ANATOMY EXAM 3- Neural Tissue 2.0
During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron contrinues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the _____________wrap around it along its original path
Schwann cells
60) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane (3) arrival of nerve impulse at an axon terminal in the presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors
B. 3,1,5,2,4
All somatic neuromuscular synpases utilize ___________.
acetylcholine
Over 50 different neurotransmitter have been identified, but the best known is __________.
acetylcholine
the neuromuscular synapse is a chemical synapse that releases the neurotransmitter__________________.
acetylcholine
neuroglia in the nervous system function to ______________.
act as phagocytes
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands are regulated by the ___________.
autonomic nervous system
The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the _________.
axon
the area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the _________.
axon hillock
movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ____________.
axoplasmic transport
Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses?
both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synpase
the central nervous system (CNS) includes the __________
brain and spinal cord
the cell body usually has several branching __________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment.
dendrites
When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distribute to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________.
divergence
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ___________.
ependymal cells
which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?
ependymal cells
___________ is the ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus.
excitability
The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynpatic membrane include which of the following?
excitatory or inhibitory responses result
Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________.
function rather than on anatomical grounds
In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ___________.
ganglia
satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________.
ganglia
If an axon ____________, the impulse will be conducted __________.
has a larger diameter;more rapidly
Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, __________.
it is rendered incapable of dividing
When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ____________.
it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the axon terminals
If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?
near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS
The nervous system includes all of the _________tissue in the body.
neural
The surface of the brain is called the __________.
neural cortex
which of the following is gray matter?
neural cortex
bundles of neurofilaments, called ____________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon.
neurofibrils
the cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the
neurons
At a chemical synpase, the neurons communicate via __________.
neurotransmitters
areas of a myleinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called
nodes
Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ___________.
nuclei
When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the __________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon
permeability
Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ____________.
postganglionic fibers
________________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
proprioceptors
A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called _________.
serial processing
microglia are (the)___________.
smallest neuroglial cell
Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
receptors may be classified as _____________.
somatic and visceral
neurotransmitters are ________.
stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane
To transmit a nerve impulse in chemical synpases, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ____________ and the binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
synaptic cleft
the structural classification of a neuron is based upon
the number of processes that project from the cell body
Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ___________.
visceral motor fibers
areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ____________.
white matter
glial cells are roughly _________times more prevalent than neurons
5
A neuronal pool is ________.
A group of interconnected neurons with specific functions
Interneurons ______________.
A) are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs B) are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord C) can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons D) are located between sensory and motor neurons E) All of the answers are correct.
Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ___________.
A) motor pathways B) descending pathways C) efferent pathways D. all of the answers are correct
functions of the nervous system include the following
A) seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions B) receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output C) regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities D) integrating and processing data E) all of the answers are correct
A neuron in which the dendrite and axonal processes are continuous, and the cell body lies off to one side is called a bipolar neuron
FALSE
A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles
FALSE
Exteroceptors provide sensations of deep pressure and pain, as well as the sense of taste.
FALSE
Oligodendrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells, having a variety of functions
FALSE
Parallel processing occurs in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next.
FALSE
The significant organizational differences between the neural tissue of the CNS and that of the PNS are primarily due to differences in the neuron cell populations
FALSE
A connection between the brain and other organs and systems in the body is called a pathway.
TRUE
A neuron, which has several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches in a multipolar neuron
TRUE
A small neuron in which there are no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons is called an anaxonic neuron
TRUE
Astrocytes function in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which isolates the CNS from the general circulation
TRUE
In convergence, several neurons synpase on the same postsynaptic neuron.
TRUE
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that affects voluntary skeletal muscles
TRUE
The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by ependymal cells, which are cubodial to columnar in form and have slender processes that branch extensively
TRUE
Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs
TRUE
somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.
TRUE
actions potential result from ________.
a change in the membrane potential of axons
Electrical synpase are unique, because they have _________.
a communicating junction
To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?
along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not
If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?
astrocytes
the anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ___________.
central and peripheral nervous system
In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ___________.
communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells
muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ___________.
effectors
The _________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.
efferent
The type of synpase that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fatest communication, is the ____________ synapse.
electrical
Nonvesicular synpases, also termed _________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS
electrical synapses
The nervous system and the ___________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs,
endocrine
The process of reverberation involves ___________.
extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynpatic neurons
Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons?
exteroceptors
A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another or effector if ____________.
its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted
In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ____________.
macrophages phagocytize the debris of damage axons
myelin is a ___________.
made of phospholipids
An inhibitory response _________.
makes an action potential less likely
A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of _______.
microglia
which of the following selections lists only types of neuroglial cells?
microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes ____________.
provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons
Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ______________
providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems
The functional classification of neurons includes____________, which carry information toward the CNS
sensory neurons
Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ______________.
the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes
A communicating junction acts to facilitate ___________
the passage of ions between the cells
The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon _______.
the presence or absence of a myelin sheath
In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the axon terminal immediately triggers ___________.
the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the presynaptic membrane
collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called __________.
tracts
