anatomy exam 2
The central canal of an osteon contains
Bone Marrow
Through the actin of osteoclasts,
Bony matrix is dissolved
Which of the following is not a component of the appendicular skeleton? A) humerus B) metatarsals C) femur D) scapula E) None of the above-all are appendicular bones.
E) None of the above-all are appendicular bones.
Which of the following statements about the coccyx is true? A) fusion is delayed until mid-20s B) anchors a muscle that constricts the anal opening C) is more flexible in women D) is the most caudal vertebral region E) all of the above
E) all of the above
If there were no paranasal sinuses, all of the following would be true, except A) less mucus in the nasal cavity. B) the skull would be heavier. C) stronger neck muscles would be required. D) reduced ability to trap dust and particles. E) the ability to sneeze would be impaired.
E) the ability to sneeze would be impaired.
What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
Epiphyseal plate
A rib is an example of a ___ bone
Flat
______ are squamous cells that develop into osteoblasts.
Osteoprogenitor cells
________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone
Red
Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
Roof of the skull and clavicle
The carpal bones are examples of
Short
_______ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.
Spongy
Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?
Stem cell
How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?
The bone would be more flexible
Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?
The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients
Which of the following statements about the functions of the paranasal sinuses is true
They support cilia that move the mucus. B) They make skull bones lighter. C) The mucus they secrete enters the nasal cavities. D) They provide an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called
Trabeculae
The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ____ bone.
Trabecular bone
Which of the following bones is classifies as irregular in shape
Vertebra
Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient?
Vitamin C, calcium supplements, Vitamin D
The primary spinal curves
accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera.
The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the
acromion
The function of the hyoid bone is to
anchor the tongue muscles, support the larynx
While visiting your friend who recently gave birth, she comments on her infant's soft spot. You think to yourself that the correct term for the "soft spot" located at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures is
anterior fontanel.
In compact bone, the osteons
are lined up in the same direction.
The trabeculae of spongy bone
are organized along stress lines.
All of the following are true of the sacrum, except that it provides protection for reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs. B) provides a point of attachment for leg muscles articulates with the coccyx. E) articulates with the pelvic bones.
articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae.
The hyoid bone
attaches to tongue muscles, is superior to the larynx, is linked to the styloid process by a ligament
The four spinal curves include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.
axial
Gesturing "no" with the head depends on the structure(s) of which cervical vertebrae?
axis and atlas
The odontoid process is found on the
axis.
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of an
cartilage model
The condition known as osteopenia
causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.
The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later?
cervical and lumbar
While volunteering in an outpatient clinic for underprivileged families in your neighborhood, you observe the nurse assessing an infant. The mother had complained about the baby not eating and having several episodes of diarrhea lasting 3 days. You know the nurse suspects possible dehydration when she
checks the anterior fontanel for depression
Which of these is most commonly fractured in a fall?
clavicle
Vertebrae of the
coccygeal region are fused, sacral region are fused.
As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the
condylar process of the mandible.
The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a
condyle
The suture that forms the articulation of the parietal bones with the frontal bone is the ________ suture.
coronal
The nasal conchae
create turbulence in the nasal passageways.
Each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone, except the sella turcica, optic canals, pterygoid processes.
cribriform plate.
A membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain is attached to the
crista galli.
The hormone calcitonin functions to
decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.
The surface feature present along the lateral border of the shaft of the humerus is the
deltoid tuberosity.
A bent nasal septum that slows or prevents sinus drainage is known clinically as a ________ septum
deviated
The shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
The clavicle articulates with the scapula
distally with the acromion.
Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it does: increases the rate of calcium absorption. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. stimulates osteoclast activity.
doesn't-inhibits calcitonin secretion.
Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by
elevated levels of estrogen.
the lining of the medullary cavity is called the
endosteum
Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient?
estrogen
Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?
ethmoid bone
Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except vitamin D. vitamin A vitamin C the hormone thyroxine
except:vitamin E.
After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the
external callus
Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of
facets for the articulation of ribs.
Fibrous connective tissue called ________ accommodates brain growth in infants.
fontanels
The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are
fontanels.
Identify the structure the occipital bone surrounds
foramen magnum
A hole through a bone is termed a
foramen.
A deep hollow on a bone is termed a
fossa
Which of these is not one of bones of the face? vomer, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic
frontal
The calvaria (or skullcap) is formed by the ________ bones
frontal, parietal, and occipital
Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in
giantism
Which of these features is located near the proximal end of the humerus?
greater tubercle
When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones
grow longer.
