Anatomy Exam 2
How many phalanges are there total in one hand?
14 (same in foot)
histology of smooth muscle
2 types of smooth muscle. Visceral single unit smooth muscle tissue. Multi unit smooth muscle tissue. Thick and thin filament.
There are ___ (number) carpals and__ (number) tarsals in one side of the body.
8 carpals, 7 tarsals
Deltoid
Abduction of shoulder Flexion and medial rotation at anterior Extension and lateral rotation at posterior
medial compartment of thigh
Abductors
Femoral head articulates with which bone feature?
Acetabelum
flexor retinaculum
Action: wide band of CT that retains tendons
saddle and condyloid
Bi
Plane
Bi and tri
Epimysium
Binds fascicles together forming muscle tissue
synovial joints
Connected by cartilage and fibrous CT
Parallel muscle with t bands
Fibers run parallel. RECTUS ABDOMINUS
Medically rotate thigh
Gluteus medius and minimis
Femur
Head. Greater (lateral) and lesser trochanter (medial). Neck. Gluteal tuberosity (gluteal muscle insertion). Linea Aspera. Medial and lateral condyle under epicondyle.
What bone(s) can be located in the ARM?
Humerus
Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage. Slightly immovable joint. First rib and manubrium.
What bones fuse to form the os coxa?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
pubic symphysis
Important during pregnancy to accommodate extra needed space.
Makayla "gurrs" at her dog. What muscle is being used?
Levator labii superioris and depressor labii
Clavicle
Long bone. Medial end is anterior with Sternal end. Lateral end is posterior with Conoid tubercle and Acromial end.
cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart. Natural autorhythmicity. Regulated by neurons. Striated. Single nucleus. Branched. Intercalated discs. Desmosomes. Gap junctions.
arm flexion
No olecranon. Trochlea with Trochlear notch. Coronoid process with coronoid fossa. Radial head with capitulum and radial fossa.
No middle phalynx
On thumb
tensor fasciae latae
Origin: iliac crest and iliac spine Insertion: iliotibial tract Action: abduction and medial rotation
gluteus maximus
Origin: iliac crest and other areas of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx Insertion: iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur Action: extend and laterally rotate the hip
teres major
Origin: inferior of scapula Insertion: medial lip and inter-tubercular groove Action: extension and medial rotation
Subscapularis
Origin: subscapular fossa Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action:medial rotation of shoulder
Radius
Pivot
The synovial joint between the atlas and axis is a
Pivot joint
Clavicle
Plane
titin and dystrophin
Prevent muscle destruction
pectoral girlde can protract or retract
Protraction occurs with help of serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor. Retraction occurs by trapezius, rhomboids,and latissimus dorsi.
What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of?
Quadriceps femoris tendon
his joint is where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb
Sacroiliac joint
Synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. Consists of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid from blood plasma. It reduces friction, Absorbs shock, supplies oxygen and nutrients as well as removes CO2 and metabolic waste. Contains phagocytotic cells.
H zone
The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only. The H zone gets shorter (and may disappear) during muscle contraction.
elevation/depression
Up and Down movements such as opening and closing ones mouth, shrugging shoulders etc.
pectoral girdle (upper limb)
clavicle and scapula
Digastric
elevates hyoid and depresses mandible
interosseous membrane
flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula. Sheet of dense irregular ct. slight movement. Binds long bones. Increase surface attachment for muscles.
Flexion of the wrist
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
flexion of hallux
flexor hallucis longus
adduct thigh
gracilis
free upper limb
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Muscles that laterally rotate the shoulder
infraspinatus, teres minor
An amphiarthrosis is defined as a:
joint that allows some motion
This bone feature is located on the distal portion of the tibia and articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint.
medial malleolus
circular muscle
muscle that forms a ring around a body opening OBICULARIS MUSCLE
prime mover
muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement BB flex forearm
Synergists muscles
muscles that act together LATISSIMUS DORSI and TERES MAJOR
Z disc
narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next
Your friend falls and lands with all his weight on the medial aspect of his foot just distal to the heel bone and proximal to the metatarsals. Which tarsal is most likely broken?
navicular
somatic motor neurons
nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles. Axon terminal. Synaptic end bulb, synaptic vesicles
Laterally rotate thigh
piriformis, obturator thigh, superior and interior gamellus
types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber, propagates action potential
Insertion
point of muscle attachment that is movable
Ischium
sit down bone. Ischial tuberosity and Ischial spine.
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
plantar flexion of ankle
soleus and gastrocnemius and Plantaris and tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum muscle and extensor digitorum longus, Fibularis longus and brevis
Femur
thigh bone; heaviest, strongest bone in the body. Articulates at the acetabulum of the os coxa and the patella as well as the tibia. Runs medial.
parallel muscles
uniform width and parallel fascicles. BICEPS BRACHII
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
up and down movements of the foot at the ankle
Muscles can be grouped according to their primary actions into four types
1.Prime movers (agonists)2.Antagonists3.Synergists4.Fixators
pelvic girdle
Ball and socket
Inferior rectus
Depress
anterior compartment
Dorsiflexors and toe extensors
Skeletal muscle cells
Muscle fibers. Red do to B.V Body connected by tendons to the skeleton.
Mike blows a kiss at his wife. What muscle is being used?
Orbicularis oris
Pubis
Pubic symphisis.
deep posterior compartment
Toe flexors
adductor hiatus
Where femoral artery and vein travel along the leg
functions of muscle tissue
movement of substance and body, maintain posture, heat production, stabilize joints
Scalp muscles
occipitofrontalis
pronator teres
pronates forearm
Multipennate
tendon branches within muscle DELTOID
I band
thin filaments only
lateral rectus
Abduction
radius and ulna
Amphiarthrosis. Cartilaginous. Amphiarthrosis/synarthrosis.
Elbow
Hinge
Adduction (frontal)
Movement of bone toward midline
opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
convergent muscle fibers
Muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point ex. pectoralis major PECTORALIS
Which of the following bones/bone features DO NOT make up the ankle joint?
Navicular is on the foot
flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, olecrannon of ulna Insertion: pisiform , hamate, meta V Action: flexion and adduction of wrist
Wrapping muscle
SUPINATOR
Some lovers try positions that they can't handle
Scaphoid (S) lunate (Moon) Triquetium pisiform (staff) trapezium trapezoid capitate (Darth Vader) hamate (hammer)
Radius
Scaphoid and lunate articulation
lateral flexion
Side-bending left or right
The partial contraction observed in resting muscle
Smaller H zone, smaller I band
intermediate layer
Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
dorsiflexion of ankle
Tibilias anterior, extensor hallicis longus
protraction/retraction
nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane (temporomandibular joints)
The patella articulates with which femoral bone feature?
patellar surface
superficial posterior compartment of leg
*Plantarflex the foot:* - Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Plantaris *Tibial nerve* *Posterior Tibial Artery*
Muscles that extend the shoulder
Teres major
Muscles that adduct the shoulder
Teres minor, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii (long)
Ulna
Triquetum articulate
Pivot
Uni
Upper limb regions articulate
With shoulder joint to arm (Humerus), elbow joint to forearm (radius and ulna), wrist joint to Hand.
Omohyoid
depresses hyoid
abduction of wrist
flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abduction pollicis longus
extend thigh
gluteus maximus, adductor Magnus
Radial tuberosity
muscle attachment
Gliding
2 flat bones. Side to side. No significant alteration of bones angles. Movements are limited in range due to structure of articular capsule and associated ligaments and bones. Gliding movements can be combined with rotation like inter carpal and inter tarsal joints
The pectoral girdle is formed by ____ bone(s). The pelvic girdle is formed by ____bone(s).
