Anatomy Exam 3
Which blood vessel receives the highest blood pressure and why?
Aorta
Which bundle of white matter is involved with the communication between the Premotor Cortex and the Primary Motor cortex?
Association fibers
What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released from the presynaptic terminal?
Binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
Seizures are abnormal electrical activity in the brain that affects both sides of the body. Which brain part can be severed or cut to avoid the seizures from spreading?
Corpus callosum
The inferior vena cava and the azygos vein go through the canal foramen (canal opening) of the diaphragm. (T/F)
False
Which is an example of tonic receptors at work?
Feeling pain from a cut
The area of the eye with the greatest visual acuity (sharpness) is the:
Fovea centralis
A patient complains of difficulty maintaining an erection. What artery that supplies blood to the external genitalia is most likely affected?
Internal Iliac Artery
What happens after sodium ions enter the post-synaptic terminal?
It causes depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
The larger the receptive field, the _____ it is to localize the stimulus.
More difficult
Which of these types of receptors responds to pain stimuli?
Nociceptors
What type of epithelium is the endocardium of the heart and blood vessels?
Simple squamous epithelium
Mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to the stretching of organs such as the stomach and the urinary bladder and baroreceptors. T/F?
TRUE
The longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the:
Vagus
What step in the cardiac cycle causes the first "lubb" sound (S1)?
Ventricular systole-first phase (early ventricular systole)
Which step in the cardiac cycle causes the first "lubb" sound (S1)?
Ventricular systole-first phase (early ventricular systole)
In the spinal cord, the somas of the lower motor neurons are found in the
anterior horns
The blood vessels that play the most important role in regulating blood pressure and blood flow to a tissue are
arterioles
The nerve branching off of C5 can belong to both the _________ and ________ plexuses.
cervical; brachial
Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________.
exteroceptors
Do pacemarker cells (SA node cells) need stimulus to depolarize?
no bih
The scientific term for "blind spot" is:
optic disc
The cervical vertebrae contains how many nerves? And how many nerves make up the cervical plexus?
8;5 (C1-C5)
Which structure separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
The motor command leaves through the:
ventral root
Which of the following is not involved with the unidirectional flow of blood out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk?
Pectinate muscles
Which of the following statements regarding pericardial fluid is/are TRUE?
Pericardial fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces.
The receptors that get adapted over the course of time, and provide information on the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus are termed:
Phasic receptors
The process of gustatory transduction starts with which structure of the tongue?
Taste hairs
Below L1-L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the:
cauda equina
The spinal cord tapers at a conical tip called the
corpus medullaris
What prevents the AV valves from everting into the atria?
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
Which structure communicates the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
Which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts?
Mechanoreceptors
Pre-synaptic membrane belongs to which structure?
Terminal button of axon
Why is it important that a spinal tap be done below L3?
To make sure you don't puncture the spinal cord
Which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?
Trochlear nerve - CN IV
The abducens nerve _______.
A) supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Which cranial nerve innervates the trapezius and sternocledimastoid?
Accessory
Which cranial nerve has a cranial root and spinal root?
Accessory nerve - CN XI
Which cranial nerve has a cranial root and a spinal root?
Accessory nerve- CN XI
Which of the following structures connects the third and fourth ventricle?
Aqueduct of the midbrain
Child has strep throat and infection in the middle ear. The middle ear infection has spread to the hair cells near the beginning of the cochlea. Which structure made it possible for this infection to reach the middle ear and what kind of sounds will the child have trouble hearing?
Auditory tube; high frequency
if the post-synaptic membrane belongs to a neuron, which part of the neuron can it be?
Cell body and dendrites
Which of the following seperates the motor information from sensory information?
Central sulcus
Which of the following is responsible for coordinated and complex skeletal muscle movements such as the fine motor coordination and necessary to take handwritten notes?
Cerebellum
What area of the brain are you likely to find astrocytes surrounding endothelial cells that are attached to one another via tight junctions?
Cerebrum
During a trip up a mountain, you start to breath heavily. While taking a break you accidentally burn yourself while trying to cook a meal. What two receptors were stimulated during this process of events?
Chemoreceptors and nociceptors
What prevents the AV valves from everting into the atria?
Chordae tendinae & papillary muscles
Baroreceptors are found deep in the skin, and they are sensitive to deep pressure and stretching of dermis. T/F?
FALSE
Susan went to one of her favorite restaurants for her birthday. As she took a bite of her favorite pasta dish, she noticed difficulty tasting anything on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. Which cranial nerve may be affected?
Facial (VII)
Which of the following is not a cranial nerve that innervates the eye?
Facial- CN VII
The cerebellum is considered separate from other parts of the brain due to the presence of which structure?
Fourth ventricle
What is the area of the eye with the sharpest vision?
Fovea centralis
Which structure allows the transmission of the electrical impulse from one cardio myocyte to another, allowing the heart cells to contract as one unit?
