Anatomy Final
A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited the following manifestations: normal tension in skeletal muscle, disturbed fine motor control, exhibited tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is most likely damaged?
1. the cerebellum
What is the role of the red nuclei?
1. unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the
1. withdrawal reflex
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
12;31
The spinal cord ends at the
2nd lumbar vertebrae.
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
Which of the following statements concerning smooth muscle is true?
A calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross-bridge formation.
Treppe
A. can contribute to improved muscle efficiency. B. may be due to an increase in the level of calcium ions around the myofibril. C. is an example of a graded response. D. is achieved during warm-up exercises. E. All of these choices are correct.
The accessory nerve
A. has fibers that join the vagus nerve. B. has both a cranial and a spinal component. C. provides innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. D. is cranial nerve XI. E. All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following situations will lead to hyperpolarization?
A. increase the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ ions B. decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ ions C. decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to chloride ions D. any positive ion entering the cell E. None of these situations will lead to hyperpolarization.
Aerobic exercise
A. increases vascularity of muscle. B. develops fatigue-resistant fast-twitch fibers. C. can increase the efficiency of slow-twitch fibers. D. can increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells. E. All of these choices are correct.
The speed of an action potential depends upon
A. whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated. B. thickness of the myelin sheath. C. the diameter of the axon. D. All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?
Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.
Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?
Both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?
C. have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
Contracting the trapezius muscle would
E. extend and laterally flex the neck.
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve.
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the
Golgi tendon reflex.
Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?
It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
Which of the following is NOT true of muscular atrophy?
It is irreversible.
Which of the following is NOT true of the latch state of smooth muscle contraction?
It occurs when the phosphate is removed while the cross-bridges are not attached to actin.
In hyperpolarization
K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell.
Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential?
Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell.
Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch?
The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.
What is a triad?
a T tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae
A synergist is
a group of muscles that work together to cause movement.
An isometric contraction is described as
a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.
An isotonic contraction is described as
a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.
A concentric contraction is described as
a muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.
An eccentric contraction is described as
a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.
An antagonist is
a muscle working in opposition to another muscle.
What is tropomyosin?
a protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix
In which of the following situations does a resting membrane potential exist?
a relaxed muscle fiber
Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue?
accessory
Dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle could result from damage to the
accessory nerve.
Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
acetylcholine
What is the only neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine
The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the
actin myofilaments.
During the contraction phase of a muscle twitch,
actin-myosin cross-bridges form.
Tetanus of muscles is described as
action potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs.
The oculomotor nerve
adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.
Which type of respiration do resting muscles depend upon?
aerobic respiration
Which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria?
aerobic respiration
A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called
an all-or-none response.
In which type of respiration does lactic acid build up in muscle fibers?
anaerobic respiration
Which type of respiraiton rapidly produces ATP for short time periods?
anaerobic respiration
The mammillary bodies
are involved in emotional responses to odors.
The abducens nerves
are involved in eye movement.
Microglia
are phagocytic cells in the CNS.
Dendrites
are the input part of the neuron.
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control.
Nissl bodies are
areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the
astrocyte.
The substantia nigra interconnects with the
basal nuclei.
What does "E" represent?
biceps brachii
Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are
bipolar.
What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
During short periods of intense exercise, energy in muscles is primarily derived from
both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown.
In smooth muscle, cross-bridging occurs due to
both calcium binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads.
Which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic?
both cardiac and smooth muscle
Which type of muscle tissue possesses striations?
both skeletal and cardiac muscle
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.
brachial
White matter is composed of
bundles of myelinated axons.
Neurotransmitters
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?
causes the spread of inflammation
The sarcolemma is the
cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
What does "E" represent??
central canal
The internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery join on the base of the brain to form the
cerebral arterial circle.
The flexion of the elbow represents a
class III lever system.
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into
columns and the gray matter into horns.
The absolute refractory period assures
completion of repolarization before another action potential.
T tubules
conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell.
A proper definition of muscle tone is
constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.
Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in
continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane.
A myofibril is the
contractile thread that extends the length of the muscle fiber.
The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as
contractility.
