anatomy exam 3 iupui
red fibers
"Slow Twitch" Fatigue resistant, aerobic metabolism Myoglobin: slow to contract, darker color, smaller
Fibularis longs
1 head; lateral (fibular)
gastrocnemius
2 heads
biceps femoris
2 heads ; lateral rotation
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
sarcomere
Contractile unit of muscle
white fibers
Fast-twitch muscle fibers. They are primarily anaerobic and fatigue more easily, bigger, pale, few mitochondria
tibial tuberosity
IT band
adductor longus
Letter F
Origin: Zygomatic Arch Insertion: Lateral surface and angle of mandibular ramus Action: Elevates mandible and closes jaw
Masseter
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.
buccinator
Origin: Alveorlar processes of maxilla and mandible opposite the molar teeth. Insertion: Blends into fibers of orbicularis oris. Action: Compresses cheek
Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: Medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip; flexes knee
frontal belly
Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis Insertion: Skin of eyebrow and bridge of nose Action: raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
platysma
Origin: Fascia of the superior thorax between cartilage of second rib and acromion of scapula. Insertion: Mandible and skin of cheek Action: tenses skin of neck, depresses mandible
Risorius
Origin: Fascia surrounding parotid salivary gland Insertion: Angle of mouth Action: Draws corner of mouth laterally
mentalis
Origin: Incisive fossa of mandible Insertion: Skin of chin Action: Elevates and protrudes lower lip, pouting
orbicularis oris
Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Lips Action: compresses, purses lips
orbicularis oculi
Origin: Medial margin of orbit Insertion: Skin around eyelid Action: closes eye
occipital belly
Origin: Superior nuchal line and adjacent region of mastoid portion of the temporal bone Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis Action: tenses and retracts scalp
diaphragm
Origin: Xiphoid process, ribs 7-12 and associated costal cartilages, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae. Insertion: Inferior surfaces of cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process of sternum. Action: Depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column, and compresses abdomen.
zygomaticus major
Origin: Zygomatic bone near the zygomaticotemporal suture Insertion: Angle of mouth Action: retracts and elevates corner of mouth
zygomaticus minor
Origin: Zygomatic bone posterior to zygomaticomaxillary suture. Insertion: Upper lip Action: retracts and elevates upper lip
What makes up the femoral triangle?
Sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament
linea alba
The "white line:" the tendinous median line on the ventral abdominal wall between the two rectus muscles
tendinous inscriptions
The Rectus abdominis is crossed by fibrous bands, three in number, which are named the
Elasticity
The ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed
triceps brachii, anconeus
What are the elbow extensors?
sarcomere
Z disc to Z disc
move closer together
Z-lines _____ during contraction
slow (red) fibers
a marathoner would have more _____
fast (white) fibers
a sprinter would have more_____
Origin: Proximal dorsal surfaces of ulna and radius Insertion: Lateral margin of the metacarpal bone Action: Abducts and extends thumb and wrist
abductor pollicis longus
Extensibility
ability to be stretched
Contractility
ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
Origin: inferior ramus of pubis, anterior o adductor brevis Insertion: Linea aspera of femur Action: Adduction, flexion, and medial rotation at hip
adductor longus
What is the femoral triangle made up of?
adductor longus, sartorius, inguinal ligament
errector spinae
agonist = flext vertebral column 3 muscle groups: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblque, transverse oblique
Origin: Posterior surface of lateral humerus Insertion: Lateral margin of olecranon and unlar shaft Action: Extension of elbow
anconeus
scalenes
apart of cervical region in the oblique group
inguinal ligament
aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
calcium ions
atp occurs with ______
insertion
attachment to movable bone, single
popliteus
behind knee
anatomic leg
below knee (anterior, posterior, lateral)
soleus
between gastrosoleus
Origin: Short head from coracoid process; long head from the supraglenoid tubercle (both on the scapula) Insertion: Radial tuberosity Action: Flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination
biceps brachii
Origin: Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia Action: flexion at knee; extension and lateral rotation at hip
biceps femoris
What are the hamstrings?
