Anatomy Exam 2

How many phalanges are there total in one hand?

14 (same in foot)

histology of smooth muscle

2 types of smooth muscle. Visceral single unit smooth muscle tissue. Multi unit smooth muscle tissue. Thick and thin filament.

There are ___ (number) carpals and__ (number) tarsals in one side of the body.

8 carpals, 7 tarsals

Deltoid

Abduction of shoulder Flexion and medial rotation at anterior Extension and lateral rotation at posterior

medial compartment of thigh

Abductors

Femoral head articulates with which bone feature?

Acetabelum

flexor retinaculum

Action: wide band of CT that retains tendons

saddle and condyloid

Bi

Plane

Bi and tri

Epimysium

Binds fascicles together forming muscle tissue

synovial joints

Connected by cartilage and fibrous CT

Parallel muscle with t bands

Fibers run parallel. RECTUS ABDOMINUS

Medically rotate thigh

Gluteus medius and minimis

Femur

Head. Greater (lateral) and lesser trochanter (medial). Neck. Gluteal tuberosity (gluteal muscle insertion). Linea Aspera. Medial and lateral condyle under epicondyle.

What bone(s) can be located in the ARM?

Humerus

Synchondroses

Hyaline cartilage. Slightly immovable joint. First rib and manubrium.

What bones fuse to form the os coxa?

Ilium, ischium, pubis

pubic symphysis

Important during pregnancy to accommodate extra needed space.

Makayla "gurrs" at her dog. What muscle is being used?

Levator labii superioris and depressor labii

Clavicle

Long bone. Medial end is anterior with Sternal end. Lateral end is posterior with Conoid tubercle and Acromial end.

cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart. Natural autorhythmicity. Regulated by neurons. Striated. Single nucleus. Branched. Intercalated discs. Desmosomes. Gap junctions.

arm flexion

No olecranon. Trochlea with Trochlear notch. Coronoid process with coronoid fossa. Radial head with capitulum and radial fossa.

No middle phalynx

On thumb

tensor fasciae latae

Origin: iliac crest and iliac spine Insertion: iliotibial tract Action: abduction and medial rotation

gluteus maximus

Origin: iliac crest and other areas of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx Insertion: iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur Action: extend and laterally rotate the hip

teres major

Origin: inferior of scapula Insertion: medial lip and inter-tubercular groove Action: extension and medial rotation

Subscapularis

Origin: subscapular fossa Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action:medial rotation of shoulder

Radius

Pivot

The synovial joint between the atlas and axis is a

Pivot joint

Clavicle

Plane

titin and dystrophin

Prevent muscle destruction

pectoral girlde can protract or retract

Protraction occurs with help of serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor. Retraction occurs by trapezius, rhomboids,and latissimus dorsi.

What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of?

Quadriceps femoris tendon

his joint is where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb

Sacroiliac joint

Synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. Consists of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid from blood plasma. It reduces friction, Absorbs shock, supplies oxygen and nutrients as well as removes CO2 and metabolic waste. Contains phagocytotic cells.

H zone

The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only. The H zone gets shorter (and may disappear) during muscle contraction.

elevation/depression

Up and Down movements such as opening and closing ones mouth, shrugging shoulders etc.

pectoral girdle (upper limb)

clavicle and scapula

Digastric

elevates hyoid and depresses mandible

interosseous membrane

flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula. Sheet of dense irregular ct. slight movement. Binds long bones. Increase surface attachment for muscles.

