anatomy exam 2

The central canal of an osteon contains

Bone Marrow

Through the actin of osteoclasts,

Bony matrix is dissolved

Which of the following is not a component of the appendicular skeleton? A) humerus B) metatarsals C) femur D) scapula E) None of the above-all are appendicular bones.

E) None of the above-all are appendicular bones.

Which of the following statements about the coccyx is true? A) fusion is delayed until mid-20s B) anchors a muscle that constricts the anal opening C) is more flexible in women D) is the most caudal vertebral region E) all of the above

E) all of the above

If there were no paranasal sinuses, all of the following would be true, except A) less mucus in the nasal cavity. B) the skull would be heavier. C) stronger neck muscles would be required. D) reduced ability to trap dust and particles. E) the ability to sneeze would be impaired.

E) the ability to sneeze would be impaired.

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

Epiphyseal plate

A rib is an example of a ___ bone

Flat

______ are squamous cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoprogenitor cells

________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone

Red

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

Roof of the skull and clavicle

The carpal bones are examples of

Short

_______ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

Spongy

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

Stem cell

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

The bone would be more flexible

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients

Which of the following statements about the functions of the paranasal sinuses is true

They support cilia that move the mucus. B) They make skull bones lighter. C) The mucus they secrete enters the nasal cavities. D) They provide an extensive area of mucous epithelium.

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

Trabeculae

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ____ bone.

Trabecular bone

Which of the following bones is classifies as irregular in shape

Vertebra

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient?

Vitamin C, calcium supplements, Vitamin D

The primary spinal curves

accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera.

The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the

acromion

The function of the hyoid bone is to

anchor the tongue muscles, support the larynx

While visiting your friend who recently gave birth, she comments on her infant's soft spot. You think to yourself that the correct term for the "soft spot" located at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures is

anterior fontanel.

In compact bone, the osteons

are lined up in the same direction.

The trabeculae of spongy bone

are organized along stress lines.

All of the following are true of the sacrum, except that it provides protection for reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs. B) provides a point of attachment for leg muscles articulates with the coccyx. E) articulates with the pelvic bones.

articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae.

The hyoid bone

attaches to tongue muscles, is superior to the larynx, is linked to the styloid process by a ligament

The four spinal curves include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.

axial

Gesturing "no" with the head depends on the structure(s) of which cervical vertebrae?

axis and atlas

The odontoid process is found on the

axis.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of an

cartilage model

The condition known as osteopenia

causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.

The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later?

cervical and lumbar

While volunteering in an outpatient clinic for underprivileged families in your neighborhood, you observe the nurse assessing an infant. The mother had complained about the baby not eating and having several episodes of diarrhea lasting 3 days. You know the nurse suspects possible dehydration when she

checks the anterior fontanel for depression

Which of these is most commonly fractured in a fall?

clavicle

Vertebrae of the

coccygeal region are fused, sacral region are fused.

As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the

condylar process of the mandible.

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

condyle

The suture that forms the articulation of the parietal bones with the frontal bone is the ________ suture.

coronal

The nasal conchae

create turbulence in the nasal passageways.

Each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone, except the sella turcica, optic canals, pterygoid processes.

cribriform plate.

A membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain is attached to the

crista galli.

The hormone calcitonin functions to

decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.

The surface feature present along the lateral border of the shaft of the humerus is the

deltoid tuberosity.

A bent nasal septum that slows or prevents sinus drainage is known clinically as a ________ septum

deviated

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

The clavicle articulates with the scapula

distally with the acromion.

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it does: increases the rate of calcium absorption. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. stimulates osteoclast activity.

doesn't-inhibits calcitonin secretion.

Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by

elevated levels of estrogen.

the lining of the medullary cavity is called the

endosteum

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient?

estrogen

Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?

ethmoid bone

Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except vitamin D. vitamin A vitamin C the hormone thyroxine

except:vitamin E.

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

external callus

Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of

facets for the articulation of ribs.

Fibrous connective tissue called ________ accommodates brain growth in infants.

fontanels

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are

fontanels.

Identify the structure the occipital bone surrounds

foramen magnum

A hole through a bone is termed a

foramen.