If sodium ions cannot enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus,
contraction cannot occur.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
control the heart rate
Which of the following occurs during recovery from oxygen deficit?
conversion of excess lactic acid to glucose
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
conveys action potentials to the CNS.
What does "D" represent?
coracobrachialis
Rigor mortis occurs after death because
cross-bridges form but can't release.
Sarcoplasm is the
cytoplasm of muscle cells.
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
What does "A" represent?
deltoid
Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in
depolarization
The pyramids of the medulla contain
descending motor tracts.
Receptor molecules
determine whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory.
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in
difficulty breathing.
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the
digestive tract.
What does "A" represent??
dorsal root
What does "B" represent??
dorsal root ganglion
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as
dorsal root.
There are ________ cervical spinal nerves.
eight
Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)
enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.
Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the
ependymal cells.
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
epidural space
Which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?
epimysium
Functionally, smooth muscle
exhibits autorhythmic contractions.
Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of
exocytosis.
Label muscle "C" on the diagram.
external oblique
A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?
facial
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?
facial
Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?
facial
Facial expression is regulated by the
facial nerve.
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve.
facial nerve.
Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve.
facial, trigeminal
Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to A. maintain posture longer.
fall.
The portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the
flocculonodular lobe.
The spinal cord begins at the
foramen magnum.
One ATP molecule is required for
formation of the cross-bridge, for movement of the cross-bridge, and for release of the cross-bridge.
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is
from node to node on a myelinated axon.
The adductor longus is named for its
function and size.
Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
ganglia.
Troponin
has a calcium-binding site.
Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they both
have striations.
Which of the following represents a class I lever system?
hyperextension of the head
Which of the following is NOT a known effect of illegal use of anabolic steroids in large dosages?
increased cardiovascular fitness
Which of the following changes have the potential to dramatically affect the potential difference across the plasma membrane?
increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions and increased intracellular concentration of potassium ions
One cause of spastic paralysis might be
inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
innervate the salivary glands.
Facial muscles are unusual in that they
insert and sometimes originate on skin and connective tissue.
When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment of the muscle is termed its
insertion.
Label muscle "E" on the diagram.
internal oblique
All spinal nerves from C2 to L5 exit the vertebral column through a(n)
intervertebral foramen.
The electrical properties of cells are the result of
ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane.
The conus medullaris
is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
Muscle atrophy
is characterized by a decrease in muscle size.
During the absolute refractory period, the cell
is insensitive to further stimulation.
The glossopharyngeal nerve
is involved in the sense of taste.
Complete tetanus
is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations.
The refractory period
is the time during which the tissue cannot respond again.
In the body's lever systems, the
joint represents the fulcrum point.
A waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is
lactic acid.
Smooth, flowing movements are the result of fine motor coordination in the
lateral cerebellar hemispheres.
Label structure "B" on the diagram.
linea alba
Label muscle "B" on the diagram.
masseter
Which of the following muscles is involved in chewing gum?
masseter
An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the
median nerve.
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
medulla oblongata
A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the
medulla oblongata.
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the
medulla oblongata.
During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the
midbrain and diencephalon.
The nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and V are located in the
midbrain.
A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect
movement.
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of
movement.
Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous
Skeletal muscle develops from multinucleated cells called
myoblasts
In excitation-contraction coupling,
myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin.
Which of the following causes an unequal ion concentration across the resting plasma membrane?
negatively charged proteins do not readily diffuse across the plasma membrane
Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed?
neuromuscular junction
The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
neuromuscular junctions.
Which of the following events occurs on the postsynaptic membrane?
neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule
Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of _____ on blood vessels.
nitric oxide (NO)
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
nodes of Ranvier.
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called
nuclei.
Raising the eyebrows is the action of the _____ muscles.
occipitofrontalis
Visceral smooth muscle
occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions.
An action potential
occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the
oculomotor nerve.
A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the _____ cranial nerve?
olfactory
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?
oligodendrocyte
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
only motor fibers.
The type of muscle that functions as a sphincter is
orbicular.
