Anatomy Exam 1 Practice Questions
match the following: a. gap junctions b. tight junctions c. deosomes - allow ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another - help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells - abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress
- gap junctions: allow ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another - tight junctions: help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells - desosomes: abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress
match the following terms with the correct definition a. isotope b. mass number c. valence electrons d. covalent bond e. ionic bond - atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons - the sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom - the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom - chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms - chemical bond created by the attraction of cations and anions
- isotope: atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons - mass number: the sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom - valence electrons: the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom - covalent bond: chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms - ionic bond: chemical bond created by the attraction of cations and anions
match the following: a. simple columnar epithelium b. perichondrium c. aponeuroses d. fibrocartilage - found in ovaries, gallbladder, lines the digestive tract - found in intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis - sheet-like; attach muscle to muscle or bone - cartilage gets nutrients from blood vessels in ____
- simple columnar epithelium: found in ovaries, gallbladder, lines the digestive tract - perichondrium: cartilage gets nutrients from blood vessels in __ - aponeuroses: sheet-like; attach muscle to muscle or bone - fibrocartilage: found in intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis
in and surrounding a neuron, if sodium was absent, the diffusion of potassium would result in a resting membrane potential of a. -90 mV b. -70 mV c. 0 mV d. +30 mV
-90 mV
elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have ____ electrons in their valence shell a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4
1
the stomach acid that enters the small intestine must be neutralized for digestion to continue properly. what will accomplish this and how will pH change? a. a base; pH will increase b. a base; pH will decrease c. an acid; pH will increase d. an acid; pH will decrease
a base; pH will increase
active transport requires a. an open channel on the surface of the cell b. a carrier protein on the surface of the cell c. a receptor within the cell d. an enzyme within the cell.
a carrier protein on the surface of the cell
which of the following describes the plasma membrane? a. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell b. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma c. a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell d. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae
a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
complete the following multiple choice questions that describe different connective tissue types. a. what type of tissue supports epithelium? b. which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae? c. osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue d. tendons and ligaments are primarily made of e. the structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of - loose connective tissue - hyaline cartilage - bone - dense regular connective tissue - reticular connective tissue
a. loose connective tissue b. hyaline cartilage c. bone d. dense regular connective tissue e. reticular connective tissue
match each example given to one of the five general functions of epithelial tissues a. the outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment b. the epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body c. the epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body d. simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the lungs e. mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body f. the plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins that regulate the absorption of materials g. the epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed h. the epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions - protecting underlying structures - acting as barriers - permitting the passage of substances - secreting substances - absorbing substances
a. protecting underlying structures b. acting as barriers c. acting as barriers d. permitting the passage of substances e. secreting substances f. absorbing substances g. protecting underlying structures h. absorbing substances
a ____ is a molecule that releases protons into a solution
acid
a pH of 5 indicates a ____
acid
dense regular connective tissue are found in a. ligament b. tendon c. aponeuroses d. fascia: plastic wrap for muscles e. all the options mentioned are made with dense regular connective tissue
all are made with dense regular connective tissue
sodium and potassium are electrolytes. therefore, they dissolve ________ in water a. and dissociate b. but do not dissociate
and dissociate
a ____ is a molecule that accepts protons or releases OH- into a solution
base
a pH of 10 indicates a _____
base
a thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n) a. basement membrane b. apical surface c. intercellular junction d. stroma
basement membrane
the ____ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body a. biological b. physical c. chemical d. physiological
biological
a _____ is a chemical system that resists drastic changes in pH
buffer
al organic compounds contain _____, hydrogen, and usually oxygen a. nitrogen b. sulfur c. carbon d. phosphorus
carbon
facilitated diffusion requires a. enzymes b. carrier proteins c. lipid carriers d. carbohydrate carriers e. lipid or carbohydrate carriers
carrier proteins
epithelial tissue a. is composed of cells, matrix and ground substance. b. cells can be cube or column shaped c. cells secrete a ground substance composed of hydroxyapatite d. cells are typically scattered in a random fashion in the matrix they produce
cells can be cube or column shaped
check all that occur at the cellular level as a result of aging. a. cells experience increased metabolic functions b. cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis c. chromatin and chromosomes clump, shrink, or fragment d. the risk for unsuccessful completion of sex cell division and maturation decreases
cells experience increased metabolic functions, cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis, chromatin and chromosomes clump, shrink, or fragment, the risk for unsuccessful completion of sex cell division and maturation decreases.
which of the following is NOT an example of cells communicating through direct contact? a. cells of the hypothalamus release chemical messages to induce fever b. fertilization on an ovum (egg) by a sperm c. regrowth of cells following an injury d. immune cells differentiating healthy body cells versus foreign cells
cells of the hypothalamus release chemical messages to induce fever
which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm? a. chromatin b. cytosol c. organelles d. inclusions
chromatin - explanation: chromatin is a component of the nucleus. the cytoplasm contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
the salivary glands are a good example of a __________ exocrine gland a. compound tubuloalveolar b. compound tubular c. simple branched alveolar d. compound alveolar
compound tubuloalveolar
In a human, the left arm is _____ to the right leg a. contralateral b. superior c. cranial d. all of the choices
contralateral, superior, and cranial
atoms share electrons in a _______ bond either equally or unequally between the atoms
covalent
janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery? a. decrease in the amount of connective tissue b. thicker epithelial tissue c. muscle hypertrophy d. increase in nervous tissue
decrease in the amount of connective tissue - explanation: all tissues in the body experience a decline as a result of aging. as an example, collagen levels decrease, leading to a slower recovery from injuries.
which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body? a. dendrite b. axon
dendrite
the correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is a. dorsal b. ventral c. distal d. caudal
dorsal
from which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived? a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. mesenchyme e. the epidermis is derived from all three primary germ layers
ectoderm
the visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. which protein fiber must be present? a. reticular b. collagen c. elastic d. stroma
elastic - explanation: the ear is able to stretch and recoil significantly, so it must contain elastic fibers
how atoms share electrons is determined by each atom's _______
electronegativity
as guided by the octet rule, atoms have the tendency to become stable through the gain, loss, or sharing of _____ a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. isotopes
electrons
the amount of which subatomic particle is different between an atom and its ion? a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons
electrons - an ion is created from the loss or gain of electrons, so the ion would have a different number of electrons than the atom it came from
mixing water and oil together is an example of a _______ a. solution b. colloid c. emulsion
emulsion
the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is _______, whereas the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and the release of its contents outside of the cell is called _______ a. exocytosis; pinocytosis b. endocytosis; exocytosis c. endocytosis; pinocytosis d. pinocytosis; endocytosis
endocytosis; exocytosis
which of the following relationships between a tissue and its general function is NOT correct? a. epithelial: digestion b. connective: support c. muscle: movement d. nervous: control
epithelial: digestion
these glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen of hollow organs. a. exocrine b. endocrine
exocrine
glucose, amino acids, and ions move across the plasma membrane by protein channels or carrier proteins. this process is called a. osmosis b. simple diffusion c. facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion
the movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by a. ion pumps b. receptor-mediated exocytosis c. osmosis d. facilitated diffusion e. phagocytosis.
facilitated diffusion
which of the following is NOT a function of simple columnar epithelium? a. absorption b. secretion of mucus c. filtration d. movement of egg through uterine tube e. movement of embryo through uterine tube
filtration
_____ attached to _____ provide a signature of cell identity a. peripheral proteins/integral proteins b. lipid rafts/plasma membrane c. glucose/integral proteins d. phosphate head/glycerol
glucose/integral proteins
the mucus-secreting cells prevalent in simple columnar epithelium are known as _______ a. goblet cells b. cup cells c. chalice cells
goblet cells
during osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration. a. greater b. lesser
greater
the joint is proximal to the knee in which of these? a. ankle b. hip c. spine
hip
during childhood, an example of _______ occurs when the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division a. hyperplasia b. hypertrophy c. neoplasia d. hepatoplasia
hyperplasia
when a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. such a solution is called a(n) _________ solution. a. hypertonic b. hypotonic c. isotonic d. endergonic
hypotonic
a resting membrane potential a. is due to a charge difference across the cell membrane b. requires the presence of the sodium-potassium pump in the cytoplasm c. is normally 0 mV d. all of these choices are correct.
