Anatomy Final

A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited the following manifestations: normal tension in skeletal muscle, disturbed fine motor control, exhibited tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is most likely damaged?

1. the cerebellum

What is the role of the red nuclei?

1. unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the

1. withdrawal reflex

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.

12;31

The spinal cord ends at the

2nd lumbar vertebrae.

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5, 3, 2, 4, 1

Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?

8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Which of the following statements concerning smooth muscle is true?

A calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross-bridge formation.

Treppe

A. can contribute to improved muscle efficiency. B. may be due to an increase in the level of calcium ions around the myofibril. C. is an example of a graded response. D. is achieved during warm-up exercises. E. All of these choices are correct.

The accessory nerve

A. has fibers that join the vagus nerve. B. has both a cranial and a spinal component. C. provides innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. D. is cranial nerve XI. E. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following situations will lead to hyperpolarization?

A. increase the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ ions B. decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ ions C. decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to chloride ions D. any positive ion entering the cell E. None of these situations will lead to hyperpolarization.

Aerobic exercise

A. increases vascularity of muscle. B. develops fatigue-resistant fast-twitch fibers. C. can increase the efficiency of slow-twitch fibers. D. can increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells. E. All of these choices are correct.

The speed of an action potential depends upon

A. whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated. B. thickness of the myelin sheath. C. the diameter of the axon. D. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?

Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.

Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?

Both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?

C. have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly

Contracting the trapezius muscle would

E. extend and laterally flex the neck.

Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?

Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve.

The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the

Golgi tendon reflex.

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?

It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

Which of the following is NOT true of muscular atrophy?

It is irreversible.

Which of the following is NOT true of the latch state of smooth muscle contraction?

It occurs when the phosphate is removed while the cross-bridges are not attached to actin.

In hyperpolarization

K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell.

Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential?

Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell.

Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch?

The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.

What is a triad?

a T tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae

A synergist is

a group of muscles that work together to cause movement.

An isometric contraction is described as

a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.

An isotonic contraction is described as

a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.

A concentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

An eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.

An antagonist is

a muscle working in opposition to another muscle.

What is tropomyosin?

a protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix

In which of the following situations does a resting membrane potential exist?

a relaxed muscle fiber

Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue?

accessory

Dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle could result from damage to the

accessory nerve.

Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine

What is the only neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the

actin myofilaments.

During the contraction phase of a muscle twitch,

actin-myosin cross-bridges form.

Tetanus of muscles is described as

action potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs.

The oculomotor nerve

adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.

Which type of respiration do resting muscles depend upon?

aerobic respiration

Which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria?

aerobic respiration

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called

an all-or-none response.

In which type of respiration does lactic acid build up in muscle fibers?

anaerobic respiration

Which type of respiraiton rapidly produces ATP for short time periods?

anaerobic respiration

The mammillary bodies

are involved in emotional responses to odors.

The abducens nerves

are involved in eye movement.

Microglia

are phagocytic cells in the CNS.

Dendrites

are the input part of the neuron.

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control.

Nissl bodies are

areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the

astrocyte.

The substantia nigra interconnects with the

basal nuclei.

What does "E" represent?

biceps brachii

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are

bipolar.

What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?

blood-brain barrier

During short periods of intense exercise, energy in muscles is primarily derived from

both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown.

In smooth muscle, cross-bridging occurs due to

both calcium binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads.

Which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic?

both cardiac and smooth muscle

Which type of muscle tissue possesses striations?

both skeletal and cardiac muscle

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

White matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons.

Neurotransmitters

cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.

Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?

causes the spread of inflammation

The sarcolemma is the

cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

What does "E" represent??

central canal

The internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery join on the base of the brain to form the

cerebral arterial circle.

The flexion of the elbow represents a

class III lever system.

In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into

columns and the gray matter into horns.

The absolute refractory period assures

completion of repolarization before another action potential.

T tubules

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell.

A proper definition of muscle tone is

constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.

Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in

continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane.

A myofibril is the

contractile thread that extends the length of the muscle fiber.