A deep hollow on a bone is termed a

fossa

Which of these is not one of bones of the face? vomer, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic

frontal

The calvaria (or skullcap) is formed by the ________ bones

frontal, parietal, and occipital

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

giantism

Which of these features is located near the proximal end of the humerus?

greater tubercle

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

grow longer.

The ligamentum nuchae

helps to hold the head in an upright position

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

hematoma

The radius articulates with the

humerus, carpals, ulna.

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

Secondary ossification centers occur

in the epiphyses

Ridges that anchor muscles that stabilize the head are the

inferior and superior nuchal lines

The ________ passes through the ________.

internal jugular vein; jugular foramen

The costal groove

is located on the interior surface. marks the path of blood vessels.

The smallest facial bones are the

lacrimal bones.

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

lacuna

The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles and the

laminae.

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

long

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length.

Which of the following are distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae?

long spinous processes B) heart-shaped bodies C) rib articulations

The widest intervertebral discs are found in the ________ region

lumbar

Which of the following is not a part of the pelvis? A) coxal bone B) sacrum C) lumbar vertebrae D) coccyx

lumbar vertebrae

The role(s) of the sinuses include(s)

making the skull lighter and production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air

You witness one of your friends in a fight. Your friend Gregg is hit in the jaw and when looking at him, his face looks misaligned. You immediately take him to the emergency room and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken

mandible

A nerve that carries sensory information from the teeth and gums of the lower jaw passes through the

mandibular foramen

The lower jaw articulates with the temporal bone at the

mandibular fossa.

The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the

manubrium

The medullary cavity of bones contains

marrow

A point of attachment for muscles that rotate or extend the head is the

mastoid process.

The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the

mastoid process.

Fat is stored within the

medullary cavity.

Nerves carrying sensory information from the lips and the chin pass through the

mental foramina.

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

mesenchymal

The bones that form the palm are the

metacarpals

Which of the following is not an upper limb bone? A) ulna B) humerus C) metatarsals D) carpals E) radius

metatarsals

The term for undersized head is

microcephaly

Lumbar vertebrae are ________ massive and ________ mobile

most; least

The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for

muscles that close the mouth.

Each of the following bones is a component of the orbital complex, except the ________ bone frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal

nasal

components of the skeletal system? bones, other tissues that connect bones, ligaments, cartilage

not-tendons

Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system? is part:hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, skull, vertebral column

not:pectoral girdle

The foramen magnum is found in the ________ bone.

occipital

The depression on the posterior surface at the distal end of the humerus is the

olecranon fossa.

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

ossification.

Which is greater?

osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes.

The most abundant cell type in bone is

osteocytes.

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons.

If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become

osteopenic.

A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called

osteoporosis

The bony roof of the mouth is formed by the ________ bone(s).

palatine, maxillary

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

parallel

The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones.

Each of the following landmarks is associated with the occipital bone except the occipital crest. B) jugular foramen. C) superficial nuchal lines. D) hypoglossal canals

petrous process.

The bones that form the fingers are the

phalanges.

The hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica contains the ________ gland.

pituitary

The anterior fontanel is located

posterior to the frontal bone anterior to the parietal bones

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering

protein-crystal

Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?

provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk provides an attachment for muscles involved in respiration

Which of the following is located closest to the jugular notch?

proximal end of clavicle

Which of these is a forearm bone?

radius

Which of these adapts the pectoral girdle to a wide range of movement?

relatively weak joints

The sacrum protects these organs:

reproductive, urinary, digestive

A lack of exercise could

result in porous and weak bones.

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? results from a mutation affects connective tissue genes affects epiphyseal cartilages

results in short, stubby fingers

The true ribs are

ribs 1-7, also called vertebrosternal ribs.

While performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an unconscious person, you are careful to position your hands correctly to avoid damage to the

ribs, xiphoid process.

Which of these types of vertebrae and their numbers is not correct? thoracic-12 D) cervical-7 E) lumbral-5

sacral-1

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? A) metacarpals B) scapula C) tibia D) sacrum E) coxal bones

sacrum

The suture that forms the articulation of the two parietal bones is the ________ suture

sagittal

An exaggerated lateral curvature is termed

scoliosis

Each of the following is associated with the temporal bone, except the mandibular fossa, mastoid cells, internal acoustic meatus, petrous portion.

sella turcica.