is due to a charge difference across the cell membrane
the directional term that means "away from the midline of the body" is a. inferior b. superior c. medial d. lateral e. caudal
lateral
a patient complaining of pain on his left side just deep to the ribs would be referring to which abdominopelvic quadrant? a. right upper b. left upper c. left lower d. right lower
left upper
of the following cell types, which can migrate through the matrix of connective tissue and devour foreign materials? a. fibroblasts b. osteocytes c. macrophages d. chrondoblasts
macrophages
which of the following is NOT an example of homeostasis? a. maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie b. maintaining body temperature by sweating c. maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating d. maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin
maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie
microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called a. cilia b. microvilli c. flagella d. mucus e. desmosomes
microvilli
if a cell has a relatively high energy need, you would expect it to have _________ mitochondria than a cell with a lower energy need a. more b. less
more - explanation: mitochondria are considered the "powerhouses of the cell." therefore, you would expect that a cell with greater energy demands will need more mitochondria, while a cell with lower energy demands will have fewer mitochondria.
which of the following is a general function performed by all human body cells? a. obtain nutrients b. change function as needed c. allow substances to pass freely into and out of the cell d. give rise to all different types of cells
obtain nutrients
the _____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity a. parietal peritoneum b. visceral peritoneum c. visceral pleural d. parietal pericardium
parietal peritoneum
the outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the a. parietal pericardium b. visceral peritoneum. c. visceral pleura. d. parietal peritoneum.
parietal peritoneum
the outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the a. intrapleural fluid b. pleural cavity c. thoracic pleura d. parietal pleura e. visceral pleura
parietal pluera
Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? a. exocytosis b. phagocytosis c. pinocytosis
phagocytosis
calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot a. plantar b. dorsum c. crural d. palmar
plantar
the fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the a. intrapleural fluid b. visceral pleura c. parietal pleura d. thoracic pleura e. pleural cavity.
pleural cavity
if the sharing of electrons between atoms is equal, a _______ covalent bond results
polar
if the sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal, a _______ covalent bond results
polar
when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. these new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. this amplification is an example of a. negative feedback b. positive feedback.
positive feedback
when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following? a. positive feedback b. negative feedback
positive feedback
in a laboratory, a neuron is placed in a dish containing fluid that contains more potassium than the neuron's cytoplasm. considering this, select all that are true. a. potassium will leak into the cell. b. the electrical charge inside the cell will become more positive than normal c. the sodium-potassium pump will be moving potassium from a higher to a lower concentration. d. the membrane potential will become more positive than normal
potassium will leak into the cell; the electrical charge inside the cell will become more positive than normal
the embryoblast eventually differentiates into the a. zygote b. blastocyst c. primary germ layers c. sperm and egg
primary germ layers - explanation: the embryoblast differentiates into the three primary germ layers
if you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing a. metabolism b. regulation c. organization d. reproduction
regulation
exocytosis is a process by which cells a. release substances from the cell through pores in the cell membrane b. release substances from the cell via vesicles c. release substances from the cell via carrier proteins d. bring in substances from the outside via vesicles e. bring in substances from the outside via pores in the cell membrane.
release substances from the cell via vesicles
active transport a. requires energy in the form of ADP b. requires energy in the form of ATP c. releases energy in the form of ATP d. releases energy in the form of ADP e. does not require any energy and does not release any energy.