The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

contractility.

If sodium ions cannot enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus,

contraction cannot occur.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

control the heart rate

Which of the following occurs during recovery from oxygen deficit?

conversion of excess lactic acid to glucose

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys action potentials to the CNS.

What does "D" represent?

coracobrachialis

Rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross-bridges form but can't release.

Sarcoplasm is the

cytoplasm of muscle cells.

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

What does "A" represent?

deltoid

Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in

depolarization

The pyramids of the medulla contain

descending motor tracts.

Receptor molecules

determine whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory.

Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in

difficulty breathing.

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the

digestive tract.

What does "A" represent??

dorsal root

What does "B" represent??

dorsal root ganglion

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as

dorsal root.

There are ________ cervical spinal nerves.

eight

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)

enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.

Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the

ependymal cells.

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

epidural space

Which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?

epimysium

Functionally, smooth muscle

exhibits autorhythmic contractions.

Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis.

Label muscle "C" on the diagram.

external oblique

A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?

facial

When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?

facial

Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?

facial

Facial expression is regulated by the

facial nerve.

Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve.

facial nerve.

Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve.

facial, trigeminal

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to A. maintain posture longer.

fall.

The portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the

flocculonodular lobe.

The spinal cord begins at the

foramen magnum.

One ATP molecule is required for

formation of the cross-bridge, for movement of the cross-bridge, and for release of the cross-bridge.

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is

from node to node on a myelinated axon.

The adductor longus is named for its

function and size.

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia.

Troponin

has a calcium-binding site.

Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they both

have striations.

Which of the following represents a class I lever system?

hyperextension of the head

Which of the following is NOT a known effect of illegal use of anabolic steroids in large dosages?

increased cardiovascular fitness

Which of the following changes have the potential to dramatically affect the potential difference across the plasma membrane?

increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions and increased intracellular concentration of potassium ions

One cause of spastic paralysis might be

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

innervate the salivary glands.

Facial muscles are unusual in that they

insert and sometimes originate on skin and connective tissue.

When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment of the muscle is termed its

insertion.

Label muscle "E" on the diagram.

internal oblique

All spinal nerves from C2 to L5 exit the vertebral column through a(n)

intervertebral foramen.

The electrical properties of cells are the result of

ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane.

The conus medullaris

is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

Muscle atrophy

is characterized by a decrease in muscle size.

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

is insensitive to further stimulation.

The glossopharyngeal nerve

is involved in the sense of taste.

Complete tetanus

is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations.

The refractory period

is the time during which the tissue cannot respond again.

In the body's lever systems, the

joint represents the fulcrum point.

A waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is

lactic acid.

Smooth, flowing movements are the result of fine motor coordination in the

lateral cerebellar hemispheres.

Label structure "B" on the diagram.

linea alba

Label muscle "B" on the diagram.

masseter

Which of the following muscles is involved in chewing gum?

masseter

An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the

median nerve.

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

medulla oblongata

A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the

medulla oblongata.

A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the

medulla oblongata.

During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the

midbrain and diencephalon.

The nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and V are located in the

midbrain.

A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect

movement.

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of

movement.

Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

musculocutaneous

Skeletal muscle develops from multinucleated cells called

myoblasts

In excitation-contraction coupling,

myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin.

Which of the following causes an unequal ion concentration across the resting plasma membrane?

negatively charged proteins do not readily diffuse across the plasma membrane

Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed?

neuromuscular junction

The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

neuromuscular junctions.

Which of the following events occurs on the postsynaptic membrane?

neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule

Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of _____ on blood vessels.

nitric oxide (NO)

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

nodes of Ranvier.

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called

nuclei.

Raising the eyebrows is the action of the _____ muscles.

occipitofrontalis

Visceral smooth muscle

occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions.

An action potential

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.

Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the

oculomotor nerve.

A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the _____ cranial nerve?

olfactory

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

oligodendrocyte

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

only motor fibers.

The type of muscle that functions as a sphincter is

orbicular.