The ligamentum nuchae
helps to hold the head in an upright position
While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?
hematoma
The radius articulates with the
humerus, carpals, ulna.
The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
Secondary ossification centers occur
in the epiphyses
Ridges that anchor muscles that stabilize the head are the
inferior and superior nuchal lines
The ________ passes through the ________.
internal jugular vein; jugular foramen
The costal groove
is located on the interior surface. marks the path of blood vessels.
The smallest facial bones are the
lacrimal bones.
The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a
lacuna
The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles and the
laminae.
The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
long
When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,
long bones have reached their adult length.
Which of the following are distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae?
long spinous processes B) heart-shaped bodies C) rib articulations
The widest intervertebral discs are found in the ________ region
lumbar
Which of the following is not a part of the pelvis? A) coxal bone B) sacrum C) lumbar vertebrae D) coccyx
lumbar vertebrae
The role(s) of the sinuses include(s)
making the skull lighter and production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air
You witness one of your friends in a fight. Your friend Gregg is hit in the jaw and when looking at him, his face looks misaligned. You immediately take him to the emergency room and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken
mandible
A nerve that carries sensory information from the teeth and gums of the lower jaw passes through the
mandibular foramen
The lower jaw articulates with the temporal bone at the
mandibular fossa.
The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the
manubrium
The medullary cavity of bones contains
marrow
A point of attachment for muscles that rotate or extend the head is the
mastoid process.
The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the
mastoid process.
Fat is stored within the
medullary cavity.
Nerves carrying sensory information from the lips and the chin pass through the
mental foramina.
Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.
mesenchymal
The bones that form the palm are the
metacarpals
Which of the following is not an upper limb bone? A) ulna B) humerus C) metatarsals D) carpals E) radius
metatarsals
The term for undersized head is
microcephaly
Lumbar vertebrae are ________ massive and ________ mobile
most; least
The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for
muscles that close the mouth.
Each of the following bones is a component of the orbital complex, except the ________ bone frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal
nasal
components of the skeletal system? bones, other tissues that connect bones, ligaments, cartilage
not-tendons
Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system? is part:hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, skull, vertebral column
not:pectoral girdle
The foramen magnum is found in the ________ bone.
occipital
The depression on the posterior surface at the distal end of the humerus is the
olecranon fossa.
The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as
ossification.
Which is greater?
osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent
The lacunae of osseous tissue contain
osteocytes.
The most abundant cell type in bone is
osteocytes.
The structural units of mature compact bone are called
osteons.
If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become
osteopenic.
A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called
osteoporosis
The bony roof of the mouth is formed by the ________ bone(s).
palatine, maxillary
In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are
parallel
The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones.
Each of the following landmarks is associated with the occipital bone except the occipital crest. B) jugular foramen. C) superficial nuchal lines. D) hypoglossal canals
petrous process.
The bones that form the fingers are the
phalanges.
The hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica contains the ________ gland.
pituitary
The anterior fontanel is located
posterior to the frontal bone anterior to the parietal bones
The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering
protein-crystal
Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?
provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk provides an attachment for muscles involved in respiration
Which of the following is located closest to the jugular notch?
proximal end of clavicle
Which of these is a forearm bone?
radius
Which of these adapts the pectoral girdle to a wide range of movement?
relatively weak joints
The sacrum protects these organs:
reproductive, urinary, digestive
A lack of exercise could
result in porous and weak bones.
Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? results from a mutation affects connective tissue genes affects epiphyseal cartilages
results in short, stubby fingers
The true ribs are
ribs 1-7, also called vertebrosternal ribs.
While performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an unconscious person, you are careful to position your hands correctly to avoid damage to the
ribs, xiphoid process.
Which of these types of vertebrae and their numbers is not correct? thoracic-12 D) cervical-7 E) lumbral-5
sacral-1
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? A) metacarpals B) scapula C) tibia D) sacrum E) coxal bones
sacrum
The suture that forms the articulation of the two parietal bones is the ________ suture
sagittal
An exaggerated lateral curvature is termed
scoliosis
Each of the following is associated with the temporal bone, except the mandibular fossa, mastoid cells, internal acoustic meatus, petrous portion.
sella turcica.
Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.
sesamoid
The vertebra prominens is another name for the ________ vertebra.
seventh cervical
Where in the body does the production of calcitriol start?
skin
A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the
sphenoid
Which bone(s) include(s) a manubrium?
sternum
The hyoid bone is suspended by ________ ligaments.
stylohyoid
The ________ of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint.
styloid process
Which of these surface features does the ulna possess?
styloid process, trochlear notch, olecranon
Ligaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to the
styloid process.
The facial nerve (N. VII) passes through internal acoustic meatus and then through the
stylomastoid foramen.
The alveolar process of the mandible
supports the lower teeth.
Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.
sutural
What organ is located in the lacrimal fossa?
tear gland
The external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?
temporal
The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of processes from which two bones?
temporal and zygomatic
The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the
temporal bone.
Each of the following statements concerning the development of the skull is true, except that... the most significant growth of the skull occurs before the age of 5. B) at birth the cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissue. C) the skulls of infants and adults differ in shape and structure of the skeletal elements. D) the growth of the cranium is usually coordinated with the growth of the brain.
the bones of the skull develop from a single ossification focus.
Sutures can be found at all of the joints of an adult skull, except between
the mandible and the cranium.
The sternum contains
the manubrium. the xiphoid process. the jugular notch. the body.
When stress is applied to a bone
the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.
As you proceed from the head down the vertebral column
the transverse foramina become larger, the size of the vertebral foramen decreases
The nasal complex consists of all of the following bones, except the sphenoid. maxillary frontal.
zygomatic.
The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones, except the ethmoid. ,sphenoid. , maxillae. frontal.
zygomatic.
Most mammals, including humans and giraffes, have ________ cervical vertebrae.
7
The carpus contains ________ bones.
8
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
80
The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae.
5
The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification.
1. Chondrocytes enlarge and the suffounding matrix begins to calcify. 2. Enlarged chondrocytes die 3. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone 4. Blood vessels invade the perichndrium 5. Osteoblast replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone
The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification
1. Mesenchymal cells aggregate 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue 3. Clusters of osteoblast from osteoid that becomes mineralized 4. Spicules of bone radiate our from the ossification centers
The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae
5
The femur can withstand ________ times the body weight without breaking.
10 to 15
Humans normally have ________ pairs of ribs.
12
Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.
2%
The skull contains ________ bones.
22
Ossification of the sternum is not complete until at least age
25.
The most significant skull growth occurs before the age of
5
Which of these spinal deformities is correctly matched?
A) scoliosis-lateral deviation of the spine B) lordosis-"swayback" C) kyphosis-"hump-backed" D) rickets-bow-legged
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
Calcitonin
________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
Calcium phosphate
The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called
Canaliculi
Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?
Chondroitin sulfate
________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin
Closed
________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet
D) Sesamoid
________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.
Osteoprogenitor
The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ____
Metaphysis
Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called
Osteoblast
A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.
Pott
________ curves of the spine develop late in fetal development
Primary
Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following
Produces a severe osteoporosis, is released by some cancer tumors, increases the number of osteoclasts, increases the activity of osteoclasts. (does not release in large amounts early in life)
which of the following is a function of the skeletal system
Protection of internal organs, body support, blood cell production, calcium homeostasis
A child with rickets often has
bowed legs.
While playing softball, Gina is struck in the frontal squama by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?
a headache
Premature closure of the sagittal suture would result in
a long and narrow head.
In normal adult bones,
a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year
Vitamin D is necessary for
absorption calcium and phosphate ions
Damage to the temporal bone would most likely affect the sense of
balance hearing
When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates
become narrower
Which is greater?
blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased
If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?
bone fragility, decreased bone density, increases in blood levels of calcium
During appositional growth
bones grow wider
Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of
calcium
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
calcium
The bones that give the hand a wide range of motion are the
carpals.
All of the following are true of lumbar vertebrae, except that A) the transverse process is slender and projects dorsolaterally. B) the superior articular processes face medially. C) the vertebral foramen is triangular. D) they lack costal facets. E) the vertebral bodies are delicate
the vertebral bodies are delicate.
As you move caudally along the spinal column,
the vertebral foramina become relatively smaller, the vertebral bodies become relatively larger.
The ribs articulate with the
thoracic vertebrae.
The ribs articulate with the ________ of the vertebrae.
transverse processes
The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the
trochanter.
The part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the
vertebral body.
Of the following bones, which is unpaired?
vomer