Anatomy Final Review Part 2

Functions of the blood

-distribution of respiratory gases -delivery of hormones -temperature regulation -defense against diseases

Increases heart rate

-epinephrine -temperature -fever -thyroid hormones

A nerve associated with the motor activities of swallowing is called the ____ nerve

accessory

The nerve that controls the muscles of the pharynx and larynx is called the _____ nerve

accessory

Where in a neuron are neurotransmitters located

axon terminals

The indicator of peripheral blood flow is

cardiac output

The muscle that can contract to withdraw the testes close to the body is the

cremaster

A neuron that is not able to maintain ion gradients is best called

dead

General digestive activities during the alarm phase of the stress response will

decrease

Sheaths of _____ cells often enclose the axons outside of the brain and spinal cord

glial (myelin)

Elevated, finger-like ridges

gyri

The percent of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements is the

hematocrit

The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine systems are

hormones

The tissue separating the two upper chambers of the heart is the

interatrial septum

The first phase of ventricular systole which builds pressure but does not create enough pressure to open the semilunar valves is

isovolumetric contraction

Where is the cardiac notch located

left superior lobe

The thickest layer of the heart is the

myocardium

The nerve associated with the sense of smell is the ___ nerve

olfactory

Major role of hemoglobin

oxygen transport

The fluid lubricating the opposing surfaces of membrane in the pericardial cavity is called

pericardial fluid

The diaphragm is innervated by the

phrenic nerve

Spermatogenesis occurs in the

seminiferous tubules

During an action potential, repolarization occurs as a result of

sodium ions diffusing to the outside of the cell membrane

Cranial nerves are to the brain what spinal nerves are to the

spinal cord

The most common cancer fatality in men ages 15 to 35 is

testicular

The primary gonad in males is the

testis

Arterial blood is bright red because

the hemes carry oxygen

Blood from pulmonary trunk goes

to the lungs

The right atrioventricular valve is the

tricuspid

Hollow chambers within the brain lined by ependymal cells, filled with CSF, connected by a series of canals

ventricles

Dartos muscles will retract

when the testicles become cold

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

white

When a muscle or nerve cell is "polarized"

- high concentration of sodium on outside of cell -high concentration of potassium on the inside of the cell

Chemical substances released fro the presynaptic terminal

-bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane -may inhabit or stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane depending on receptors -are normally broken down by enzymes located in the synapse -are called neurotransmitters

Function of respiratory tract

-filtering incoming air -warming incoming air -reabsorbing water from outgoing air -moving air toward low respiratory tract

Which of the following statements are true of myelin? 1. Myelinated neurons conducts APs faster than non-myelinated neurons 2. Myelinated neurons appear red in color 3. Myelin is a fat

1 and 3

The typical adult female hematocrit is ____ percent

42

When the heart rate is 70 bpm and the stroke volume is 80 mL, what is the cardiac output

5600 mL/min

A patient has a tidal volume of 450 mL. Their inspiratory reserve is 3000 mL and they are known to have a vital capacity of 4350. What is the expiratory reserve for this patient?

900 mL

Disease that is most associated with motor neurons

ALS / Lou Gehrig's disease

If the normal pacemaker of the heart fails, the job will be taken over by the

AV node

Two hormones made by the pancreas and their functions

Alpha cells: glucagon increase blood sugar Beta cells: insulin decreases blood sugar or controls it

Type of neuroglial cell

Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cell

Two hormones made by the adrenal glands and their function

Cortisol- reduces inflammation Aldosterone- causes the kidneys to take in more water & sodium

A recording of the electrical events in the heart is an

ECG

GnRH induces the release of the anterior pituitary hormones

LH and FSH

Functions of the ovaries

Produce oocytes Secrete sex hormones Secrete inhibin to control FSH levels

Two hormones made by the anterior pituitary gland and their functions

Prolactin- comes in mammory glands to lactate Growth Hormone- muscles to grow

The pacemaker of the heart is normally the

SA node

When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of

Sodium ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and potassium ions is higher on the inside

Airplanes are designed to automatically drop oxygen masks for passengers in the unlikely event of loss of cabin pressure. Explain from a respiratory physiology perspective, why this is so

The loss of external pressure will make it harder to breathe because pressure outside of the lungs is less than inside

TTX is a toxin that blocks the Na+ channels from opening. What effect would this have on the function of neurons (specifically the action

The neurons would be unable to depolarize

The structure that secretes hormones associated with fat metabolism and appetite regulation is the

adipose tissue

Breathing through the nose rather than breathing through the mouth is advantageous because

air is warmed on inhalation

Hormones that are made by the hypothalamus are secreted by the

anterior/posterior pituitary

Blood from the left ventricle will pass through the

aortic semilunar valve

Thin, membranous covering between dura and pia mater

arachnoid mater

Inner white matter of cerebellum

arbor vitae

Drugs that decrease membrane permeability to sodium

are used as local anesthetics prevent nerve impulses from passing cause a loss in the perception of pain

Re-uptake mechanisms can be found _______

at the axon terminal

Contraction of the upper chambers of the heart is called

atrial systole

When the cardiac cycle begins, the

atrioventricular valve is open and the semilunar valves are closed

The transmission of endocrine signals occurs through

blood

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, full of tracts that carry spinal cord to brain and brain to spinal cord, controls many reflexes that regulate life-sustaining functions

brain stem

Low pressure and slow flow rates are characteristics of favorable

capillary exchange

The dominant factor influencing respiratory activity is

carbon dioxide levels

Pressure gradient adjustments can be generated by changing

cardiac output and/or peripheral resistance

Baroreceptors are located in

carotid arteries and the aorta

Cerebrum's left and right

cerebral hemispheres

Largest portion of an adult brain

cerebrum

The muscle of the neck and thoracic cavity are innervated by the

cervical plexus

The chemical characteristic that guides white blood cells toward damaged tissue is called

chemotaxis

The pleasurable sensations during female sexual activity is generated with stimulation to the

clitoris

When the ventricles are relaxed the semilunar valves are ______ and the atrioventricular valves are _______

closed ; open

The final step in the coagulation phase is

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

The vessels that supply blood to the heart are called the

coronary arteries

The deep groove marking the border between the atria and the ventricles is the

coronary sulcus

Separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

corpus callosum

Exhalation causes the thoracic cavity volume to ____ and air pressure inside the lungs to _____

decrease ; increase

Which the following shows the order of propagation for an action potential on a neuron

dendrite > cell body > axon > synapse

The cytoplasmic extensions that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are

dendrites

The right atrium recieves

deoxygenated blood from the vena cava

A nerve impulse consists of a wave of __________ moving away from a point of stimulation

depolarization

Damage to spinal nerves can be detected as characteristic loss of sensation in skin patches called

dermatomes

As alveolar oxygen levels increase, arterioles serving the capillaries surrounding those alveoli react by

dialating

The process of white blood cells migrating out capillaries to the surrounding tissue is called

diapedesis

The apex of the heart lies superior to the

diaphragm

Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

Thalamus and hypothalamus, between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem, surrounds the third ventricle

diencephalon

The varicella-zoster virus that causes chicken pox can lie dormant for years in the

dorsal roots of spinal nerves

Structure would be manipulated to effect permanent male sterilization

ductus deferens

Through the adrenal medulla, the hypothalamus stimulates release of

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia is called

erythropoietin

Primary follicles make and secrete

estrogen

Which of following is a primary respiratory muscle

external intercostal

A nerve that innervates some of the salivary glands is called the ____ nerve

facial

The nerve that detects taste on the front of the tongue is called the ___ nerve

facial

T/F Nodes of Ranvier occur between adjacent neurons

false

Bundles of axons in peripheral nerves are called

fascicles

The plasma component with a role in blood clotting is called

fibrinogen

Ovulation separates the _________ phase from the _______ phase in the ovaries

follicular; luteal

Oxyhemoglobin consists of

four oxygen molecules and four hemes

The cells within the nervous system that fill spaces and give support to neurons are called

glial

The nerve that detects pH, blood pressure, and carbon dioxide levels is called the _____ nerve

glossopharyngeal

The nerve that innervates the parotid salivary gland is called the ___ nerve

glossopharyngeal

Increase when epinephrine and norepinephrine are released

glycogen production

The reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones are called

gonads

The structure that serves as a bony separation between the nasal and oral cavities is called the

hard palate

The precursor multipoint stem cell for hematopoiesis is called a

hemocytoblast

Hyperventilation will result in

hypocapnia

The nerve that controls the tongue muscles is called the ___ nerve

hypoglossal

Sylvia is pregnant and experiencing anemia. As a result of her ____, her kidneys will attempt to re-establish homeostasis by releasing _____

hypoxia, erythropoietin

As vessels become smaller, peripheral resistance

increases

The process of inhalation

increases volume and decreases pressure in lungs

Baroreceptors stimulation is caused by blood pressure _______ and results in _____

increasing; vasodilation

The location of the thyroid gland in relation to the thyroid cartilage is

inferior

Julie's baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure, Which represents a normal homeostatic response

inhibit sympathetic activity to the heart

Anemia can result from inadequate

iron

Tracheal cartilage is structurally in a C-shape so that

large masses of food can pass through the esophagus

The white blood cell that provides specific immunity is the

lymphocyte

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized nerve cell membrane is called the ____________