2, 1
muscle tissue
40-50 percent of body mass. Human body "machinery". Either voluntary or involuntary. Pumping of blood, eating, breathing, speaking, standing up,movement of skeleton.
Ankle and foot bones
7
medial rectus
Adduction
Tendinous ring where eye muscles originate
Annulus ofzinn
Clavicle articulates with humerus
At the acromioclavicular joint
Sacrum
Axial skeleton
Jacob goes swimming and hold his breath in his mouth under water. What muscles are being used?
Buccinator and orbicularis oris
Joints
Called articulations. Classified by structure or function.
Ribs
Cartilaginous. Amphiarthrosis. Symphysis.
The pectoral girdle can elevate or depress
Elevated by the trapezius, levator scapulae,and rhomboids. Depressed by latissimus Dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis, and trapezius.
Digit V (extension of joint of pinky )
Extensor digiti minimi
Extension of Joint of hallux
Extensor hallucis longus
Digit I (extension of joint of thumb)
Extensor pollicis brevis, and longus
Lateral flexion
External oblique. Internal oblique. Quadratus lumborum
Articulatar discs
Fibrocartilage structures not covered by synovial membrane. Synovial cavity divided into 2 smaller cavities with separate movements able to occur in each cavity.
spinal cord
Fibrous joint. Synarthrosis. Fibrous joint.
abduct thigh
Gluteus medius and minimis, tensor fascia latae
pelvic girlde
Hip joint to thigh. Knee joint to leg. Ankle joint to foot.
lateral rotation
Iliocostalis, internal oblique, external oblique
Angular Movements
Increase or decrease in angle. Major movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyper extension, abduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Muscle not innervated by ocular motor nerve
Lateral rectus (abductis nerve)
SR
Membranous sacs filled with fluid. Encircles each myofibril. Form T cisterns (store Ca2+).
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Merger to form tendons
Four lower muscle groups
Move thigh at hip (origin: pelvic bones/ insertion: femur) Move leg at knee (origin: pelvic bones or femur/ insertion: tibia or fibula) Move foot at ankle (origin: femur/tibia or fibula/ insertion: tarsals/metatarsals) Move digits (Origin: tibia/fibula / insertion: phalanges)
Circumduction
Not a movement by itself. Combination of flexion, abduction, and rotation.
Sam raises his eyebrows in shock. What muscles are being used?
Occipitofrontalis
Mouth muscles
Orbicularis Oris, Platysma, Zygomaticus Major and Minor Buccinator, Levator labii superioris, Depressor angular oris
Sarah winks her eye at her crush. What muscle are being used?
Orbiuclaris oculi
Tendon of quadriceps femoris
Origin is at patella and inserts the tibial tuberosity
Deltoid
Origin: Clavicle or Scapula Insertion: Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus Action: Abducts shoulder. Flexion and medial rotation of humerus as well as extension and lateral rotation of humerus at the posterior.
Piriformis
Origin: anterolateral surface of sacrum Insertion: greater trochanter Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip
gluteus medius
Origin: iliac crest Insertion: greater trochanter Action: abduction and medial rotation of the hip
Joints
Permit movement of bones
femoral artery and vein
Popliteal
arm
Posterior extend (triceps brachii LONG HEAD ADDUCTS) Anterior flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis)
Flexion
Rectus abdominus, Psoas major
Extension of knee
Recuts femoris, vastus lateralus, vastus medialis
pivot joint
Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring. Uniaxial (rotation around its own longitudinal axis)
The most medial portion of the clavicle is called the ___.
Sternal end
Function
Synarthrosis is immovable joint. Amphiarthrosis is slightly movable (think adaptable). Diarthrosis is freely movable.
