ANATOMY EXAM 3- Neural Tissue 2.0

During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron contrinues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the _____________wrap around it along its original path

Schwann cells

60) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane (3) arrival of nerve impulse at an axon terminal in the presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors

B. 3,1,5,2,4

All somatic neuromuscular synpases utilize ___________.

acetylcholine

Over 50 different neurotransmitter have been identified, but the best known is __________.

acetylcholine

the neuromuscular synapse is a chemical synapse that releases the neurotransmitter__________________.

acetylcholine

neuroglia in the nervous system function to ______________.

act as phagocytes

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands are regulated by the ___________.

autonomic nervous system

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the _________.

axon

the area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the _________.

axon hillock

movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ____________.

axoplasmic transport

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses?

both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synpase

the central nervous system (CNS) includes the __________

brain and spinal cord

the cell body usually has several branching __________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment.

dendrites

When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distribute to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________.

divergence

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ___________.

ependymal cells

which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

___________ is the ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus.

excitability

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynpatic membrane include which of the following?

excitatory or inhibitory responses result

Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________.

function rather than on anatomical grounds

In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ___________.

ganglia

satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________.

ganglia

If an axon ____________, the impulse will be conducted __________.

has a larger diameter;more rapidly

Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, __________.

it is rendered incapable of dividing

When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ____________.

it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the axon terminals

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?

near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

The nervous system includes all of the _________tissue in the body.

neural

The surface of the brain is called the __________.

neural cortex

which of the following is gray matter?

neural cortex

bundles of neurofilaments, called ____________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon.

neurofibrils

the cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the

neurons

At a chemical synpase, the neurons communicate via __________.

neurotransmitters

areas of a myleinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called

nodes

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ___________.

nuclei

When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the __________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon

permeability

Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ____________.

postganglionic fibers

________________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

proprioceptors

A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called _________.

serial processing

microglia are (the)___________.

smallest neuroglial cell

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

receptors may be classified as _____________.

somatic and visceral

neurotransmitters are ________.

stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane

To transmit a nerve impulse in chemical synpases, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ____________ and the binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

synaptic cleft

the structural classification of a neuron is based upon

the number of processes that project from the cell body

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ___________.

visceral motor fibers

areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ____________.

white matter

glial cells are roughly _________times more prevalent than neurons

5

A neuronal pool is ________.

A group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

Interneurons ______________.

A) are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs B) are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord C) can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons D) are located between sensory and motor neurons E) All of the answers are correct.

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ___________.

A) motor pathways B) descending pathways C) efferent pathways D. all of the answers are correct

functions of the nervous system include the following

A) seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions B) receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output C) regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities D) integrating and processing data E) all of the answers are correct

A neuron in which the dendrite and axonal processes are continuous, and the cell body lies off to one side is called a bipolar neuron

FALSE

A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles

FALSE

Exteroceptors provide sensations of deep pressure and pain, as well as the sense of taste.

FALSE

Oligodendrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells, having a variety of functions

FALSE

Parallel processing occurs in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next.

FALSE

The significant organizational differences between the neural tissue of the CNS and that of the PNS are primarily due to differences in the neuron cell populations

FALSE

A connection between the brain and other organs and systems in the body is called a pathway.

TRUE

A neuron, which has several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches in a multipolar neuron

TRUE

A small neuron in which there are no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons is called an anaxonic neuron

TRUE

Astrocytes function in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which isolates the CNS from the general circulation

TRUE

In convergence, several neurons synpase on the same postsynaptic neuron.

TRUE

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that affects voluntary skeletal muscles

TRUE

The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by ependymal cells, which are cubodial to columnar in form and have slender processes that branch extensively

TRUE

Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs

TRUE

somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.

TRUE

actions potential result from ________.

a change in the membrane potential of axons

Electrical synpase are unique, because they have _________.

a communicating junction

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?

along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?

astrocytes

the anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ___________.

central and peripheral nervous system

In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ___________.

communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells

muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ___________.

effectors

The _________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.

efferent

The type of synpase that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fatest communication, is the ____________ synapse.

electrical

Nonvesicular synpases, also termed _________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS

electrical synapses

The nervous system and the ___________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs,

endocrine

The process of reverberation involves ___________.

extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynpatic neurons

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons?

exteroceptors

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another or effector if ____________.

its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ____________.

macrophages phagocytize the debris of damage axons

myelin is a ___________.

made of phospholipids

An inhibitory response _________.

makes an action potential less likely

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of _______.

microglia

which of the following selections lists only types of neuroglial cells?

microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes ____________.

provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ______________

providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

The functional classification of neurons includes____________, which carry information toward the CNS

sensory neurons

Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ______________.

the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes

A communicating junction acts to facilitate ___________

the passage of ions between the cells

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon _______.

the presence or absence of a myelin sheath

In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the axon terminal immediately triggers ___________.

the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the presynaptic membrane

collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called __________.

tracts