requires energy in the form of ATP
when an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of a. responsiveness b. metabolism c. reproduction d. organization
responsiveness
the liver is located in which regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? a. right hypochondriac b. epigastric c. left hypochondriac d. both a and b
right hypochondriac and epigastric
if you wanted to see a detailed three-dimensional image of the surface of a cell, which type of microscope would you use? a. light microscope b. transmission electron microscope (TEM) c. scanning electron microscope (SEM)
scanning electron microscope (SEM) - explanation: light microscopes and transmission electron microscopes provide two-dimensional images, with the TEM providing a much clearer image. a SEM works by moving an electron beam across the surface of the specimen, resulting in a three-dimensional surface topography image
which of the following glands are holocrine glands? a. pancreas b. sweat glands c. salivary glands d. sebaceous glands
sebaceous glands
which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands? a. secretes its product into a duct b. secretes its product to the outside of an epithelium c. secretions are released by exocytosis d. secretions are released by rupture of whole cells
secretions are released by rupture of whole cells - explanation: holocrine secretions are the result of gland cells bursting
what is found in the space between the pleural layers? a. lung b. serous fluid c. heart d. thoracic wall e. visceral pleura
serous fluid
cephalic is to head as deltoid is to a. shoulder b. armpit c. chest d. sternum
shoulder
which of the following types of epithelial tissue is best suited for areas of the body where diffusion or filtration occurs? a. stratified columnar b. simple cuboidal c. simple squamous d. stratified squamous
simple squamous
the type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium. a. stratified squamous b. transitional c. pseudostratified columnar d. simple squamous
simple squamous - explanation: simple squamous epithelium is specialized to allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. it is a very delicate epithelial tissue that is found in protected, moist regions of the body, such as the lumen of blood vessels.
choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology a. simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur b. the stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion, and secretes many enzymes as well as hormones c. he iris of the eye consists of two layers of smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system. d. the ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur
the type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________. a. pseudostratified, cuboidal b. simple; stratified c. squamous, transitional d. stratified; columnar
simple; stratified - explanation: epithelial tissue can be classified by the number of cell layers. simple epithelial tissue is composed of one layer of cells. stratified epithelial tissue is composed of two or more layers of cells, and only the deepest layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane. pseudostratified epithelium contains one layer of cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane
which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily? a. small polar molecules b. small nonpolar molecules c. large polar molecules d. large nonpolar molecules e. large neutral molecules
small nonpolar molecules
table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a ____- a. solution b. suspension c. colloid
solution
facilitated diffusion is used to transport a. sugars and amino acids b. H2O and O2 c. CO2 and O2 d. CO2 and H2O e. sugars and H2O
sugars and amino acids
which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint? a. mucous membrane b. synovial membrane c. cutaneous membrane d. serous membrane
synovial membrane explanation: synovial membranes contain cells that secrete synovial fluid into joint cavities, which reduces friction and delivers nutrients to the cartilage of the joint
the rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following? a. temperature b. size of molecules c. steepness of the concentration gradient d. temperature and size of the molecules only e. temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient
temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient
when sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when a. molecules of sugar stop moving b. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed c. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution d. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules e. two tablespoons of coffee are added.
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution
which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? a. the rate is independent of temperature b. the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate c. molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate d. the lower the temperature, the faster the rate
the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate
homeostasis is best described as a. the changes in the internal environment which have no influence on health b. the prevention of changes internally despite external changes c. the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment d. a process in which the external environment has no influence on the internal environment
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment
which of the following is a function of the ribosome? a. translation of proteins b. site of lipid synthesis c. site of most energy production d. repository of genetic information
translation of proteins - explanation: the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
a(n) _______ plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts a. transverse b. oblique c. sagittal d. coronal e. frontal
transverse
true or false: goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
true
true or false: cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue
true; because cartilage tissue is avascular
a cut made through the frontal plane of a human would divide the body into a ______ part and a ______ part a. superior/inferior b. ventral/dorsal c. anterior/posterior d. none of the above e. ventral/dorsal and anterior/posterior
ventral/dorsal and anterior/posterior
the layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the a. intrapleural fluid b. thoracic pleura c. pleural cavity d. parietal pleura e. visceral pleura
viscera pleura
the _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface a. visceral b. parietal c. pleural d. peritoneal
visceral
what is the specific name for the serous membrane covering the stomach? a. visceral peritoneum b. parietal pericardium c. parietal peritoneum d. visceral pleura
visceral peritoneum
the layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the a. thoracic pleura b. parietal pleura c. pleural cavity d. visceral pleura e. intrapleural fluid
visceral pleura