Flexion of the wrist

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

flexion of hallux

flexor hallucis longus

adduct thigh

gracilis

free upper limb

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Muscles that laterally rotate the shoulder

infraspinatus, teres minor

An amphiarthrosis is defined as a:

joint that allows some motion

This bone feature is located on the distal portion of the tibia and articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint.

medial malleolus

circular muscle

muscle that forms a ring around a body opening OBICULARIS MUSCLE

prime mover

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement BB flex forearm

Synergists muscles

muscles that act together LATISSIMUS DORSI and TERES MAJOR

Z disc

narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next

Your friend falls and lands with all his weight on the medial aspect of his foot just distal to the heel bone and proximal to the metatarsals. Which tarsal is most likely broken?

navicular

somatic motor neurons

nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles. Axon terminal. Synaptic end bulb, synaptic vesicles

Laterally rotate thigh

piriformis, obturator thigh, superior and interior gamellus

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber, propagates action potential

Insertion

point of muscle attachment that is movable

Ischium

sit down bone. Ischial tuberosity and Ischial spine.

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

plantar flexion of ankle

soleus and gastrocnemius and Plantaris and tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum muscle and extensor digitorum longus, Fibularis longus and brevis

Femur

thigh bone; heaviest, strongest bone in the body. Articulates at the acetabulum of the os coxa and the patella as well as the tibia. Runs medial.

parallel muscles

uniform width and parallel fascicles. BICEPS BRACHII

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

up and down movements of the foot at the ankle

Muscles can be grouped according to their primary actions into four types

1.Prime movers (agonists)2.Antagonists3.Synergists4.Fixators

pelvic girdle

Ball and socket

Inferior rectus

Depress

anterior compartment

Dorsiflexors and toe extensors

Skeletal muscle cells

Muscle fibers. Red do to B.V Body connected by tendons to the skeleton.

Mike blows a kiss at his wife. What muscle is being used?

Orbicularis oris

Pubis

Pubic symphisis.

deep posterior compartment

Toe flexors

adductor hiatus

Where femoral artery and vein travel along the leg

functions of muscle tissue

movement of substance and body, maintain posture, heat production, stabilize joints

Scalp muscles

occipitofrontalis

pronator teres

pronates forearm

Multipennate

tendon branches within muscle DELTOID

I band

thin filaments only

lateral rectus

Abduction

radius and ulna

Amphiarthrosis. Cartilaginous. Amphiarthrosis/synarthrosis.

Elbow

Hinge

Adduction (frontal)

Movement of bone toward midline

opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

convergent muscle fibers

Muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point ex. pectoralis major PECTORALIS

Which of the following bones/bone features DO NOT make up the ankle joint?

Navicular is on the foot

flexor carpi ulnaris

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, olecrannon of ulna Insertion: pisiform , hamate, meta V Action: flexion and adduction of wrist

Wrapping muscle

SUPINATOR

Some lovers try positions that they can't handle

Scaphoid (S) lunate (Moon) Triquetium pisiform (staff) trapezium trapezoid capitate (Darth Vader) hamate (hammer)

Radius

Scaphoid and lunate articulation

lateral flexion

Side-bending left or right

The partial contraction observed in resting muscle

Smaller H zone, smaller I band

intermediate layer

Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

dorsiflexion of ankle

Tibilias anterior, extensor hallicis longus

protraction/retraction

nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane (temporomandibular joints)

The patella articulates with which femoral bone feature?

patellar surface

superficial posterior compartment of leg

*Plantarflex the foot:* - Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Plantaris *Tibial nerve* *Posterior Tibial Artery*

Muscles that extend the shoulder

Teres major

Muscles that adduct the shoulder

Teres minor, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii (long)

Ulna

Triquetum articulate

Pivot

Uni

Upper limb regions articulate

With shoulder joint to arm (Humerus), elbow joint to forearm (radius and ulna), wrist joint to Hand.

Omohyoid

depresses hyoid

abduction of wrist

flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abduction pollicis longus

extend thigh

gluteus maximus, adductor Magnus

Radial tuberosity

muscle attachment

Gliding

2 flat bones. Side to side. No significant alteration of bones angles. Movements are limited in range due to structure of articular capsule and associated ligaments and bones. Gliding movements can be combined with rotation like inter carpal and inter tarsal joints

The pectoral girdle is formed by ____ bone(s). The pelvic girdle is formed by ____bone(s).

2, 1

muscle tissue

40-50 percent of body mass. Human body "machinery". Either voluntary or involuntary. Pumping of blood, eating, breathing, speaking, standing up,movement of skeleton.

Ankle and foot bones

7

medial rectus

Adduction

Tendinous ring where eye muscles originate

Annulus ofzinn

Clavicle articulates with humerus

At the acromioclavicular joint

Sacrum

Axial skeleton

Jacob goes swimming and hold his breath in his mouth under water. What muscles are being used?

Buccinator and orbicularis oris

Joints

Called articulations. Classified by structure or function.

Ribs

Cartilaginous. Amphiarthrosis. Symphysis.

The pectoral girdle can elevate or depress

Elevated by the trapezius, levator scapulae,and rhomboids. Depressed by latissimus Dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis, and trapezius.

Digit V (extension of joint of pinky )

Extensor digiti minimi

Extension of Joint of hallux

Extensor hallucis longus

Digit I (extension of joint of thumb)

Extensor pollicis brevis, and longus

Lateral flexion

External oblique. Internal oblique. Quadratus lumborum

Articulatar discs

Fibrocartilage structures not covered by synovial membrane. Synovial cavity divided into 2 smaller cavities with separate movements able to occur in each cavity.

spinal cord

Fibrous joint. Synarthrosis. Fibrous joint.

abduct thigh

Gluteus medius and minimis, tensor fascia latae

pelvic girlde

Hip joint to thigh. Knee joint to leg. Ankle joint to foot.

lateral rotation

Iliocostalis, internal oblique, external oblique

Angular Movements

Increase or decrease in angle. Major movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyper extension, abduction, abduction, and circumduction.

Muscle not innervated by ocular motor nerve

Lateral rectus (abductis nerve)

SR

Membranous sacs filled with fluid. Encircles each myofibril. Form T cisterns (store Ca2+).

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Merger to form tendons

Four lower muscle groups

Move thigh at hip (origin: pelvic bones/ insertion: femur) Move leg at knee (origin: pelvic bones or femur/ insertion: tibia or fibula) Move foot at ankle (origin: femur/tibia or fibula/ insertion: tarsals/metatarsals) Move digits (Origin: tibia/fibula / insertion: phalanges)

Circumduction

Not a movement by itself. Combination of flexion, abduction, and rotation.

Sam raises his eyebrows in shock. What muscles are being used?

Occipitofrontalis

Mouth muscles

Orbicularis Oris, Platysma, Zygomaticus Major and Minor Buccinator, Levator labii superioris, Depressor angular oris

Sarah winks her eye at her crush. What muscle are being used?

Orbiuclaris oculi

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Origin is at patella and inserts the tibial tuberosity

Deltoid

Origin: Clavicle or Scapula Insertion: Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus Action: Abducts shoulder. Flexion and medial rotation of humerus as well as extension and lateral rotation of humerus at the posterior.

Piriformis

Origin: anterolateral surface of sacrum Insertion: greater trochanter Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip

gluteus medius

Origin: iliac crest Insertion: greater trochanter Action: abduction and medial rotation of the hip

Joints

Permit movement of bones

femoral artery and vein

Popliteal

arm

Posterior extend (triceps brachii LONG HEAD ADDUCTS) Anterior flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis)

Flexion

Rectus abdominus, Psoas major

Extension of knee

Recuts femoris, vastus lateralus, vastus medialis

pivot joint

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring. Uniaxial (rotation around its own longitudinal axis)

The most medial portion of the clavicle is called the ___.

Sternal end

Function

Synarthrosis is immovable joint. Amphiarthrosis is slightly movable (think adaptable). Diarthrosis is freely movable.

Suture

Syndesmosis. Synchondosis. Suture

Nerve impulse

1. Arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic end bulbs 2. Voltage of ca2+ channels 3. Ca2+ stims synaptic vesicles 4. Release of ach through exocytosis 5. Activation of ach receptors 6. Production of muscle action potential 7. Termination of ach activity

action potential

1. Calcium released by SR 2. Calcium binds to troponin 3. Tropomyosin rolls away from active site on actin exposing them from binding 4. Myosin binds to active sites on actin molecules 5. Myosin head pivots, pushing actin and trops closed together 6. ATP is needed to release myosin head from actin molecule 7. Myosin returns to its resting state 8. Calcium is taken into SR 9. Tropomyosin covers active sites

The elbow joint is formed by __ (number) bones; The knee is formed by __ (number) bones.

3 and 2

Myofibrils

3 main types of proteins. Contractile (generate force) regulatory (switch contraction off and on). Structural proteins (keep thick and thin filaments aligned)

flexion of hip

Adductor longus, iliopsoas, sartorius

presses cheek against teeth and tongue

Buccinator

A band

Dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments.

This rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus is a muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder.

Deltoid tuberosity

Scapula

Does not articulate with vertebrae of axial skeleton

Extension

Errectus spinae

posterior compartment of thigh (semitendonousus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus)

Extend thigh and flex leg

planar joint

Flat or slightly curved. Back and fourth and side to side movement. Rotate against one another. Biaxial. If plane rotate in addition to sliding they are triaxial

Flexor of joints of pollex

Fldxor pollicis longus

Flexion, extension

Flex decrease angle. Extension increase angle. Both at Sagittarius plane.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body. Not striated. Single nucleus. Tapered cells. Autorhymicity. Regulated by neurons.

FibuLA is

LAteral. Head is proximal. Lateral malleolus.

Powerful closer muscle

Masseter and temporalis

Hip bone and skeleton

Meet at sacroiliac joint

Skeletal muscle fiber

Motor end plate is the region where the sarcolemma opposite of synaptic ends bulbs

Abduction (frontal)

Movement away from the midline of the body

contractile proteins

Myosin (thick) and actin (thin).

Maximum contraction

No H zone, No I band

2 groups of eye muscles

Obliques (2) and rectus (4)

Arm Extension

Olecranon with Olecranon fossa. Trochlea with Trochlear notch. No coronoid. Radial head with capitulum

OTC

Olecranon. Trochlea. Coronoid Fossa.

Brachialis

Origin: anterior of humerus Insertion: ulna Action: flexion at elbow

Obterator internus

Origin: obterator foramen Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip

Anterior Upper limb

Pectoralis minor, rectus abdominus, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, Supraspinatus

What muscle contracts and pulls the jaw down?

Platysma

Muscle fibers

Sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasm

synaptic cleft

Space in NMJ

lateral rotate thigh

Sartorious

distal row of carpals

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Tendons

Tough glistening dense CT. Attaches muscle to bone, minimally vascular, lack muscle cells (aponeuroses).

Posterior Upper Limb

Trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus anterior triceps brachii

Stylohyoid

elevates and retracts hyoid bone, elongating oral cavity

accessory ligaments

support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints.

Muscles that abduct the shoulder

supraspinatus, deltoid

Permiysium

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers forming a fascicle

muscles that medially rotate the shoulder

subscapularis teres major

fibrous joints

Dense irregular tissue. Connective (small fibrous strands of connective tissue) or large thick bands). Examples (sutures, syndsmoses, interosseous membrane).

The lateral femoral condyle articulates with which bone feature?

lateral tibial condyle

Dorsiflex foot

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and brevis, extensor hallucis longus

Scaphoid

Condylar

symphyeses (symphysis is SINGULAR)

Hyaline cartilage. Ends of bones. Flat disk of fibrocartilage. In midline only. IE. Pubic symphysis. Manurbium and body of sternum. Range of motion. Shock absorbing pad between vertebral bodies.

ilium

Iliac crest (muscle attachment). Greater sciatic notch (sciatic nerve). iliac tuberosity (sacrum articulates here). Iliac fossa (anterior)(depression where iliacus inserts.

skeletal muscle

Voluntary. Most attached to bones. Some attach to skin (facial expression). Striated. Multinucleated.