Gap junctions
Which structure allow the transmission of the electrical impulse from one cardio myocyte to another, thus allowing the heart cells to contract as one unit?
Gap junctions *allow ions to move from one cell to another
What is the longest vein in our body?
Great Saphenous Vein
Robert was out in the hot sun play soccer. What part of the brain is responsible for causing Robert to sweat in order to maintain homeostatic temperature in the body.
Hypothalamus
Which major blood vessel brings blood from our lower limbs back to the heart?
Inferior vena cava
During a stroke, which of the following arteries would not have a blockage?
Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery (B)
Jeff is in an accident and is found unconscious. To check for brain damage, paramedics immediately shine a flashlight into Jeff's eyes in hopes of seeing pupillary light reflex. Which cranial nerve are the paramedics accessing with this test?
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
During ventricular diastole, which of the following allows the blood to pass passively from the atria to the ventricles?
Pressure difference
What makes the AV valves close prior ventricle contraction?
Pressure of the blood in the ventricles
Which of these blood vessels receives the highest blood pressure?
Pulmonary artery
The cell body of the Purkinje cells are located in the:
Purkinje cell layer
How does the venous blood from our legs reach the heart?
Skeletal muscle pump & respiratory pump
In the right heart failure, blood backs up in the
Systemic venous circulation
The vascular coat of the eyeball is:
choroid
Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.
cochlea
The lateral cord gives rise to to which nerves?
musculocutaneous and median nerves
Post-Synaptic membrane belongs to which structure(s)?
neurons, glands, and muscles
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
nociceptors
Where are the pectinate muscles located?
right atrium and both auricles
The bicuspid valve is not a:
semilunar valve
Which branched patterns of nerves is part of the brachial plexus?
superior trunk, lateral cord, and musculocutaneous nerve
Which of the following branches patterns of nerves is part of the brachial plexus?
superior trunk, lateral cord, musculocutaneous nerve
when you have your eyes closed in a car, you can still feel the car moving. which structures would be involved with this sensation?
utricle/saccule
The superior trunk originates from the branches of which cervical nerve?
C5 & C6
All of the following apply to the bicuspid valve except:
It is a semilunar valve
What happens after the excitatory neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the sodium-gated ion channels?
It opens up the channel and allows sodium ions to enter
A sample of tissue shows large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. The tissue most likely came from:
Kidneys
Just like with any surgery, removal of pituitary tumors can be risky due to its location and proximity to other structures. More specifically, damage to which cranial nerves is the most probable? Likewise, leaving the tumor can also affect these structures.
Optic Nerves (CN II)
Which of the following is considered an elastic artery?
Pulmonary artery
Sally was blindfolded and someone placed her hand on top of the hot stove. Which stimuli did she feel first?
Reflex (removal of hand) because it travels quicker than pain
______ occurs when a receptor becomes so accustomed to the stimulation that it stops gathering impulses.
Sensory adaptation
Young man can no longer move left eye due to the detachment of the lateral, medial, superior, and inferior rectus as well as the superior and inferior oblique and levator palpebral muscle. Which layer of the eye sustained the damage?
The fibrous layer
Your patient is declared brain dead shortly after being put on a ventilator. Is it possible that his heart remained beating even though his brain is gone?
The heart will remain beating for as long as it has nutrients and energy
When the weather gets too cold, the body tries its best to keep itself warm by preventing as much heat loss from blood through the sun as much as possible. What autonomic reaction would help blood vessels to avoid losing heat through the skin and how would it affect blood flow?
Vasoconstriction; decreased blood flow
What separates the motor information from the sensory information? (frontal from parietal)
central sulcus
Which ligament helps prevent lateral and inferior movement of the spinal cord?
denticulate ligament
The _________ is the outermost meninx, and forms supportive and protective partitions between some portions of the brain.
dura mater
Which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts?
mechanoreceptors
Which cord is formed by all trunks?
posterior
The radial nerve arises from which cord?
posterior cord
The posterior cord gives rise to which nerves?
radial and axillary
When is it than an impulse does not have to reach the brain?
in a reflex arc
The phrenic nerve:
innervates the diaphragm
Which structure communicates the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
interventricular foramen
What happens when you have an inhibitory neurotransmitter like GABA instead of an excitatory neurotransmitter like acetylcholine?
When GABA binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, it maintains the sodium channels closed, blocking the membrane depolarization.
The dendrites of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are located in the:
molecular layer
Which receptor responds to pain stimuli?
nociceptors
The blood contained in an artery is always rich in oxygen. (T/F)
False
What is the structure in adults that is usually closed after birth?
Fossa ovalis
What's the name of the structure that is usually closed in adults resulting from the opening we had between our atria as a fetus (so that the mom could provide oxygen to us)?
Fossa ovalis
While listening to a song, you felt like dancing it. Where in the brain would you plan to make a move of your skeletal muscles?
Premotor cortex
What does the abducens nerve do?
supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye