Anatomy Exam 3

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Which blood vessel receives the highest blood pressure and why?

Aorta

Which bundle of white matter is involved with the communication between the Premotor Cortex and the Primary Motor cortex?

Association fibers

What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released from the presynaptic terminal?

Binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane

Seizures are abnormal electrical activity in the brain that affects both sides of the body. Which brain part can be severed or cut to avoid the seizures from spreading?

Corpus callosum

The inferior vena cava and the azygos vein go through the canal foramen (canal opening) of the diaphragm. (T/F)

False

Which is an example of tonic receptors at work?

Feeling pain from a cut

The area of the eye with the greatest visual acuity (sharpness) is the:

Fovea centralis

A patient complains of difficulty maintaining an erection. What artery that supplies blood to the external genitalia is most likely affected?

Internal Iliac Artery

What happens after sodium ions enter the post-synaptic terminal?

It causes depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane

The larger the receptive field, the _____ it is to localize the stimulus.

More difficult

Which of these types of receptors responds to pain stimuli?

Nociceptors

What type of epithelium is the endocardium of the heart and blood vessels?

Simple squamous epithelium

Mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to the stretching of organs such as the stomach and the urinary bladder and baroreceptors. T/F?

TRUE

The longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the:

Vagus

What step in the cardiac cycle causes the first "lubb" sound (S1)?

Ventricular systole-first phase (early ventricular systole)

Which step in the cardiac cycle causes the first "lubb" sound (S1)?

Ventricular systole-first phase (early ventricular systole)

In the spinal cord, the somas of the lower motor neurons are found in the

anterior horns

The blood vessels that play the most important role in regulating blood pressure and blood flow to a tissue are

arterioles

The nerve branching off of C5 can belong to both the _________ and ________ plexuses.

cervical; brachial

Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________.

exteroceptors

Do pacemarker cells (SA node cells) need stimulus to depolarize?

no bih

The scientific term for "blind spot" is:

optic disc

The cervical vertebrae contains how many nerves? And how many nerves make up the cervical plexus?

8;5 (C1-C5)

Which structure separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane

The motor command leaves through the:

ventral root

Which of the following is not involved with the unidirectional flow of blood out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk?

Pectinate muscles

Which of the following statements regarding pericardial fluid is/are TRUE?

Pericardial fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces.

The receptors that get adapted over the course of time, and provide information on the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus are termed:

Phasic receptors

The process of gustatory transduction starts with which structure of the tongue?

Taste hairs

Below L1-L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the:

cauda equina

The spinal cord tapers at a conical tip called the

corpus medullaris

What prevents the AV valves from everting into the atria?

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

Which structure communicates the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

Interventricular foramen

Which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts?

Mechanoreceptors

Pre-synaptic membrane belongs to which structure?

Terminal button of axon

Why is it important that a spinal tap be done below L3?

To make sure you don't puncture the spinal cord

Which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?

Trochlear nerve - CN IV

The abducens nerve _______.

A) supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Which cranial nerve innervates the trapezius and sternocledimastoid?

Accessory

Which cranial nerve has a cranial root and spinal root?

Accessory nerve - CN XI

Which cranial nerve has a cranial root and a spinal root?

Accessory nerve- CN XI

Which of the following structures connects the third and fourth ventricle?

Aqueduct of the midbrain

Child has strep throat and infection in the middle ear. The middle ear infection has spread to the hair cells near the beginning of the cochlea. Which structure made it possible for this infection to reach the middle ear and what kind of sounds will the child have trouble hearing?

Auditory tube; high frequency

if the post-synaptic membrane belongs to a neuron, which part of the neuron can it be?

Cell body and dendrites

Which of the following seperates the motor information from sensory information?

Central sulcus

Which of the following is responsible for coordinated and complex skeletal muscle movements such as the fine motor coordination and necessary to take handwritten notes?

Cerebellum

What area of the brain are you likely to find astrocytes surrounding endothelial cells that are attached to one another via tight junctions?

Cerebrum

During a trip up a mountain, you start to breath heavily. While taking a break you accidentally burn yourself while trying to cook a meal. What two receptors were stimulated during this process of events?

Chemoreceptors and nociceptors

What prevents the AV valves from everting into the atria?

Chordae tendinae & papillary muscles

Baroreceptors are found deep in the skin, and they are sensitive to deep pressure and stretching of dermis. T/F?

FALSE

Susan went to one of her favorite restaurants for her birthday. As she took a bite of her favorite pasta dish, she noticed difficulty tasting anything on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. Which cranial nerve may be affected?

Facial (VII)

Which of the following is not a cranial nerve that innervates the eye?

Facial- CN VII

The cerebellum is considered separate from other parts of the brain due to the presence of which structure?

Fourth ventricle

What is the area of the eye with the sharpest vision?

Fovea centralis

Which structure allows the transmission of the electrical impulse from one cardio myocyte to another, allowing the heart cells to contract as one unit?

Gap junctions

Which structure allow the transmission of the electrical impulse from one cardio myocyte to another, thus allowing the heart cells to contract as one unit?

Gap junctions *allow ions to move from one cell to another

What is the longest vein in our body?

Great Saphenous Vein

Robert was out in the hot sun play soccer. What part of the brain is responsible for causing Robert to sweat in order to maintain homeostatic temperature in the body.

Hypothalamus

Which major blood vessel brings blood from our lower limbs back to the heart?

Inferior vena cava

During a stroke, which of the following arteries would not have a blockage?

Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery (B)

Jeff is in an accident and is found unconscious. To check for brain damage, paramedics immediately shine a flashlight into Jeff's eyes in hopes of seeing pupillary light reflex. Which cranial nerve are the paramedics accessing with this test?

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

During ventricular diastole, which of the following allows the blood to pass passively from the atria to the ventricles?

Pressure difference

What makes the AV valves close prior ventricle contraction?

Pressure of the blood in the ventricles

Which of these blood vessels receives the highest blood pressure?

Pulmonary artery

The cell body of the Purkinje cells are located in the:

Purkinje cell layer

How does the venous blood from our legs reach the heart?

Skeletal muscle pump & respiratory pump

In the right heart failure, blood backs up in the

Systemic venous circulation

The vascular coat of the eyeball is:

choroid

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

cochlea

The lateral cord gives rise to to which nerves?

musculocutaneous and median nerves

Post-Synaptic membrane belongs to which structure(s)?

neurons, glands, and muscles

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.

nociceptors

Where are the pectinate muscles located?

right atrium and both auricles

The bicuspid valve is not a:

semilunar valve

Which branched patterns of nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

superior trunk, lateral cord, and musculocutaneous nerve

Which of the following branches patterns of nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

superior trunk, lateral cord, musculocutaneous nerve

when you have your eyes closed in a car, you can still feel the car moving. which structures would be involved with this sensation?

utricle/saccule

The superior trunk originates from the branches of which cervical nerve?

C5 & C6

All of the following apply to the bicuspid valve except:

It is a semilunar valve

What happens after the excitatory neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the sodium-gated ion channels?

It opens up the channel and allows sodium ions to enter

A sample of tissue shows large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. The tissue most likely came from:

Kidneys

Just like with any surgery, removal of pituitary tumors can be risky due to its location and proximity to other structures. More specifically, damage to which cranial nerves is the most probable? Likewise, leaving the tumor can also affect these structures.

Optic Nerves (CN II)

Which of the following is considered an elastic artery?

Pulmonary artery

Sally was blindfolded and someone placed her hand on top of the hot stove. Which stimuli did she feel first?

Reflex (removal of hand) because it travels quicker than pain

______ occurs when a receptor becomes so accustomed to the stimulation that it stops gathering impulses.

Sensory adaptation

Young man can no longer move left eye due to the detachment of the lateral, medial, superior, and inferior rectus as well as the superior and inferior oblique and levator palpebral muscle. Which layer of the eye sustained the damage?

The fibrous layer

Your patient is declared brain dead shortly after being put on a ventilator. Is it possible that his heart remained beating even though his brain is gone?

The heart will remain beating for as long as it has nutrients and energy

When the weather gets too cold, the body tries its best to keep itself warm by preventing as much heat loss from blood through the sun as much as possible. What autonomic reaction would help blood vessels to avoid losing heat through the skin and how would it affect blood flow?

Vasoconstriction; decreased blood flow

What separates the motor information from the sensory information? (frontal from parietal)

central sulcus

Which ligament helps prevent lateral and inferior movement of the spinal cord?

denticulate ligament

The _________ is the outermost meninx, and forms supportive and protective partitions between some portions of the brain.

dura mater

Which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts?

mechanoreceptors

Which cord is formed by all trunks?

posterior

The radial nerve arises from which cord?

posterior cord

The posterior cord gives rise to which nerves?

radial and axillary

When is it than an impulse does not have to reach the brain?

in a reflex arc

The phrenic nerve:

innervates the diaphragm

Which structure communicates the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

interventricular foramen

What happens when you have an inhibitory neurotransmitter like GABA instead of an excitatory neurotransmitter like acetylcholine?

When GABA binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, it maintains the sodium channels closed, blocking the membrane depolarization.

The dendrites of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are located in the:

molecular layer

Which receptor responds to pain stimuli?

nociceptors

The blood contained in an artery is always rich in oxygen. (T/F)

False

What is the structure in adults that is usually closed after birth?

Fossa ovalis

What's the name of the structure that is usually closed in adults resulting from the opening we had between our atria as a fetus (so that the mom could provide oxygen to us)?

Fossa ovalis

While listening to a song, you felt like dancing it. Where in the brain would you plan to make a move of your skeletal muscles?

Premotor cortex

What does the abducens nerve do?

supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


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