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinous
gluetus medius
black arrow (#13) ; shots are always given here
temporalis
black arrow (#14)
orbicularis oris
black arrow (#23)
risorius
black arrow (#26)
Sternocleidomastoid
black arrow (#28)
piriformis
black arrow (#5)
pectoralis major
black arrow (#51)
serratus anterior
black arrow (#54)
rectus abdominis
black arrow (#56)
external oblique
black arrow (#57)
external intercostals
black arrow (#62)
internal intercostals
black arrow (#63)
digastric
black arrow (#88)
internal oblique
black line arrow
zygomaticus major
blue arrow
platysma
blue pointer
Origin: Anterior, distal surface of humerus Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity Action: Flexion at elbow
brachialis
Origin: Ridge superior to the lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Lateral margin of styloid process of radius Action: Flexion at eblow
brachioradialis
adductors
bring the thighs closer together
striated, involuntary
cardiac muscle
posas major
comes from transverse processes of inferior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and inserts on femur
Origin: Coracoid process Insertion: Medial margin of shaft of humerus Action: Adduction and flexion at shoulder
coracobrachialis
a band
dark area; extends length of the thick filaments, anisoprophic
Coracobrachialis
deep and medial
semimemrbanosus
deep and wide to semitendinosus
subclavius
deep to clavicle
glueteus minimus
deep to gluteus medius
pectoralis minor
deep to pectoralis major
Origin: Clavicle and scapula (acromion and adjacent scapular spine) Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action: Whole muscle = abduction of shoulder; anterior part = flexion and medial rotation of humerus; posterior part = extension and lateral rotation of humerus.
deltoid
Insertion: Hyoid bone Action: Depresses mandible, opening mouth, swallowing, elevates larynx
digastric
tibialis anterior
dorsiflex; lateral to tibial
doesn't change
during contraction the A band ____
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: Base of second metacarpal bone Action: extends and abducts wrist
extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin: Via extensor tendon to lateral epicondyle of humerus and from intermuscular septa. Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal phalanx of little finger Action: Extension at joints of little finger; extension at wrist
extensor digiti minimi
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Posterior surfaces of the phalanges, digits 2-5 Action: Extend fingers and wrist
extensor digitorum
Origin: Anterior surface of fibula Insertion: Superior surface, distal phalanx of great toe Action: Extension at joints of great toe; dorsiflexes ankle
extensor hallucis longus
Origin: Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal phalanx of index finger (2), with tendon of extensor digitorm Action: Extention and adduction at joints with index fingers
extensor indicis
Origin: Posterior and lateral surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb Action: Extends thumb abducts wrist
extensor pollicis longus
Origin: Inferior border of each rib Insertion: Superior border of more inferior rib Action: Elevates ribs
external intercostals
Origin: External and inferior borders of ribs 5-12 Insertion: External oblique aponeuroses extending to linea alba and iliac crest Action: Compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes, or rotates vertebral column to the opposite side.
external oblique
inguinal ligament helps find...?
femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics
aductor longus forms part of...?
femoral triangle
adductors bring...
femur closer to the midline
gluteus maximus
fibers run horizontally
Origin: Head and proximal shaft of fibula Insertion: Base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform Action: Eversion of foot and plantar flexion at ankle; supports ankle; supports longitudinal and transverse arches
fibularis longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Base of second and third metacarpal bones Action: flexes wrist and abducts hand
flexor carpi radialis
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; adjacent medial surface of olecranon and anteromedial protion of ulna Action: Flexes and adducts wrist
flexor carpi unlaris
Origin: Posteromedial surface of tibia Intersection: INferior surface of distal phalanges toes 2-5 Action: Flexion of joints of toes 2-5; plantar flexes ankle
flexor digitorum longus
Origin: Medial and posterior surfaces of ulna, medial surfaces of coronoid process, and interosseous membrane. Insertion: Bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Action: Flexion at distal interphalangeal joints, and to a lesser degree, proximal interphalangeal joints and wrists.
flexor digitorum profundus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; adjacent anterior surfaces of ulna and radius. Intersection: To bases of middle phalanges of digits 2-5 Action: Flexion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints.
flexor digitorum superificalis
Origin: Femoral condyles Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Plantar flexion at ankle; flexion at knee
gastrocnemius
Origin: Anterior iliac crest, lateral surface of ilium between posterior and anterior gluteal lines. Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Abduction and medial rotation at hip
glueteus medius
cyatic nerve runs down....
gluteous max
Origin: Iliac crest, posterior gluteal line, and lateral surface of ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion: Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur Action: Extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabilize the extended knee; abduction at the hip (superior fibers only)
gluteus maximus
Origin: Lateral surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Abduction and medial rotation at hip
gluteus minimus
Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis Insertion: Medial surface of tibia inferior to medial condyle. Action: Flexion and medial rotation at knee; adduction and medial rotation at hip.