Extension of toes (2-5)

extensor digitorum longus

Flexion at joints of toes 2-5

flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis

Eye Region Muscles

orbicularis oculi

interphalangeal joints

Synovial. Diarthrosis. Hinge

atlantoaxial joint

Synovial. Diarthrosis. Pivot.

Ball and socket

Tri

What bone feature and bone articulates with the humeral head?

glenoid fossa of scapula

infrahyoid muscles

omohyoid, sternohyoid

The ligament on the plantar portion of the foot that puts an extra "spring" in your step connects what two tarsal bones together?

Calcaneous and navicular

Structure

Connecting tissues between neighboring bones. Fibrous (dense irregular connective tissue). Cartilagenous (cartilage between bones). Synovial (lubricated cavity that contains connective tissue and cartilage)

A muscle's action can often be inferred from its origin & insertion

Contraction phase is active, resting phase is passive-Muscles can only pull, they can't push!

Muscles that flex the shoulder

Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (long and short head)

The ulnar notch is on the _________ (distal/proximal) portion of the ____ (bone) and articulates with the ______ (bone feature).

Distal radius

Special movements at certain joints

Elevation and depression. Protraction and retraction. Inversion and eversion. Dorisflexion and plantar flexion. Supination and pronation. Opposition.

Labra

Fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from joint socket. Prominent in ball and socket joints. Helps deepen socket and increases contraction area.

Sutures

Fibrous joint composed of a thing layer of dense irregular connective tissue called sutural ligaments. Irregular interlocking edges given them added strength decrease chance of fracture. Immovable in adults. Slightly movable in children. Growth sites and shock absorption.

Joint between temporal and parietal bone

Fibrous. Synarthrosis. Sutural.

Anterior comportment of leg

Flex thigh and extend leg

The act of bending the wrist so that the palmar portion of the hand is moved closer to the forearm involves what movement?

Flexion

Flexor of interphalangeal, metacarpophalengal, wrist

Flexor digitorum superficialis

appendicular skeleton

Functions in movement. Upper and lower free limbs. Girldes attach limbs to the axial skeleton.

All proteins

Give Myofibrils elasticity and extensibility. Link Myofibrils to sarcolemma and ec matrix

Extension of hip

Gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris (long head)

5 phalynges

I II III IV V

calcaneonavicular ligament

Ligament inserting on the calcaneus and the navicular; supports the arch and limits abduction of the foot.

flexor carpi radialis

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Meta II and III Action: flexion and abduction of the wrist

Endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle fibers (myofibrils) forming muscle fibers

glenohumeral joint

Synovial. Diarthrosis. Ball and socket.

Hip bone

appendicular

adduction of wrist

flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris

lateral compartment of leg

foot evertors Fibularis Brevis and Longus

M line

supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone

Wrist and Hnad

8 small bones in wrist.

flexion of knee

Gracilis, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, Plantaris

The pectoral girdle can do lateral and medial rotation (inferior portion)

Lateral rotation uses infrapinatus and teres minor. Medial rotation uses subscapularis, teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi.

The "unhappy triad" injury involves injury to the:

Medial collateral. Medial meniscus. Anterior cruciate.

superior gamellus

Origin: Ischial spine Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip

inferior gamellus

Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: greater trochanter Action: lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.

NMJ

Synapse (communication) between somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

synovial joints

Synovial vanity (only joint with space) surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that attached to articulating bones. Has articular capsule.

Ankle bones Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners

Talus (medial). Calcaneus. Navicular. Third. Second. First Cunieform. Cuboid (lateral).

