Anatomy Final Review Part 2
Functions of the blood
-distribution of respiratory gases -delivery of hormones -temperature regulation -defense against diseases
Increases heart rate
-epinephrine -temperature -fever -thyroid hormones
A nerve associated with the motor activities of swallowing is called the ____ nerve
accessory
The nerve that controls the muscles of the pharynx and larynx is called the _____ nerve
accessory
Where in a neuron are neurotransmitters located
axon terminals
The indicator of peripheral blood flow is
cardiac output
The muscle that can contract to withdraw the testes close to the body is the
cremaster
A neuron that is not able to maintain ion gradients is best called
dead
General digestive activities during the alarm phase of the stress response will
decrease
Sheaths of _____ cells often enclose the axons outside of the brain and spinal cord
glial (myelin)
Elevated, finger-like ridges
gyri
The percent of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements is the
hematocrit
The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine systems are
hormones
The tissue separating the two upper chambers of the heart is the
interatrial septum
The first phase of ventricular systole which builds pressure but does not create enough pressure to open the semilunar valves is
isovolumetric contraction
Where is the cardiac notch located
left superior lobe
The thickest layer of the heart is the
myocardium
The nerve associated with the sense of smell is the ___ nerve
olfactory
Major role of hemoglobin
oxygen transport
The fluid lubricating the opposing surfaces of membrane in the pericardial cavity is called
pericardial fluid
The diaphragm is innervated by the
phrenic nerve
Spermatogenesis occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
During an action potential, repolarization occurs as a result of
sodium ions diffusing to the outside of the cell membrane
Cranial nerves are to the brain what spinal nerves are to the
spinal cord
The most common cancer fatality in men ages 15 to 35 is
testicular
The primary gonad in males is the
testis
Arterial blood is bright red because
the hemes carry oxygen
Blood from pulmonary trunk goes
to the lungs
The right atrioventricular valve is the
tricuspid
Hollow chambers within the brain lined by ependymal cells, filled with CSF, connected by a series of canals
ventricles
Dartos muscles will retract
when the testicles become cold
Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear
white
When a muscle or nerve cell is "polarized"
- high concentration of sodium on outside of cell -high concentration of potassium on the inside of the cell
Chemical substances released fro the presynaptic terminal
-bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane -may inhabit or stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane depending on receptors -are normally broken down by enzymes located in the synapse -are called neurotransmitters
Function of respiratory tract
-filtering incoming air -warming incoming air -reabsorbing water from outgoing air -moving air toward low respiratory tract
Which of the following statements are true of myelin? 1. Myelinated neurons conducts APs faster than non-myelinated neurons 2. Myelinated neurons appear red in color 3. Myelin is a fat
1 and 3
The typical adult female hematocrit is ____ percent
42
When the heart rate is 70 bpm and the stroke volume is 80 mL, what is the cardiac output
5600 mL/min
A patient has a tidal volume of 450 mL. Their inspiratory reserve is 3000 mL and they are known to have a vital capacity of 4350. What is the expiratory reserve for this patient?
900 mL
Disease that is most associated with motor neurons
ALS / Lou Gehrig's disease
If the normal pacemaker of the heart fails, the job will be taken over by the
AV node
Two hormones made by the pancreas and their functions
Alpha cells: glucagon increase blood sugar Beta cells: insulin decreases blood sugar or controls it
Type of neuroglial cell
Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cell
Two hormones made by the adrenal glands and their function
Cortisol- reduces inflammation Aldosterone- causes the kidneys to take in more water & sodium
A recording of the electrical events in the heart is an
ECG
GnRH induces the release of the anterior pituitary hormones
LH and FSH
Functions of the ovaries
Produce oocytes Secrete sex hormones Secrete inhibin to control FSH levels
Two hormones made by the anterior pituitary gland and their functions
Prolactin- comes in mammory glands to lactate Growth Hormone- muscles to grow
The pacemaker of the heart is normally the
SA node
When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of
Sodium ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and potassium ions is higher on the inside
Airplanes are designed to automatically drop oxygen masks for passengers in the unlikely event of loss of cabin pressure. Explain from a respiratory physiology perspective, why this is so
The loss of external pressure will make it harder to breathe because pressure outside of the lungs is less than inside
TTX is a toxin that blocks the Na+ channels from opening. What effect would this have on the function of neurons (specifically the action
The neurons would be unable to depolarize
The structure that secretes hormones associated with fat metabolism and appetite regulation is the
adipose tissue
Breathing through the nose rather than breathing through the mouth is advantageous because
air is warmed on inhalation
Hormones that are made by the hypothalamus are secreted by the
anterior/posterior pituitary
