: plastic wrap for muscles e. all the options mentioned are made with dense regular connective tissue

all are made with dense regular connective tissue

sodium and potassium are electrolytes. therefore, they dissolve ________ in water a. and dissociate b. but do not dissociate

and dissociate

a ____ is a molecule that accepts protons or releases OH- into a solution

base

a pH of 10 indicates a _____

base

a thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n) a. basement membrane b. apical surface c. intercellular junction d. stroma

basement membrane

the ____ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body a. biological b. physical c. chemical d. physiological

biological

a _____ is a chemical system that resists drastic changes in pH

buffer

al organic compounds contain _____, hydrogen, and usually oxygen a. nitrogen b. sulfur c. carbon d. phosphorus

carbon

facilitated diffusion requires a. enzymes b. carrier proteins c. lipid carriers d. carbohydrate carriers e. lipid or carbohydrate carriers

carrier proteins

epithelial tissue a. is composed of cells, matrix and ground substance. b. cells can be cube or column shaped c. cells secrete a ground substance composed of hydroxyapatite d. cells are typically scattered in a random fashion in the matrix they produce

cells can be cube or column shaped

check all that occur at the cellular level as a result of aging. a. cells experience increased metabolic functions b. cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis c. chromatin and chromosomes clump, shrink, or fragment d. the risk for unsuccessful completion of sex cell division and maturation decreases

cells experience increased metabolic functions, cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis, chromatin and chromosomes clump, shrink, or fragment, the risk for unsuccessful completion of sex cell division and maturation decreases.

which of the following is NOT an example of cells communicating through direct contact? a. cells of the hypothalamus release chemical messages to induce fever b. fertilization on an ovum (egg) by a sperm c. regrowth of cells following an injury d. immune cells differentiating healthy body cells versus foreign cells

cells of the hypothalamus release chemical messages to induce fever

which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm? a. chromatin b. cytosol c. organelles d. inclusions

chromatin - explanation: chromatin is a component of the nucleus. the cytoplasm contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

the salivary glands are a good example of a __________ exocrine gland a. compound tubuloalveolar b. compound tubular c. simple branched alveolar d. compound alveolar

compound tubuloalveolar

In a human, the left arm is _____ to the right leg a. contralateral b. superior c. cranial d. all of the choices

contralateral, superior, and cranial

atoms share electrons in a _______ bond either equally or unequally between the atoms

covalent

janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery? a. decrease in the amount of connective tissue b. thicker epithelial tissue c. muscle hypertrophy d. increase in nervous tissue

decrease in the amount of connective tissue - explanation: all tissues in the body experience a decline as a result of aging. as an example, collagen levels decrease, leading to a slower recovery from injuries.

which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body? a. dendrite b. axon

dendrite

the correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is a. dorsal b. ventral c. distal d. caudal

dorsal

from which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived? a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. mesenchyme e. the epidermis is derived from all three primary germ layers

ectoderm

the visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. which protein fiber must be present? a. reticular b. collagen c. elastic d. stroma

elastic - explanation: the ear is able to stretch and recoil significantly, so it must contain elastic fibers

how atoms share electrons is determined by each atom's _______

electronegativity

as guided by the octet rule, atoms have the tendency to become stable through the gain, loss, or sharing of _____ a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. isotopes

electrons

the amount of which subatomic particle is different between an atom and its ion? a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons

electrons - an ion is created from the loss or gain of electrons, so the ion would have a different number of electrons than the atom it came from

mixing water and oil together is an example of a _______ a. solution b. colloid c. emulsion

emulsion

the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is _______, whereas the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and the release of its contents outside of the cell is called _______ a. exocytosis; pinocytosis b. endocytosis; exocytosis c. endocytosis; pinocytosis d. pinocytosis; endocytosis

endocytosis; exocytosis

which of the following relationships between a tissue and its general function is NOT correct? a. epithelial: digestion b. connective: support c. muscle: movement d. nervous: control

epithelial: digestion

these glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen of hollow organs. a. exocrine b. endocrine

exocrine

glucose, amino acids, and ions move across the plasma membrane by protein channels or carrier proteins. this process is called a. osmosis b. simple diffusion c. facilitated diffusion

facilitated diffusion

the movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by a. ion pumps b. receptor-mediated exocytosis c. osmosis d. facilitated diffusion e. phagocytosis.