Suture
Syndesmosis. Synchondosis. Suture
Nerve impulse
1. Arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic end bulbs 2. Voltage of ca2+ channels 3. Ca2+ stims synaptic vesicles 4. Release of ach through exocytosis 5. Activation of ach receptors 6. Production of muscle action potential 7. Termination of ach activity
action potential
1. Calcium released by SR 2. Calcium binds to troponin 3. Tropomyosin rolls away from active site on actin exposing them from binding 4. Myosin binds to active sites on actin molecules 5. Myosin head pivots, pushing actin and trops closed together 6. ATP is needed to release myosin head from actin molecule 7. Myosin returns to its resting state 8. Calcium is taken into SR 9. Tropomyosin covers active sites
The elbow joint is formed by __ (number) bones; The knee is formed by __ (number) bones.
3 and 2
Myofibrils
3 main types of proteins. Contractile (generate force) regulatory (switch contraction off and on). Structural proteins (keep thick and thin filaments aligned)
flexion of hip
Adductor longus, iliopsoas, sartorius
presses cheek against teeth and tongue
Buccinator
A band
Dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments.
This rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus is a muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder.
Deltoid tuberosity
Scapula
Does not articulate with vertebrae of axial skeleton
Extension
Errectus spinae
posterior compartment of thigh (semitendonousus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus)
Extend thigh and flex leg
planar joint
Flat or slightly curved. Back and fourth and side to side movement. Rotate against one another. Biaxial. If plane rotate in addition to sliding they are triaxial
Flexor of joints of pollex
Fldxor pollicis longus
Flexion, extension
Flex decrease angle. Extension increase angle. Both at Sagittarius plane.
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body. Not striated. Single nucleus. Tapered cells. Autorhymicity. Regulated by neurons.
FibuLA is
LAteral. Head is proximal. Lateral malleolus.
Powerful closer muscle
Masseter and temporalis
Hip bone and skeleton
Meet at sacroiliac joint
Skeletal muscle fiber
Motor end plate is the region where the sarcolemma opposite of synaptic ends bulbs
Abduction (frontal)
Movement away from the midline of the body
contractile proteins
Myosin (thick) and actin (thin).
Maximum contraction
No H zone, No I band
2 groups of eye muscles
Obliques (2) and rectus (4)
Arm Extension
Olecranon with Olecranon fossa. Trochlea with Trochlear notch. No coronoid. Radial head with capitulum
OTC
Olecranon. Trochlea. Coronoid Fossa.
Brachialis
Origin: anterior of humerus Insertion: ulna Action: flexion at elbow
Obterator internus
Origin: obterator foramen Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip
Anterior Upper limb
Pectoralis minor, rectus abdominus, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, Supraspinatus
What muscle contracts and pulls the jaw down?
Platysma
Muscle fibers
Sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasm
synaptic cleft
Space in NMJ
lateral rotate thigh
Sartorious
distal row of carpals
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Tendons
Tough glistening dense CT. Attaches muscle to bone, minimally vascular, lack muscle cells (aponeuroses).
Posterior Upper Limb
Trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus anterior triceps brachii
Stylohyoid
elevates and retracts hyoid bone, elongating oral cavity
accessory ligaments
support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints.
Muscles that abduct the shoulder
supraspinatus, deltoid
Permiysium
surrounds bundles of muscle fibers forming a fascicle
muscles that medially rotate the shoulder
subscapularis teres major
fibrous joints
Dense irregular tissue. Connective (small fibrous strands of connective tissue) or large thick bands). Examples (sutures, syndsmoses, interosseous membrane).
The lateral femoral condyle articulates with which bone feature?
lateral tibial condyle
Dorsiflex foot
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and brevis, extensor hallucis longus
Scaphoid
Condylar
symphyeses (symphysis is SINGULAR)
Hyaline cartilage. Ends of bones. Flat disk of fibrocartilage. In midline only. IE. Pubic symphysis. Manurbium and body of sternum. Range of motion. Shock absorbing pad between vertebral bodies.
ilium
Iliac crest (muscle attachment). Greater sciatic notch (sciatic nerve). iliac tuberosity (sacrum articulates here). Iliac fossa (anterior)(depression where iliacus inserts.
skeletal muscle
Voluntary. Most attached to bones. Some attach to skin (facial expression). Striated. Multinucleated.
