Anatomy ii- Chapter 16 Lymphatic System
What is a pathogen?
A disease causing agent
______ in the lymph nodes engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris.
Macrophages
What is the function of the macrophages found in the spleen?
Remove debris and foreign particles from the blood in the spleen.
Listed are the general terms for the different segments of the lymphatic pathways of the body. Place them in the correct order, starting closest to the tissues at the top of the list and ending at the veins in the thorax. Instructions Choice 1 of 4. lymphatic collecting ducts toggle button lymphatic collecting ducts Choice 2 of 4. lymphatic capillaries toggle button lymphatic capillaries Choice 3 of 4. lymphatic trunks toggle button lymphatic trunks Choice 4 of 4. lymphatic vessels toggle button lymphatic vessels
lymphatic capillaries lymphatic vessels lymphatic trunks lymphatic collecting ducts
Within the cortex of the lymph nodes are clusters of lymphatic cells. These clusters are called ______.
lymphatic nodules
What is the name of the spaces located within lymph nodes, through which lymph circulates?
lymphatic sinuses
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
lymphatic system
Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the ______, while lymphadenitis is inflammation of the ______.
lymphatic vessels; lymph nodes
Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered.
lymphocytes macrophages
List cell types found in lymphatic tissue.
lymphocytes and macrophages
Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and
lymphocytes or lymphocyte
List three areas drained by the thoracic duct.
abdomen left side of thorax, head, and neck lower limbs
Define edema.
accumulation of excess tissue fluid
The cell type that is responsible for phagocytizing debris and foreign particles from the blood within the venous sinuses of the spleen is a(n)
macrophage
Lymph nodules of the lymph nodes consist primarily of B cells and phagocytic cells called ______.
macrophages
Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes that engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered are called
macrophages
Lymph enters a lymph node through lymphatic vessels, moves slowly through the lymph , and leaves through lymphatic vessels.
afferent sinuses efferent
Which cell type functions to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris as lymph is being filtered by lymph nodes?
macrophages
The lymphatic system is important for which three functions?
maintaining extracellular fluid balance absorption of fats protection against disease
Lymph enters a lymph node through ______, moves through ______ within the node, and exits through ______.
afferent lymphatic vessels; lymph sinuses; efferent lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph INTO a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They enter the lymph node _______.
afferent; on convex surface
Where are lymph nodes generally located?
along larger lymphatic vessels
What are germinal centers?
areas of B cell proliferation within cortex of lymph nodes
The thorax is drained by the ______ trunk and the ______ trunk.
bronchomediastinal intercostal
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that facilitates the movement of lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels?
cardiac pumping
Typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.
cardiovascular veins
What structure(s) or area(s) is/are lacking lymph nodes?
central nervous system
Pathogens that enter the body through the scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx are (hopefully) destroyed by lymph nodes in the region of the body.
cervical
Match the lymph node location with its description. Instructions
cervical lymph nodes matches Choice deep to the mandible, and near the ears axillary lymph nodes matches Choice under the shoulder supratrochlear lymph nodes matches Choice near the elbow inguinal lymph nodes matches Choice in the groin
The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen as an enlarged sac called the ______.
cisterna chyli
Which describes lymphatic capillaries?
closed-ended vessels
Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two ______.
collecting ducts
What are lymphatic nodules?
compact masses of lymphatic tissue
Excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called
edema
Lymph flows from lymph nodes into the ______.
efferent lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node _______.
efferent; at the hilum
True or false: Because inflammation induces swelling and pain, it is an defensive response that should be avoided.
false
Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.
first
Areas of B cell proliferation within the cortex of lymph nodes are called ______.
germinal centers
The indented region of a lymph node, where blood vessels and nerves join the organ, is referred to as the
hilum
Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.
immune surveillance filter lymph
Lymph nodes (and other organs such as the lungs and kidneys) have an area referred to as a hilum. What is a hilum?
indented region of the organ
A localized reaction that produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain is called
inflammation
Upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of occurs first, leading to readness, heat, swelling, and pain.
inflammation
Which lymphatic trunk drains the abdominal viscera?
intestinal trunk
Lymphatic tissue called -associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consists of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue.
mucosa
Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______.
mucosa skin
Which of the following is an example of first line of defense of innate immunity?
mucous membranes
Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph
nodes
Compact masses of lymphatic tissue that are included in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and comprise the tonsils and appendix, are called lymphatic
nodules
Match each sign of inflammation with the correct description of its cause. Instructions
pain matches Choice Appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection. heat matches Choice Blood enters area from deeper body parts. redness matches Choice Greater blood volume enters area due to vasodilation. edema matches Choice Capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability (leakiness).