Label muscle "E" on the diagram..

orbicularis oculi

The brachioradialis is named for its

origin and insertion.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the mastoid process of the temporal bone to the sternum and medial clavicle. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head is flexed. The end of the muscle that connects to the sternum is the

origin.

When repolarization of the cell membrane is complete, the

original polarity of the cell is restored.

What does "B" represent?

pectoralis major

The type of muscle that can contract with the greatest force is the

pennate

Muscles that have their fasciculi arranged like barbs of a feather along a common tendon are called

pennate.

Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep?

pons

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?

pons, medulla oblongata

The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the

pons.

The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the

pons.

The outside of the resting plasma membrane is __________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.

positively charged

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke

The blood-brain barrier

protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.

Branches of the ____ nerve are anesthetized before a doctor performs an episiotomy for childbirth.

pudendal

Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the _____ nerve.

radial

Too much acetylcholinesterase causes

rapid degradation of acetycholine.

Label muscle "D" on the diagram.

rectus abdominis

Reciprocal innervation

reinforces the withdrawal reflex.

What is smooth muscle tone?

relatively constant tension maintained for a period of time

After contraction has occurred, the calcium is

released from troponin.

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by

replacement of muscle cells by connective tissue.

Damage to pontine nuclei might affect

respiration.

Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system.

Multiple wave summation

results in complete and incomplete tetanus.

The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the

reticular formation.

Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?

right hypoglossal

Contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would

rotate the head toward the left.

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the

sacral plexus.

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.

sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions

T tubules are invaginations of the

sarcolemma.

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?

satellite cells

Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS?

satellite cells

When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve.

sciatic

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)

sensory or afferent neuron.

Label muscle "A" on the diagram.

serratus anterior

What does "C" represent?

serratus anterior

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fibers.

What type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?

skeletal muscle

The model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the

sliding filament model.

Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

sodium ions.

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

sodium ions.

Cranial nerve function includes

somatic motor.

What does "C" represent??

spinal nerve

Label muscle "C" on the diagram..

sternocleidomastoid

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions.

The muscle shape that has the capacity to shorten to the greatest degree is

straight.

A sarcomere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle cell.

During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?

subarachnoid space

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?

subarachnoid space

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

surrounds each muscle fiber.

Fascia

surrounds individual muscles.

The junction between two neurons is a

synapse.

The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an

synapse.

When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as

synergists.

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?

tectum (roof)

What part of the midbrain carries sensory tracts from the spinal cord?

tegmentum

Label muscle "A" on the diagram..

temporalis

A sustained muscle contraction is known as

tetanus

In order for muscle relaxation to occur

the active sites on actin must be blocked.

Oxygen deficit represents

the amount of oxygen that cells need to replenish ATP supplies after exercise.

What is a cross-bridge?

the combination of myosin heads with active sites on actin molecules

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is/are called

the cortex.

The insertion is

the end of the muscle where the action occurs.

What is the power stroke?

the movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament

Concentric contractions occur when

the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

The prime mover is

the muscle that does most of the movement.

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited.

Walking a tightrope would activate what portion(s) of the medulla?

the pyramids and the olives

Chemical synapses are characterized by

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.

The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect

the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.

The origin is

the stationary end of the muscle.

The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of

the stretch reflex.

The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+.

Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules?

thick myofilaments

A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the _____ level.

threshold

The sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle.

Label muscle "D" on the diagram..

trapezius

Which of the following muscles is named for its shape?

trapezius

Dentists anesthetize a portion of the _____ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.

trigeminal

A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the

trigeminal nerve.

Difficulty with chewing or an inability to chew might result from damage to the

trigeminal nerve.

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates only one muscle of the eyeball?

trochlear nerve

Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?

twitch

When a person hits their funny bone, they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.

ulnar

Damage to branches of the _____ nerve can interfere with normal speech.

vagus

Damage to which of the following cranial nerves might result in death?

vagus nerve

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

vagus nerve

What does "D" represent??

ventral root

The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the

ventral root.

A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?

vestibulocochlear

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called

voltage-gated ion channels.

Aerobic respiration

yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized.

What ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles?

calcium

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal,

calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated ion channels.