Blood from the left ventricle will pass through the
aortic semilunar valve
Thin, membranous covering between dura and pia mater
arachnoid mater
Inner white matter of cerebellum
arbor vitae
Drugs that decrease membrane permeability to sodium
are used as local anesthetics prevent nerve impulses from passing cause a loss in the perception of pain
Re-uptake mechanisms can be found _______
at the axon terminal
Contraction of the upper chambers of the heart is called
atrial systole
When the cardiac cycle begins, the
atrioventricular valve is open and the semilunar valves are closed
The transmission of endocrine signals occurs through
blood
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, full of tracts that carry spinal cord to brain and brain to spinal cord, controls many reflexes that regulate life-sustaining functions
brain stem
Low pressure and slow flow rates are characteristics of favorable
capillary exchange
The dominant factor influencing respiratory activity is
carbon dioxide levels
Pressure gradient adjustments can be generated by changing
cardiac output and/or peripheral resistance
Baroreceptors are located in
carotid arteries and the aorta
Cerebrum's left and right
cerebral hemispheres
Largest portion of an adult brain
cerebrum
The muscle of the neck and thoracic cavity are innervated by the
cervical plexus
The chemical characteristic that guides white blood cells toward damaged tissue is called
chemotaxis
The pleasurable sensations during female sexual activity is generated with stimulation to the
clitoris
When the ventricles are relaxed the semilunar valves are ______ and the atrioventricular valves are _______
closed ; open
The final step in the coagulation phase is
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
The vessels that supply blood to the heart are called the
coronary arteries
The deep groove marking the border between the atria and the ventricles is the
coronary sulcus
Separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
Exhalation causes the thoracic cavity volume to ____ and air pressure inside the lungs to _____
decrease ; increase
Which the following shows the order of propagation for an action potential on a neuron
dendrite > cell body > axon > synapse
The cytoplasmic extensions that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are
dendrites
The right atrium recieves
deoxygenated blood from the vena cava
A nerve impulse consists of a wave of __________ moving away from a point of stimulation
depolarization
Damage to spinal nerves can be detected as characteristic loss of sensation in skin patches called
dermatomes
As alveolar oxygen levels increase, arterioles serving the capillaries surrounding those alveoli react by
dialating
The process of white blood cells migrating out capillaries to the surrounding tissue is called
diapedesis
The apex of the heart lies superior to the
diaphragm
Contains thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus, between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem, surrounds the third ventricle
diencephalon
The varicella-zoster virus that causes chicken pox can lie dormant for years in the
dorsal roots of spinal nerves
Structure would be manipulated to effect permanent male sterilization
ductus deferens
Through the adrenal medulla, the hypothalamus stimulates release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia is called
erythropoietin
Primary follicles make and secrete
estrogen
Which of following is a primary respiratory muscle
external intercostal
A nerve that innervates some of the salivary glands is called the ____ nerve
facial
The nerve that detects taste on the front of the tongue is called the ___ nerve
facial
T/F Nodes of Ranvier occur between adjacent neurons
false
Bundles of axons in peripheral nerves are called
fascicles
The plasma component with a role in blood clotting is called
fibrinogen
Ovulation separates the _________ phase from the _______ phase in the ovaries
follicular; luteal
Oxyhemoglobin consists of
four oxygen molecules and four hemes
The cells within the nervous system that fill spaces and give support to neurons are called
glial
The nerve that detects pH, blood pressure, and carbon dioxide levels is called the _____ nerve
glossopharyngeal
The nerve that innervates the parotid salivary gland is called the ___ nerve
glossopharyngeal
Increase when epinephrine and norepinephrine are released
glycogen production
The reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones are called
gonads
The structure that serves as a bony separation between the nasal and oral cavities is called the
hard palate
The precursor multipoint stem cell for hematopoiesis is called a
hemocytoblast
Hyperventilation will result in
hypocapnia
The nerve that controls the tongue muscles is called the ___ nerve
hypoglossal
Sylvia is pregnant and experiencing anemia. As a result of her ____, her kidneys will attempt to re-establish homeostasis by releasing _____
hypoxia, erythropoietin
As vessels become smaller, peripheral resistance
increases
The process of inhalation
increases volume and decreases pressure in lungs
Baroreceptors stimulation is caused by blood pressure _______ and results in _____
increasing; vasodilation
The location of the thyroid gland in relation to the thyroid cartilage is
inferior
Julie's baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure, Which represents a normal homeostatic response
inhibit sympathetic activity to the heart
Anemia can result from inadequate
iron
Tracheal cartilage is structurally in a C-shape so that
large masses of food can pass through the esophagus