gracilis
sternothyroid
green arrow
triad
group of three, pouching in of the sarcolemma
SMT
hyoid bone
Origin: Iliac fossa Insertion: Femur distal to lesser trochanter; tendon fused with that of psoas major. Action: Flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints
iliacus
what is thoracolumbar fascia made up of?
iliocostalis longissmus spinalis
get smaller
in the sliding filament theory, H and I band ______
gets larger
in the sliding filament theory, the zone of overlap ____
brachialis
inferior to biceps brachii
rhomboid major
inferior to rhomboid minor
quadratus femoris
inferior to superior gemelli
teres major
inferior to teres minor
Origin: Infraspinatus fossa of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Lateral rotation at shoulder
infraspinatus
Origin: Superior border of each rib Insertion: Inferior border of the more superior rib Action: Depress ribs
internal intercostals
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest Insertion: Inferior surfaces of ribs 9-12, costal cartilages 8-10, linea alba, and pubis. Action: Compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes, or rotates vertebral column to same side.
internal oblique
extensor carpi radialis longus
is an antagonist
ICT
jugular notch
tensor fasciae latae muscle
lateral muscle running its fibers gluteus maximus forming the IT band
Origin: Spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward
latissimus dorsi
extensor hallucis longus
leads to great toe
Origin: transverse processes of first four cervical vertabrae. Insertion: Vertebral border of scapula near superior angle. Action: Elevates scapula
levator scapulae
I band
light band
posterior cervical triangle
location of brachial plexus (separates anterior and middle scalenes)
sartorius
longest muscle in body
h band
middle of A band; thick filaments only
m line
middle of sarcomere
cardiac muscle
mono or binucleated
muscle fiber
muscle cell
synergist
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
antagonist
muscles whose actions oppose agonist
actin filaments
myosin binding heads will turn towards _____
Origin: Lateral and medial margins of obturator foramen Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter Action: Lateral rotation and abduction of hip; helps to maintain stability and integrity of the hip
obturator internus
Origin: Superior border of the scapula near the scapular notch Insertion: Hyoid bone Action: Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
omohyoid
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis (I Like Spaghetti)
order of erector spinae group that extend erector spinae
muscle, fascicle, fiber/cell, myofibril, sarcomere
organization of muscle to sarcomere 5
stationary
origin , multiple
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum Action: flexion of wrist
palmaris longus
Origin: Superior ramus of pubis Insertion: Pectineal line inferior to lesser trochanter of femur Action: Flexion and adduction at hip
pectineus
Origin: cartilages of ribs. 2-6, body of sternum, and inferior, medial portion of clavicle. Insertion: crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus. Action: flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus
pectoralis major
Origin: Anterior surfaces and superior margins of ribs 3-5 and fascia covering the associated external intercostal muscles. Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula. Action: Protracts and depresses shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves inferiorly (downward rotation); elevates ribs if scapula is stationary
pectoralis minor
Origin: Anterolateral surface of sacrum Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Lateral rotation and abduction of hip; helps to maintain stability and integrity of the hip
piriformis
what laterally rotates the hip?
piriformis superior gamellius obturator internus inferior gemellius quadratic femoris
what is between gastrocnemius and soleus?
plantaris
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal tibial sheath. Action: Medial rotation of tibia (or lateral rotation of femur) at knee; flexion at knee
popliteus
Origin: Anterior surfaces and transverse processes of vertebrae (T12-L5) Insertion: Lesser trochanter in company with iliacus Action: Flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints
posas major
iliocostalis, longissmus, and spinalis are all...?
primary muscles that erect the spine or extend
t tubule
projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell
Origin: Anterior and medial surfaces of distal ulna Insertion: Antherolater surface of distal portion of radius Action: Pronates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joints
pronator quadratus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: Middle of lateral surface of radius Action: pronates forearm and hand, medial rotation of radius, flexion at elbow
pronator teres
umbilicus goes down to...?
pubic symphysis
Origin: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest of femur Action: Lateral rotation of hip
quadratus femoris
Origin: Superior surface of pubis around symphysis Insertion: Inferior surfaces of cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process of sternum. Action: Depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen
rectus abdominis
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior acetabular rim of ilium Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, and patellar ligament. Action: Extension at knee; flexion at hip
rectus femoris
what makes up the quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
zygomaticus minor
red arrow
buccinator
red box (cheek/side of mouth)
mentalis
red box (chin)
prime movers, agonist
responsible for producing a particular movement
Origin: Spinous processes of superior thoracic vertebrae. Insertion: Vertebral border of scapula from spine to inferior angle. Action: Adducts and performs downward rotation of scapula.