Antagonist

Triceps brachii extend forearm oppose BB

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

extension of finger joints

extensor digitorum(2-5)

pelvis

hip bone. Sacrum

os coxa

hip bone; composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. All meet at the acetabulum where head of femur articulates. .

extracapsular ligaments

lie outside the articular capsule. IE Fibular sand Tibial collateral ligaments

Triad

terminal cisternae, t tubule, terminal cisternae

regulatory proteins

tropomyosin (cover myosin binding sites) and troponin (holds tropomyosin in place)

Brachioradialis

Origin: epicondyle of humerus Insertion: styloid process of radius Action: flexion at elbow

pronator teres

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: lateral surface of radius Action: pronate arm: flex at elbow

flexor digitorum superficialis

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna and radius Insertion: phalanges II-V Action: flexion at proximal inter phalangeal and metaphalngeal and wrist joints

flexor pollicis longus

Origin: radius and Interosseous membrane Insertion: base of distal phalynx of pollex Action: flexion at joints of pollex

biceps brachii

Origin: scapula Insertion: radial tuberosity Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder, supination

Supraspinatus

Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: abduct shoulder

Ligaments

dense regular or irregular connective tissue that anchors bone to bone. Serves as intrinsic binding structures of the joint (sutural ligament of the skull and periodontal ligament of teeth). Extrinsic supporting bands stabilize while limiting range of motion (anterior cruciate ligament of knee).

Sternohyoid

depresses hyoid bone and larynx

Evert foot

fibularis longus and brevis

Types of movement at synovial joints

gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements

lateral rotation of hip

gluteus maximus, piriformis, superior gamellus, Obturator internus, inferior gamellus, sartorius, biceps femoris

medial rotation of hip

gracilis, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor longus

Facial muscles insert where

into the skin

Patella

kneecap, sesamoid bone. Develop within the quadriceps femoris. Increase leverage of the muscle and maintain position in flexion.

inversion/eversion

movements of the sole of the foot medially or laterally

Abduction of the hip

piriformis, superior gamellus, Obturator internus, inferior gamellus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, sartorius

ball and socket joint

A ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Like a door knob). Flexion/extension as well as adduction/abduction. Rotation

epiphyseal cartilage

Actual growth centers endochonadral bone formation. Not a joint associated with a movement. Epi growth plate- epiphysis and diaphysis. Immovable joint. When bone stop growing- bone replaces hyaline cartilage. Becomes synostosis (fusion of 2+ bones).

cartilagenous joints

Solid connective tissue (little to no movement). Articulating bones are tightly connected by hyaline and fibrocartilage. Types: Sychondroses, symphyses, epiphyseal cartilage.

Synovial joints

Turned by form of movement, direction of movement and relationship of parts

Myology

Study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.

The humeral trochlea articulates with the ___ of the ___ bone.

Trochlear notch on the ulna

Rotation at synovial joint

When a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Types of rotation in limbs defined relative to midline. Medial rotation anterior surface towards midline. Laters rotation of anterior surface limb bone turns away from midline.

intervertebral joints

cartilaginous, amphiarthrosis, symphysis.

suprahyoid muscles

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid

superior rectus

elevates eye/ abduction/ medial rotation

Mylohyoid

elevates hyoid bone and tongue

extension of wrist

extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum

obterator foramen

largest foramen in skeleton, almost completely closed by a membrane. Obteratur nerve passes through here.

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm. Head. Neck and radial tuberosity at proximal end. Ulnar notch at distal end for ulna to articulate.

intracapsular ligaments

occur within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane IE. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament of knee joint

extend leg

quadriceps femoris (RECTUS femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis)

supination and pronation

rotational movement, results in the palm facing upward/downward (radioulnar)

Proximal row

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Medial rotation of knee

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, popliteus

The ___ joint in the upper limb is more mobile than the ___ joint in the lower limb

shoulder and hip

Superficial intrinsic

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

rotator cuff muscles

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity)

Hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

invert foot

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

inversion of foot

tibialis posterior

Extension of elbow

triceps brachii

condyloid joint

type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface. Biaxial. Flexion/extension as well as adduction/abduction. Limited circumduction.

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation. Biaxial. Flexion/extension as well as adduction/abduction. Limited circumduction.

Neck muscles that extend and flex

Semispinalis capitis (extend) Spinalis capitis (extend) Splenius capitis (extend) Sternocleidomastoid (flex)

Femoris triangle

Angular ligament, adductor longus, sartorius. (Apex is where sartorius and longus meet)

pectoral girlde

Articulates with axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint.

Florence frowns when she burns her boyfriend in a bear costume during a Swedish Midsommar festival. What muscles are being used?

Depressor anguli oris

flexes thigh

rectus (FLEXUS) femoris, sartorius, adductor Magnus

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane. Convex and concave surface. Angular. Uniaxial. Flexion and extension.

Contraction cycle

Myosin head hydrolizes ATP and becomes energized and oriented. Myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross bridge. Myosin head pivots, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. Myosin head pivots and cross bridge detaches.

Coracobrachialis

Origin: coronoid process of scapula Insertion: shaft of humerus Action: adduction and flexion of the shoulder

teres minor

Origin: lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: lateral rotation and adduction

Harry sees his ex at the grocery store take a nasty spill. He makes a yikes face. What muscle is being used?

Platysma

origin

Point of muscle attachment that remains stationary

Humerus

Rounded proximal end. Greater tubercle. Lesser tubercle. Head. Neck. Surgical neck. Intertubercular groove (biceps long head here). Deltoid tuberosity. Body. Trcohlea (medial epicondyle) Coranoid fossa. Capitulum (lateral epicondlye) radial fossa. Old Ramon fossa.

Wrist

Saddle

Adductor the hip

adductor longus, magnus, gracilis

This bone feature on the tibia is a sharp ridge that is responsible for causing pain when shin is hit.

anterior tibial margin

The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus.

radial fossa

Temporalmandibular joint

Articulation of mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone to the mandible

What bone forms the pelvic girdle?

Os coxa

The clavicle and scapula are held together

By ligaments

syndesmoses (fibrous)

Greater distance between articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture. Arranged as a bundle (ligament) limited movement. IE tibiofibular joint and gomphosis.

Menisci

Incomplete discs that partially divide the joint and are crescent shaped. Functions in shock absorption as well as fit between articulating bones and weight distribution.

In both the upper and lower limb, there is a joint between the two bones of the forearm and leg formed by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue. What is this tissue called?

Interosseous membrane

Tibia

Medial. Medial and lateral condyle on proximal end. Tibial crest. Medial malleolus. Fibular notch.

triceps brachii

Origin: humerus and scapula Insertion: olecranon of the ulna Action: extension at elbow as well as adduction of shoulder.

Infraspinatus

Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: lateral rotation of shoulder

Scapula

Posterior. Spine separates supraspinous fossa and infra spins outs fossa. It ends at the Acromion. The Coracoid process is anterior. Glenoid fossa articulates with humerus head. The subscapualr fossa is in anterior view.

iliotibial tract

action: extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip. Inserts on tibia

flexion of elbow

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres

Myofibrils

contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells. Proteins that help with contraction. Prominent striations.

Properties of Muscular Tissue

electrical excitability (action potential), contractility (contract forcefully), extensibility (stretching without damage), elasticity ( ability to return to its original shape).

Bipennate

fascicles approach tendon from both sides RECTUS FEMORIS

unipennate muscle

fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, like extensor digitorum longus of the calf EXTENSOR DIGITORUM

Transverse tubules

invaginations of the sarcolemma, filled with interstitial fluid

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm. Olecranon which will articulate with the olecronon fossa of humerus. Trochlear notch for trochlea. Ulnar tuberosity. Head is distal on ulna. Radial notch at proximal end.

Which carpal bones articulate with the forearm?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, glycogen and myoglobin

Palmaris longus

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: flexor retinaculum Action: flexion at wrist

Jenna raises her top lip to the side. What muscle is being used?

Zygomaticus major and minor

eversion of foot

fibularis longus fibularis brevis