Extension of toes (2-5)
extensor digitorum longus
Flexion at joints of toes 2-5
flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis
Eye Region Muscles
orbicularis oculi
interphalangeal joints
Synovial. Diarthrosis. Hinge
atlantoaxial joint
Synovial. Diarthrosis. Pivot.
Ball and socket
Tri
What bone feature and bone articulates with the humeral head?
glenoid fossa of scapula
infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid
The ligament on the plantar portion of the foot that puts an extra "spring" in your step connects what two tarsal bones together?
Calcaneous and navicular
Structure
Connecting tissues between neighboring bones. Fibrous (dense irregular connective tissue). Cartilagenous (cartilage between bones). Synovial (lubricated cavity that contains connective tissue and cartilage)
A muscle's action can often be inferred from its origin & insertion
Contraction phase is active, resting phase is passive-Muscles can only pull, they can't push!
Muscles that flex the shoulder
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (long and short head)
The ulnar notch is on the _________ (distal/proximal) portion of the ____ (bone) and articulates with the ______ (bone feature).
Distal radius
Special movements at certain joints
Elevation and depression. Protraction and retraction. Inversion and eversion. Dorisflexion and plantar flexion. Supination and pronation. Opposition.
Labra
Fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from joint socket. Prominent in ball and socket joints. Helps deepen socket and increases contraction area.
Sutures
Fibrous joint composed of a thing layer of dense irregular connective tissue called sutural ligaments. Irregular interlocking edges given them added strength decrease chance of fracture. Immovable in adults. Slightly movable in children. Growth sites and shock absorption.
Joint between temporal and parietal bone
Fibrous. Synarthrosis. Sutural.
Anterior comportment of leg
Flex thigh and extend leg
The act of bending the wrist so that the palmar portion of the hand is moved closer to the forearm involves what movement?
Flexion
Flexor of interphalangeal, metacarpophalengal, wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis
appendicular skeleton
Functions in movement. Upper and lower free limbs. Girldes attach limbs to the axial skeleton.
All proteins
Give Myofibrils elasticity and extensibility. Link Myofibrils to sarcolemma and ec matrix
Extension of hip
Gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris (long head)
5 phalynges
I II III IV V
calcaneonavicular ligament
Ligament inserting on the calcaneus and the navicular; supports the arch and limits abduction of the foot.
flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Meta II and III Action: flexion and abduction of the wrist
Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle fibers (myofibrils) forming muscle fibers
glenohumeral joint
Synovial. Diarthrosis. Ball and socket.
Hip bone
appendicular
adduction of wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
lateral compartment of leg
foot evertors Fibularis Brevis and Longus
M line
supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone
Wrist and Hnad
8 small bones in wrist.
flexion of knee
Gracilis, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, Plantaris
The pectoral girdle can do lateral and medial rotation (inferior portion)
Lateral rotation uses infrapinatus and teres minor. Medial rotation uses subscapularis, teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi.
The "unhappy triad" injury involves injury to the:
Medial collateral. Medial meniscus. Anterior cruciate.
superior gamellus
Origin: Ischial spine Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip
inferior gamellus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: greater trochanter Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.
NMJ
Synapse (communication) between somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber
synovial joints
Synovial vanity (only joint with space) surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that attached to articulating bones. Has articular capsule.
Ankle bones Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners
Talus (medial). Calcaneus. Navicular. Third. Second. First Cunieform. Cuboid (lateral).
Antagonist
Triceps brachii extend forearm oppose BB
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together
extension of finger joints
extensor digitorum(2-5)
pelvis
hip bone. Sacrum
os coxa
hip bone; composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. All meet at the acetabulum where head of femur articulates. .
extracapsular ligaments
lie outside the articular capsule. IE Fibular sand Tibial collateral ligaments
Triad
terminal cisternae, t tubule, terminal cisternae
regulatory proteins
tropomyosin (cover myosin binding sites) and troponin (holds tropomyosin in place)
Brachioradialis
Origin: epicondyle of humerus Insertion: styloid process of radius Action: flexion at elbow
pronator teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: lateral surface of radius Action: pronate arm: flex at elbow
flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna and radius Insertion: phalanges II-V Action: flexion at proximal inter phalangeal and metaphalngeal and wrist joints
flexor pollicis longus
Origin: radius and Interosseous membrane Insertion: base of distal phalynx of pollex Action: flexion at joints of pollex
biceps brachii
Origin: scapula Insertion: radial tuberosity Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder, supination
Supraspinatus
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: abduct shoulder
Ligaments
dense regular or irregular connective tissue that anchors bone to bone. Serves as intrinsic binding structures of the joint (sutural ligament of the skull and periodontal ligament of teeth). Extrinsic supporting bands stabilize while limiting range of motion (anterior cruciate ligament of knee).
Sternohyoid
depresses hyoid bone and larynx
Evert foot
fibularis longus and brevis
Types of movement at synovial joints
gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements
lateral rotation of hip
gluteus maximus, piriformis, superior gamellus, Obturator internus, inferior gamellus, sartorius, biceps femoris
medial rotation of hip
gracilis, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor longus
Facial muscles insert where
into the skin
Patella
kneecap, sesamoid bone. Develop within the quadriceps femoris. Increase leverage of the muscle and maintain position in flexion.
inversion/eversion
movements of the sole of the foot medially or laterally
Abduction of the hip
piriformis, superior gamellus, Obturator internus, inferior gamellus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, sartorius
ball and socket joint
A ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Like a door knob). Flexion/extension as well as adduction/abduction. Rotation
epiphyseal cartilage
Actual growth centers endochonadral bone formation. Not a joint associated with a movement. Epi growth plate- epiphysis and diaphysis. Immovable joint. When bone stop growing- bone replaces hyaline cartilage. Becomes synostosis (fusion of 2+ bones).
cartilagenous joints
Solid connective tissue (little to no movement). Articulating bones are tightly connected by hyaline and fibrocartilage. Types: Sychondroses, symphyses, epiphyseal cartilage.
Synovial joints
Turned by form of movement, direction of movement and relationship of parts
Myology
Study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.
The humeral trochlea articulates with the ___ of the ___ bone.
Trochlear notch on the ulna
Rotation at synovial joint
When a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Types of rotation in limbs defined relative to midline. Medial rotation anterior surface towards midline. Laters rotation of anterior surface limb bone turns away from midline.
intervertebral joints
cartilaginous, amphiarthrosis, symphysis.
suprahyoid muscles
digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid
superior rectus
elevates eye/ abduction/ medial rotation
Mylohyoid
elevates hyoid bone and tongue
extension of wrist
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum
obterator foramen
largest foramen in skeleton, almost completely closed by a membrane. Obteratur nerve passes through here.
Radius
lateral bone of the forearm. Head. Neck and radial tuberosity at proximal end. Ulnar notch at distal end for ulna to articulate.
intracapsular ligaments
occur within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane IE. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament of knee joint
extend leg
quadriceps femoris (RECTUS femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis)
supination and pronation
rotational movement, results in the palm facing upward/downward (radioulnar)
Proximal row
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Medial rotation of knee
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, popliteus
The ___ joint in the upper limb is more mobile than the ___ joint in the lower limb
shoulder and hip
Superficial intrinsic
splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity)
Hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
invert foot
tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
inversion of foot
tibialis posterior
Extension of elbow
triceps brachii
condyloid joint
type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface. Biaxial. Flexion/extension as well as adduction/abduction. Limited circumduction.
saddle joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation. Biaxial. Flexion/extension as well as adduction/abduction. Limited circumduction.