rhomboid major
Origin: Spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T1 Insertion: Vertebral border of scapula Action: Adducts and performs downward rotation of scapula.
rhomboid minor
distal part of radius articulates with...
scaphoid and lunate
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia Action: Flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip
semimemrbanosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Proximal, medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity Action: Flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip
semitendinosus
skeletal muscle
sentitial or multinucleated
Origin: Anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-8 or 1-9 Insertion: Anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula Action: Protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves superiorly (upward rotation)
serratus anterior
SCT
site for palpation of carotid pulse; thyroid cartilage
SHT
site for palpation of submandibular gland and lymph nodes; angle of mandible above
voluntary, striated
skeletal muscle
involuntary, non-striated
smooth muscle
Origin: Head and proximal shaft of fibula, and adjacent posteromedial shaft of tibia Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (with gastrocnemius) Action: Plantar flexion at ankle; postural muscle when standing.
soleus
Insertion: Mastoid region of skull and lateral portion of superior nuchal line. Action: together they flex the neck; alone one side bends neck toward shoulder and turns face to opposite side.
sternocleidomastoid
what is between the anterior cervical and posterior cervical triangle?
sternocleidomastoif muscle
Origin: Clavicle and manubrium Insertion: Hyoid bone Action: Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
sternohyoid
Origin: Dorsal surface of manubrium and first costal cartilage Insertion: Thyroid cartilage of larynx Action: Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
sternothyroid
surface anatomy
study of anatomical landmarks on the exterior of human body; regional approach
Origin: First rib Insertion: Clavicle (inferior border) Action: Depresses and protracts shoulder
subclavius
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus Action: medial rotation at shoulder
subscapularis
Origin: Ischial spine Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter via tendon of obturatior internus Action: Lateral rotation and abduction of hip; helps to maintain stability and integrity of the hip
superior gemelli
rhomboid minor
superior to rhomboid major
teres minor
superior to teres major
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ridge near radial notch of ulna. Insertion: Anterolateral surface of radius distal to the radial tuberosity. supinates forearm, lateral rotation of radius
supinator
Divisions of anterior cervical triangle
suprahyoid triangle (SHT) superior carotid triangle (SCT) inferior carotid triangle (ICT)
Origin: Supraspinatus fossa of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Abduction at shoulder
supraspinatus
epimysium
surrounds entire muscle
Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris are both...?
synergist
lateral and medial malleous articulates with...
talus (why lower extremities are more stable than upper extremities.
Origin: Along temporal lines of skull Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible Action: Elevates mandible and closes jaw
temporalis
Origin: Inferior angle of scapula Insertion: Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus Action: Extension and medial rotation at shoulder.
teres major
Origin: Lateral border of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Lateral rotation and adduction at shoulder
teres minor
zone of overlap
the densest, darkest area on a light micrograph where thick and thin filaments overlap
myosin
thick filament
actin
thin filaments
Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal shaft of tibia Insertion: Base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform Action: Dorsiflexion at ankle; inversion of foot
tibialis anterior
Origin: Cartilages of ribs 6-12, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fasica. Insertion: Linea alba and pubis Action: Compresses abdomen
transverse abdominis
Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae. Action: Depends on active region and state of other muscles; may elevate, retract, depress, or rotate scapula upward and/or clavicle; can also extend neck.
trapezius
Origin: Humerus and/or scapula Insertion: olecranon of ulna Action: Extension at elbow
triceps brachii
prime mover and extends the elbow
triceps brachii
gastrocnemious and soleus form....?
triceps sherly group = forms achilles tendon
Origin: Anterior and inferior to greater trochanter of femur and along linea aspera (proximal half) Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, and patellar ligament. Action: Extension at knee; flexion at hip
vastus lateralis
Origin: Entire length of linea aspera of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, and patellar ligament. Action: Extension at knee; flexion at hip
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
weak hip flexor
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
what are the flexors of the elbow?
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
what are the flexors of the wrist?
masseter, temporal
what are the muscles of mastification
teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis
what are the rotator cuff muscles?
troponin
what holds tropomyosin in place
frontal belly
white arrow (#1)
occipital belly
white arrow (#18)
orbicularis oculi
white arrow (#2)
masseter
white arrow (#27)
transverse abdominis
yellow box