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

sesamoid

The vertebra prominens is another name for the ________ vertebra.

seventh cervical

Where in the body does the production of calcitriol start?

skin

A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the

sphenoid

Which bone(s) include(s) a manubrium?

sternum

The hyoid bone is suspended by ________ ligaments.

stylohyoid

The ________ of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint.

styloid process

Which of these surface features does the ulna possess?

styloid process, trochlear notch, olecranon

Ligaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to the

styloid process.

The facial nerve (N. VII) passes through internal acoustic meatus and then through the

stylomastoid foramen.

The alveolar process of the mandible

supports the lower teeth.

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

sutural

What organ is located in the lacrimal fossa?

tear gland

The external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?

temporal

The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of processes from which two bones?

temporal and zygomatic

The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the

temporal bone.

Each of the following statements concerning the development of the skull is true, except that... the most significant growth of the skull occurs before the age of 5. B) at birth the cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissue. C) the skulls of infants and adults differ in shape and structure of the skeletal elements. D) the growth of the cranium is usually coordinated with the growth of the brain.

the bones of the skull develop from a single ossification focus.

Sutures can be found at all of the joints of an adult skull, except between

the mandible and the cranium.

The sternum contains

the manubrium. the xiphoid process. the jugular notch. the body.

When stress is applied to a bone

the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.

As you proceed from the head down the vertebral column

the transverse foramina become larger, the size of the vertebral foramen decreases

The nasal complex consists of all of the following bones, except the sphenoid. maxillary frontal.

zygomatic.

The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones, except the ethmoid. ,sphenoid. , maxillae. frontal.

zygomatic.

Most mammals, including humans and giraffes, have ________ cervical vertebrae.

7

The carpus contains ________ bones.

8

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

80

The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae.

5

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification.

1. Chondrocytes enlarge and the suffounding matrix begins to calcify. 2. Enlarged chondrocytes die 3. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone 4. Blood vessels invade the perichndrium 5. Osteoblast replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification

1. Mesenchymal cells aggregate 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue 3. Clusters of osteoblast from osteoid that becomes mineralized 4. Spicules of bone radiate our from the ossification centers

The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae

5

The femur can withstand ________ times the body weight without breaking.

10 to 15

Humans normally have ________ pairs of ribs.

12

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

2%

The skull contains ________ bones.

22

Ossification of the sternum is not complete until at least age

25.

The most significant skull growth occurs before the age of

5

Which of these spinal deformities is correctly matched?

A) scoliosis-lateral deviation of the spine B) lordosis-"swayback" C) kyphosis-"hump-backed" D) rickets-bow-legged

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

Calcitonin

________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

Calcium phosphate

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

Canaliculi

Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?

Chondroitin sulfate

________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin

Closed

________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet

D) Sesamoid

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

Osteoprogenitor

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ____

Metaphysis

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

Osteoblast

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

Pott

________ curves of the spine develop late in fetal development

Primary

Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following

Produces a severe osteoporosis, is released by some cancer tumors, increases the number of osteoclasts, increases the activity of osteoclasts. (does not release in large amounts early in life)

which of the following is a function of the skeletal system

Protection of internal organs, body support, blood cell production, calcium homeostasis

A child with rickets often has

bowed legs.

While playing softball, Gina is struck in the frontal squama by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?

a headache

Premature closure of the sagittal suture would result in

a long and narrow head.

In normal adult bones,

a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year

Vitamin D is necessary for

absorption calcium and phosphate ions

Damage to the temporal bone would most likely affect the sense of

balance hearing

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates

become narrower

Which is greater?

blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased

If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?

bone fragility, decreased bone density, increases in blood levels of calcium

During appositional growth

bones grow wider

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

The bones that give the hand a wide range of motion are the

carpals.

All of the following are true of lumbar vertebrae, except that A) the transverse process is slender and projects dorsolaterally. B) the superior articular processes face medially. C) the vertebral foramen is triangular. D) they lack costal facets. E) the vertebral bodies are delicate

the vertebral bodies are delicate.

As you move caudally along the spinal column,

the vertebral foramina become relatively smaller, the vertebral bodies become relatively larger.

The ribs articulate with the

thoracic vertebrae.

The ribs articulate with the ________ of the vertebrae.

transverse processes

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

trochanter.

The part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the

vertebral body.

Of the following bones, which is unpaired?

vomer