Label muscle "E" on the diagram..
orbicularis oculi
The brachioradialis is named for its
origin and insertion.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the mastoid process of the temporal bone to the sternum and medial clavicle. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head is flexed. The end of the muscle that connects to the sternum is the
origin.
When repolarization of the cell membrane is complete, the
original polarity of the cell is restored.
What does "B" represent?
pectoralis major
The type of muscle that can contract with the greatest force is the
pennate
Muscles that have their fasciculi arranged like barbs of a feather along a common tendon are called
pennate.
Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep?
pons
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
pons, medulla oblongata
The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the
pons.
The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the
pons.
The outside of the resting plasma membrane is __________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.
positively charged
When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the
power stroke
The blood-brain barrier
protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.
Branches of the ____ nerve are anesthetized before a doctor performs an episiotomy for childbirth.
pudendal
Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the _____ nerve.
radial
Too much acetylcholinesterase causes
rapid degradation of acetycholine.
Label muscle "D" on the diagram.
rectus abdominis
Reciprocal innervation
reinforces the withdrawal reflex.
What is smooth muscle tone?
relatively constant tension maintained for a period of time
After contraction has occurred, the calcium is
released from troponin.
Muscular dystrophy is characterized by
replacement of muscle cells by connective tissue.
Damage to pontine nuclei might affect
respiration.
Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle
responds to stimulation by the nervous system.
Multiple wave summation
results in complete and incomplete tetanus.
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the
reticular formation.
Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?
right hypoglossal
Contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would
rotate the head toward the left.
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the
sacral plexus.
Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.
sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions
T tubules are invaginations of the
sarcolemma.
What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?
satellite cells
Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS?
satellite cells
When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve.
sciatic
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)
sensory or afferent neuron.
Label muscle "A" on the diagram.
serratus anterior
What does "C" represent?
serratus anterior
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the
size of muscle fibers.
What type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?
skeletal muscle
The model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the
sliding filament model.
Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions.
Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions.
Cranial nerve function includes
somatic motor.
What does "C" represent??
spinal nerve
Label muscle "C" on the diagram..
sternocleidomastoid
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions.
The muscle shape that has the capacity to shorten to the greatest degree is
straight.
A sarcomere is the
structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle cell.
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?
subarachnoid space
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?
subarachnoid space
Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that
surrounds each muscle fiber.
Fascia
surrounds individual muscles.
The junction between two neurons is a
synapse.
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an
synapse.
When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as
synergists.
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?
tectum (roof)
What part of the midbrain carries sensory tracts from the spinal cord?
tegmentum
Label muscle "A" on the diagram..
temporalis
A sustained muscle contraction is known as
tetanus
In order for muscle relaxation to occur
the active sites on actin must be blocked.
Oxygen deficit represents
the amount of oxygen that cells need to replenish ATP supplies after exercise.
What is a cross-bridge?
the combination of myosin heads with active sites on actin molecules
Gray matter on the surface of the brain is/are called
the cortex.
The insertion is
the end of the muscle where the action occurs.
What is the power stroke?
the movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament
Concentric contractions occur when
the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.
The prime mover is
the muscle that does most of the movement.
Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying
the number of motor units recruited.
Walking a tightrope would activate what portion(s) of the medulla?
the pyramids and the olives
Chemical synapses are characterized by
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The origin is
the stationary end of the muscle.
The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of
the stretch reflex.
The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because
there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+.
Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules?
thick myofilaments
A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the _____ level.
threshold
The sciatic nerve is composed of the
tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle.
Label muscle "D" on the diagram..
trapezius
Which of the following muscles is named for its shape?
trapezius
Dentists anesthetize a portion of the _____ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.
trigeminal
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the
trigeminal nerve.
Difficulty with chewing or an inability to chew might result from damage to the
trigeminal nerve.
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates only one muscle of the eyeball?
trochlear nerve
Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?
twitch
When a person hits their funny bone, they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.
ulnar
Damage to branches of the _____ nerve can interfere with normal speech.
vagus
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves might result in death?
vagus nerve
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
vagus nerve
What does "D" represent??
ventral root
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the
ventral root.
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called
voltage-gated ion channels.
Aerobic respiration
yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized.
What ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles?
calcium
When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal,
calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated ion channels.