facilitated diffusion

which of the following is NOT a function of simple columnar epithelium? a. absorption b. secretion of mucus c. filtration d. movement of egg through uterine tube e. movement of embryo through uterine tube

filtration

_____ attached to _____ provide a signature of cell identity a. peripheral proteins/integral proteins b. lipid rafts/plasma membrane c. glucose/integral proteins d. phosphate head/glycerol

glucose/integral proteins

the mucus-secreting cells prevalent in simple columnar epithelium are known as _______ a. goblet cells b. cup cells c. chalice cells

goblet cells

during osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration. a. greater b. lesser

greater

the joint is proximal to the knee in which of these? a. ankle b. hip c. spine

hip

during childhood, an example of _______ occurs when the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division a. hyperplasia b. hypertrophy c. neoplasia d. hepatoplasia

hyperplasia

when a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. such a solution is called a(n) _________ solution. a. hypertonic b. hypotonic c. isotonic d. endergonic

hypotonic

a resting membrane potential a. is due to a charge difference across the cell membrane b. requires the presence of the sodium-potassium pump in the cytoplasm c. is normally 0 mV d. all of these choices are correct.

is due to a charge difference across the cell membrane

the directional term that means "away from the midline of the body" is a. inferior b. superior c. medial d. lateral e. caudal

lateral

a patient complaining of pain on his left side just deep to the ribs would be referring to which abdominopelvic quadrant? a. right upper b. left upper c. left lower d. right lower

left upper

of the following cell types, which can migrate through the matrix of connective tissue and devour foreign materials? a. fibroblasts b. osteocytes c. macrophages d. chrondoblasts

macrophages

which of the following is NOT an example of homeostasis? a. maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie b. maintaining body temperature by sweating c. maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating d. maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin

maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie

microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called a. cilia b. microvilli c. flagella d. mucus e. desmosomes

microvilli

if a cell has a relatively high energy need, you would expect it to have _________ mitochondria than a cell with a lower energy need a. more b. less

more - explanation: mitochondria are considered the "powerhouses of the cell." therefore, you would expect that a cell with greater energy demands will need more mitochondria, while a cell with lower energy demands will have fewer mitochondria.

which of the following is a general function performed by all human body cells? a. obtain nutrients b. change function as needed c. allow substances to pass freely into and out of the cell d. give rise to all different types of cells

obtain nutrients

the _____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity a. parietal peritoneum b. visceral peritoneum c. visceral pleural d. parietal pericardium

parietal peritoneum

the outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the a. parietal pericardium b. visceral peritoneum. c. visceral pleura. d. parietal peritoneum.

parietal peritoneum

the outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the a. intrapleural fluid b. pleural cavity c. thoracic pleura d. parietal pleura e. visceral pleura

parietal pluera

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? a. exocytosis b. phagocytosis c. pinocytosis

phagocytosis

calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot a. plantar b. dorsum c. crural d. palmar

plantar

the fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the a. intrapleural fluid b. visceral pleura c. parietal pleura d. thoracic pleura e. pleural cavity.

pleural cavity

if the sharing of electrons between atoms is equal, a _______ covalent bond results

polar

if the sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal, a _______ covalent bond results

polar

when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. these new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. this amplification is an example of a. negative feedback b. positive feedback.

positive feedback

when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following? a. positive feedback b. negative feedback

positive feedback

in a laboratory, a neuron is placed in a dish containing fluid that contains more potassium than the neuron's cytoplasm. considering this, select all that are true. a. potassium will leak into the cell. b. the electrical charge inside the cell will become more positive than normal c. the sodium-potassium pump will be moving potassium from a higher to a lower concentration. d. the membrane potential will become more positive than normal

potassium will leak into the cell; the electrical charge inside the cell will become more positive than normal

the embryoblast eventually differentiates into the a. zygote b. blastocyst c. primary germ layers c. sperm and egg

primary germ layers - explanation: the embryoblast differentiates into the three primary germ layers

if you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing a. metabolism b. regulation c. organization d. reproduction

regulation

exocytosis is a process by which cells a. release substances from the cell through pores in the cell membrane b. release substances from the cell via vesicles c. release substances from the cell via carrier proteins d. bring in substances from the outside via vesicles e. bring in substances from the outside via pores in the cell membrane.

release substances from the cell via vesicles

active transport a. requires energy in the form of ADP b. requires energy in the form of ATP c. releases energy in the form of ATP d. releases energy in the form of ADP e. does not require any energy and does not release any energy.