The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is
pathogen
List three functions associated with the spleen.
phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood destruction of old and fragile red blood cells filtration of blood
Which two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contraction
Name the tissue within the spleen that surrounds venous sinuses and contains numerous red blood cells (along with some lymphocytes and macrophages).
red pulp
The fact that a given organism may not be susceptible to diseases that affect other organisms is reflected in the term "species
resistance
List three functions of lymph.
return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries transport dietary fats to the bloodstream transport foreign particles to lymph nodes
The ______ is formed by the convergence of the right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk.
right lymphatic duct
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from which lymphatic trunks?
right subclavian trunk right jugular trunk
Into what blood vessel does the right lymphatic duct drain?
right subclavian vein
Spaces through which lymph circulates within lymph nodes are called lymphatic
sinuses
What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune responses?
site of T lymphocyte maturation
Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the and the membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
skin mucous
At the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?
small molecules water
As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.
spleen
Name the largest lymphatic organ, located just inferior to the diaphragm.
spleen
The largest lymphatic organ is the
spleen
Lymph from the upper limb is drained by the ______ trunk.
subclavian
The thoracic duct empties into the left vein.
subclavian
The right lymphatic duct empties into the right ______.
subclavian vein
List four major locations for clusters of lymph nodes in the body.
supratrochlear region axillary region pelvic cavity inguinal region
In the progression from smaller to larger components of the lymphatic pathway, the lymphatic join one of two collecting
trunks ducts
Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic ______ into lymphatic ______, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.
trunks; collecting ducts
What is MALT?
unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae
As part of the lymphatic pathway, the subclavian trunks drain what region of the body?
upper limbs
Within lymphatic vessels, structures that prevent backflow so that lymph can only move toward a collecting duct, are called
valves
The collecting ducts empty into ______, returning the fluid from the interstitium back to the blood circulation.
veins
The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?
veins
After lymph leaves the two collecting ducts, it enters the system and becomes part of the plasma.
venous
As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the ______ circulation.
venous
Capillary blood pressure filters ______ from the plasma.
water and small molecules
Which cell type is attracted to areas of inflammation, due to release of chemicals by infected cells or tissues?
white blood cells
Name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes.
white pulp
Lymph is the fluid found ______.
within lymphatic capillaries
Where is the thymus gland found?
within the mediastinum
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the lining of the small intestines are called . They are specialized to absorb fat from the intestines.
lacteals
Into which blood vessel does the thoracic duct empty?
left subclavian vein
The specific lymphatic trunk that receives lymph drainage from the lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, and the pelvic organs is known as the trunk.
lumbar
The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries is called ______.
lymph
Lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called
lymph nodes
Which structure functions to filter potentially harmful particles from lymph?
lymph node
______ is characterized by red streaks beneath the skin due to inflamed superficial lymphatic vessels, while ______ is due to inflammation of the lymph nodes.
lymphangitis; lymphadenitis
True or false: The non-shaded area in the picture is drained by the thoracic duct.
true
List three reasons why a given species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species ("species resistance").
Cells/tissues lack the temperature that a particular pathogen requires. Cells/tissues lack receptors that a particular pathogen requires. Cells/tissues lack the chemical environment that a particular pathogen requires.
True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels.
False
True or false: The intestinal trunk drains both the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs.
False
______ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles.
Lymph nodes
List the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein. Put the component located closest to the tissue at the top of the list. Instructions Choice 1 of 6. afferent lymphatic vessel toggle button afferent lymphatic vessel Choice 2 of 6. collecting duct toggle button collecting duct Choice 3 of 6. efferent lymphatic vessel toggle button efferent lymphatic vessel Choice 4 of 6. lymphatic trunk toggle button lymphatic trunk Choice 5 of 6. lymph node toggle button lymph node Choice 6 of 6. lymphatic capillaries toggle button lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries Afferent lymphatic vessel Lymph node Efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic trunk Collecting duct
The cisterna chyli in the abdomen is the origination of the ______ duct.
thoracic
The region drained by the intercostal and bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks is the region.
thoracic
Which of the following structures is NOT drained by the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lumbar trunks?
thoracic cavity
Cervical lymph nodes monitor lymph from which three of the following regions?
throat scalp nasal cavity
The encapsulated, bilobed lymphatic organ that shrinks with age is called the
thymus
Which gland functions in immunity?
thymus
Which organ is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes?
thymus
Name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum.
thymus gland
What is the function of a lacteal?
to absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food
What is the role of the valves found within lymphatic vessels?
to prevent backflow of lymph