Neck muscles that extend and flex
Semispinalis capitis (extend) Spinalis capitis (extend) Splenius capitis (extend) Sternocleidomastoid (flex)
Femoris triangle
Angular ligament, adductor longus, sartorius. (Apex is where sartorius and longus meet)
pectoral girlde
Articulates with axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint.
Florence frowns when she burns her boyfriend in a bear costume during a Swedish Midsommar festival. What muscles are being used?
Depressor anguli oris
flexes thigh
rectus (FLEXUS) femoris, sartorius, adductor Magnus
hinge joint
Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane. Convex and concave surface. Angular. Uniaxial. Flexion and extension.
Contraction cycle
Myosin head hydrolizes ATP and becomes energized and oriented. Myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross bridge. Myosin head pivots, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. Myosin head pivots and cross bridge detaches.
Coracobrachialis
Origin: coronoid process of scapula Insertion: shaft of humerus Action: adduction and flexion of the shoulder
teres minor
Origin: lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: lateral rotation and adduction
Harry sees his ex at the grocery store take a nasty spill. He makes a yikes face. What muscle is being used?
Platysma
origin
Point of muscle attachment that remains stationary
Humerus
Rounded proximal end. Greater tubercle. Lesser tubercle. Head. Neck. Surgical neck. Intertubercular groove (biceps long head here). Deltoid tuberosity. Body. Trcohlea (medial epicondyle) Coranoid fossa. Capitulum (lateral epicondlye) radial fossa. Old Ramon fossa.
Wrist
Saddle
Adductor the hip
adductor longus, magnus, gracilis
This bone feature on the tibia is a sharp ridge that is responsible for causing pain when shin is hit.
anterior tibial margin
The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus.
radial fossa
Temporalmandibular joint
Articulation of mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone to the mandible
What bone forms the pelvic girdle?
Os coxa
The clavicle and scapula are held together
By ligaments
syndesmoses (fibrous)
Greater distance between articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture. Arranged as a bundle (ligament) limited movement. IE tibiofibular joint and gomphosis.
Menisci
Incomplete discs that partially divide the joint and are crescent shaped. Functions in shock absorption as well as fit between articulating bones and weight distribution.
In both the upper and lower limb, there is a joint between the two bones of the forearm and leg formed by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue. What is this tissue called?
Interosseous membrane
Tibia
Medial. Medial and lateral condyle on proximal end. Tibial crest. Medial malleolus. Fibular notch.
triceps brachii
Origin: humerus and scapula Insertion: olecranon of the ulna Action: extension at elbow as well as adduction of shoulder.
Infraspinatus
Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: lateral rotation of shoulder
Scapula
Posterior. Spine separates supraspinous fossa and infra spins outs fossa. It ends at the Acromion. The Coracoid process is anterior. Glenoid fossa articulates with humerus head. The subscapualr fossa is in anterior view.
iliotibial tract
action: extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip. Inserts on tibia
flexion of elbow
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Myofibrils
contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells. Proteins that help with contraction. Prominent striations.
Properties of Muscular Tissue
electrical excitability (action potential), contractility (contract forcefully), extensibility (stretching without damage), elasticity ( ability to return to its original shape).
Bipennate
fascicles approach tendon from both sides RECTUS FEMORIS
unipennate muscle
fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, like extensor digitorum longus of the calf EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
Transverse tubules
invaginations of the sarcolemma, filled with interstitial fluid
Ulna
medial bone of the forearm. Olecranon which will articulate with the olecronon fossa of humerus. Trochlear notch for trochlea. Ulnar tuberosity. Head is distal on ulna. Radial notch at proximal end.
Which carpal bones articulate with the forearm?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
Sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, glycogen and myoglobin
Palmaris longus
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: flexor retinaculum Action: flexion at wrist
Jenna raises her top lip to the side. What muscle is being used?
Zygomaticus major and minor
eversion of foot
fibularis longus fibularis brevis