requires energy in the form of ATP

when an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of a. responsiveness b. metabolism c. reproduction d. organization

responsiveness

the liver is located in which regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? a. right hypochondriac b. epigastric c. left hypochondriac d. both a and b

right hypochondriac and epigastric

if you wanted to see a detailed three-dimensional image of the surface of a cell, which type of microscope would you use? a. light microscope b. transmission electron microscope (TEM) c. scanning electron microscope (SEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM) - explanation: light microscopes and transmission electron microscopes provide two-dimensional images, with the TEM providing a much clearer image. a SEM works by moving an electron beam across the surface of the specimen, resulting in a three-dimensional surface topography image

which of the following glands are holocrine glands? a. pancreas b. sweat glands c. salivary glands d. sebaceous glands

sebaceous glands

which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands? a. secretes its product into a duct b. secretes its product to the outside of an epithelium c. secretions are released by exocytosis d. secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

secretions are released by rupture of whole cells - explanation: holocrine secretions are the result of gland cells bursting

what is found in the space between the pleural layers? a. lung b. serous fluid c. heart d. thoracic wall e. visceral pleura

serous fluid

cephalic is to head as deltoid is to a. shoulder b. armpit c. chest d. sternum

shoulder

which of the following types of epithelial tissue is best suited for areas of the body where diffusion or filtration occurs? a. stratified columnar b. simple cuboidal c. simple squamous d. stratified squamous

simple squamous

the type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium. a. stratified squamous b. transitional c. pseudostratified columnar d. simple squamous

simple squamous - explanation: simple squamous epithelium is specialized to allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. it is a very delicate epithelial tissue that is found in protected, moist regions of the body, such as the lumen of blood vessels.

choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology a. simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur b. the stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion, and secretes many enzymes as well as hormones c. he iris of the eye consists of two layers of smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system. d. the ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.

simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur

the type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________. a. pseudostratified, cuboidal b. simple; stratified c. squamous, transitional d. stratified; columnar

simple; stratified - explanation: epithelial tissue can be classified by the number of cell layers. simple epithelial tissue is composed of one layer of cells. stratified epithelial tissue is composed of two or more layers of cells, and only the deepest layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane. pseudostratified epithelium contains one layer of cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane

which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily? a. small polar molecules b. small nonpolar molecules c. large polar molecules d. large nonpolar molecules e. large neutral molecules

small nonpolar molecules

table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a ____- a. solution b. suspension c. colloid

solution

facilitated diffusion is used to transport a. sugars and amino acids b. H2O and O2 c. CO2 and O2 d. CO2 and H2O e. sugars and H2O

sugars and amino acids

which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint? a. mucous membrane b. synovial membrane c. cutaneous membrane d. serous membrane

synovial membrane explanation: synovial membranes contain cells that secrete synovial fluid into joint cavities, which reduces friction and delivers nutrients to the cartilage of the joint

the rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following? a. temperature b. size of molecules c. steepness of the concentration gradient d. temperature and size of the molecules only e. temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

when sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when a. molecules of sugar stop moving b. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed c. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution d. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules e. two tablespoons of coffee are added.

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution

which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? a. the rate is independent of temperature b. the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate c. molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate d. the lower the temperature, the faster the rate

the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate

homeostasis is best described as a. the changes in the internal environment which have no influence on health b. the prevention of changes internally despite external changes c. the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment d. a process in which the external environment has no influence on the internal environment

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment

which of the following is a function of the ribosome? a. translation of proteins b. site of lipid synthesis c. site of most energy production d. repository of genetic information

translation of proteins - explanation: the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis

a(n) _______ plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts a. transverse b. oblique c. sagittal d. coronal e. frontal

transverse

true or false: goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

true

true or false: cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue

true; because cartilage tissue is avascular

a cut made through the frontal plane of a human would divide the body into a ______ part and a ______ part a. superior/inferior b. ventral/dorsal c. anterior/posterior d. none of the above e. ventral/dorsal and anterior/posterior

ventral/dorsal and anterior/posterior

the layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the a. intrapleural fluid b. thoracic pleura c. pleural cavity d. parietal pleura e. visceral pleura

viscera pleura

the _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface a. visceral b. parietal c. pleural d. peritoneal

visceral

what is the specific name for the serous membrane covering the stomach? a. visceral peritoneum b. parietal pericardium c. parietal peritoneum d. visceral pleura

visceral peritoneum

the layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the a. thoracic pleura b. parietal pleura c. pleural cavity d. visceral pleura e. intrapleural fluid

visceral pleura