membrane potential

The most superior portion of the pharynx is the

nasopharynx

The white blood cell that phagocytosis injured and infected tissue is the

neutrophil

In the central nervous system myelin is formed by

oligodendrocyte

Myelin is produced by ____ in the CNS and _____ in the PNS

oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells

When ventricles contract, the semilunar valves are _____ and the atrioventricular valves are _____

open ; closed

The nerve that innervates the retina is called the _____ nerve

optic

Bronchoconstriction is expected during

parasympathetic rest and digest

The serous membrane covering the heart is the

parietal/ visceral pericardium

Erectile tissue is located in the (male)

penis

The reproductive organ that conducts urine to the exterior and introduces semen into the vagina is the

penis

The common pathway shared by the respiratory and digestive system is the

pharynx

Delicate innermost layer, directly attached to the brain

pia mater

Melatonin is produced and secreted by the

pineal gland

A complex interwoven network of nerves is called a

plexus

In relation to the thyroid, the parathyroid glands are located

posterior

ADH is synthesized by the

posterior pituitary

The common goal of the endocrine and nervous system is to

preserve homeostasis

Chordae tendineae function

prevent prolapse of the bicuspid valve

Major function of the respiratory cilia

preventing entry of large debris into alveoli

The tissue type most characteristic of the upper respiratory lumen lining is

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Surfactant act functionally to

reduce surface tension

Sensation of pain in an area of the body other than its actual source is called _____ pain

referred

During coughing, the tracheal muscle will

relax to increase force of expelled air

Re-uptake mechanisms_______

retrieve neurotransmitters from the synapse

Because it has a larger diameter and steeper slope, more foreign objects because lodged in the ______ during choking

right primary bronchus

Blood in the right atrium will flow to the

right ventricle

Order of blood flow through the heart

right ventricle > pulmonary trunk > out pulmonary artery > goes to lungs > comes back with O2 through pulmonary veins > to left atrium > through bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aoritic valve > asending aorita > out of heart blood comes from other organs through vena cavas > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle

The external genitalia that encloses the testes is called the

scrotum

The scrotal cavity is lined with a _____ membrane that reduce friction

serous

Which of the following diseases is caused by prior viral infection lying dormant in dorsal root ganglia

shingles

The bone lying anterior to the heart is the

sternum

Cardiac output depends on

stroke volume and heart rate

Contains cerebrospinal fluid, provides protection

subarachnoid space

Blood accumulates either between the dura and arachnoid mater or within the dura itself, frequently cause by blunt head trauma

subdural hematoma

Shallow depressions

sulci

Expandable extensions of the atrium are called

superatria

The base of heart is the portion that is most

superior

The right atrium receives blood from the

superior and inferior vena cava

The adrenal glands are located

superior to the kidney

The hypothalamus exerts control over adrenal medulla through

sympathetic neurons

A _________ is the junction between two neurons

synapse

An accelerated heart rate above 100 beats per minute is called

tachycardia

Most responsible for action potentials

the movement of ions into, and out of, a nerve cell

Whether or not a cell responds to, or is sensitive to a particular hormone, is determined by

the presence or absence ( # ) of appropriate receptor complexes that the cell has to that hormone

Ovary functions as

the primary gonad

The left cerebral hemisphere controls

the right side of the body

The windpipe that conducts air toward the lungs is the

trachea

The nerve associated with the motor activities of chewing is called the ___ nerve

trigeminal

The nerve that detects sensation of the face, lips, and tongue is called ____ nerve

trigeminal

Nerves that includes a sensory function

trigeminal, olfactory, vestibulocochlear, optic

Cranial nerves involved in eye movement

trochlear, abducens, occulomotor

Jennifer has type A blood. What blood type(s) would cause agglutination or cross reaction with her blood

types B and AB

A midsagittal section through the trunk would divide the heart

unequally, with most lying on the left side

Fertilization normally occurs in the

uterine tubules

Site of fertilization

uterine tubules

The female reproductive organ that opens to the exterior is the

vagina

The mixed cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs is called the ___ nerve

vagus

Parasympathetic innervation travels to the heart via the

vagus nerve

The amount of blood arriving at the right ventricle each minute is

venous return

Blood circulates into the coronary arteries during

ventricular relaxation

The nerve associated with hearing and balance is called the _____ nerve

vestibulocochlear

Which of the following has the highest value in healthy adults

vital capacity

Myelinated nerves are _____ in color whereas unmyelinated nerves are ______

white / grey

Blood that has an unaltered composition is called

whole blood

Where in the body can you find the sodium/potassium pump?

within cell membranes