The white blood cell that provides specific immunity is the
lymphocyte
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized nerve cell membrane is called the ____________
membrane potential
The most superior portion of the pharynx is the
nasopharynx
The white blood cell that phagocytosis injured and infected tissue is the
neutrophil
In the central nervous system myelin is formed by
oligodendrocyte
Myelin is produced by ____ in the CNS and _____ in the PNS
oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells
When ventricles contract, the semilunar valves are _____ and the atrioventricular valves are _____
open ; closed
The nerve that innervates the retina is called the _____ nerve
optic
Bronchoconstriction is expected during
parasympathetic rest and digest
The serous membrane covering the heart is the
parietal/ visceral pericardium
Erectile tissue is located in the (male)
penis
The reproductive organ that conducts urine to the exterior and introduces semen into the vagina is the
penis
The common pathway shared by the respiratory and digestive system is the
pharynx
Delicate innermost layer, directly attached to the brain
pia mater
Melatonin is produced and secreted by the
pineal gland
A complex interwoven network of nerves is called a
plexus
In relation to the thyroid, the parathyroid glands are located
posterior
ADH is synthesized by the
posterior pituitary
The common goal of the endocrine and nervous system is to
preserve homeostasis
Chordae tendineae function
prevent prolapse of the bicuspid valve
Major function of the respiratory cilia
preventing entry of large debris into alveoli
The tissue type most characteristic of the upper respiratory lumen lining is
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Surfactant act functionally to
reduce surface tension
Sensation of pain in an area of the body other than its actual source is called _____ pain
referred
During coughing, the tracheal muscle will
relax to increase force of expelled air
Re-uptake mechanisms_______
retrieve neurotransmitters from the synapse
Because it has a larger diameter and steeper slope, more foreign objects because lodged in the ______ during choking
right primary bronchus
Blood in the right atrium will flow to the
right ventricle
Order of blood flow through the heart
right ventricle > pulmonary trunk > out pulmonary artery > goes to lungs > comes back with O2 through pulmonary veins > to left atrium > through bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aoritic valve > asending aorita > out of heart blood comes from other organs through vena cavas > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle
The external genitalia that encloses the testes is called the
scrotum
The scrotal cavity is lined with a _____ membrane that reduce friction
serous
Which of the following diseases is caused by prior viral infection lying dormant in dorsal root ganglia
shingles
The bone lying anterior to the heart is the
sternum
Cardiac output depends on
stroke volume and heart rate
Contains cerebrospinal fluid, provides protection
subarachnoid space
Blood accumulates either between the dura and arachnoid mater or within the dura itself, frequently cause by blunt head trauma
subdural hematoma
Shallow depressions
sulci
Expandable extensions of the atrium are called
superatria
The base of heart is the portion that is most
superior
The right atrium receives blood from the
superior and inferior vena cava
The adrenal glands are located
superior to the kidney
The hypothalamus exerts control over adrenal medulla through
sympathetic neurons
A _________ is the junction between two neurons
synapse
An accelerated heart rate above 100 beats per minute is called
tachycardia
Most responsible for action potentials
the movement of ions into, and out of, a nerve cell
Whether or not a cell responds to, or is sensitive to a particular hormone, is determined by
the presence or absence ( # ) of appropriate receptor complexes that the cell has to that hormone
Ovary functions as
the primary gonad
The left cerebral hemisphere controls
the right side of the body
The windpipe that conducts air toward the lungs is the
trachea
The nerve associated with the motor activities of chewing is called the ___ nerve
trigeminal
The nerve that detects sensation of the face, lips, and tongue is called ____ nerve
trigeminal
Nerves that includes a sensory function
trigeminal, olfactory, vestibulocochlear, optic
Cranial nerves involved in eye movement
trochlear, abducens, occulomotor
Jennifer has type A blood. What blood type(s) would cause agglutination or cross reaction with her blood
types B and AB
A midsagittal section through the trunk would divide the heart
unequally, with most lying on the left side
Fertilization normally occurs in the
uterine tubules
Site of fertilization
uterine tubules
The female reproductive organ that opens to the exterior is the
vagina
The mixed cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs is called the ___ nerve
vagus
Parasympathetic innervation travels to the heart via the
vagus nerve
The amount of blood arriving at the right ventricle each minute is
venous return
Blood circulates into the coronary arteries during
ventricular relaxation
The nerve associated with hearing and balance is called the _____ nerve
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following has the highest value in healthy adults
vital capacity
Myelinated nerves are _____ in color whereas unmyelinated nerves are ______
white / grey
Blood that has an unaltered composition is called
whole blood
Where in the body can you find the sodium/potassium pump?
within cell membranes