Anatomy ii- Chapter 16 Lymphatic System

What is a pathogen?

A disease causing agent

______ in the lymph nodes engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris.

Macrophages

What is the function of the macrophages found in the spleen?

Remove debris and foreign particles from the blood in the spleen.

Listed are the general terms for the different segments of the lymphatic pathways of the body. Place them in the correct order, starting closest to the tissues at the top of the list and ending at the veins in the thorax. Instructions Choice 1 of 4. lymphatic collecting ducts toggle button lymphatic collecting ducts Choice 2 of 4. lymphatic capillaries toggle button lymphatic capillaries Choice 3 of 4. lymphatic trunks toggle button lymphatic trunks Choice 4 of 4. lymphatic vessels toggle button lymphatic vessels

lymphatic capillaries lymphatic vessels lymphatic trunks lymphatic collecting ducts

Within the cortex of the lymph nodes are clusters of lymphatic cells. These clusters are called ______.

lymphatic nodules

What is the name of the spaces located within lymph nodes, through which lymph circulates?

lymphatic sinuses

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?

lymphatic system

Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the ______, while lymphadenitis is inflammation of the ______.

lymphatic vessels; lymph nodes

Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered.

lymphocytes macrophages

List cell types found in lymphatic tissue.

lymphocytes and macrophages

Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and

lymphocytes or lymphocyte

List three areas drained by the thoracic duct.

abdomen left side of thorax, head, and neck lower limbs

Define edema.

accumulation of excess tissue fluid

The cell type that is responsible for phagocytizing debris and foreign particles from the blood within the venous sinuses of the spleen is a(n)

macrophage

Lymph nodules of the lymph nodes consist primarily of B cells and phagocytic cells called ______.

macrophages

Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes that engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered are called

macrophages

Lymph enters a lymph node through lymphatic vessels, moves slowly through the lymph , and leaves through lymphatic vessels.

afferent sinuses efferent

Which cell type functions to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris as lymph is being filtered by lymph nodes?

macrophages

The lymphatic system is important for which three functions?

maintaining extracellular fluid balance absorption of fats protection against disease

Lymph enters a lymph node through ______, moves through ______ within the node, and exits through ______.

afferent lymphatic vessels; lymph sinuses; efferent lymphatic vessels

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph INTO a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They enter the lymph node _______.

afferent; on convex surface

Where are lymph nodes generally located?

along larger lymphatic vessels

What are germinal centers?

areas of B cell proliferation within cortex of lymph nodes

The thorax is drained by the ______ trunk and the ______ trunk.

bronchomediastinal intercostal

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that facilitates the movement of lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels?

cardiac pumping

Typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.

cardiovascular veins

What structure(s) or area(s) is/are lacking lymph nodes?

central nervous system

Pathogens that enter the body through the scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx are (hopefully) destroyed by lymph nodes in the region of the body.

cervical

Match the lymph node location with its description. Instructions

cervical lymph nodes matches Choice deep to the mandible, and near the ears axillary lymph nodes matches Choice under the shoulder supratrochlear lymph nodes matches Choice near the elbow inguinal lymph nodes matches Choice in the groin

The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen as an enlarged sac called the ______.

cisterna chyli

Which describes lymphatic capillaries?

closed-ended vessels

Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two ______.

collecting ducts

What are lymphatic nodules?

compact masses of lymphatic tissue

Excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called

edema

Lymph flows from lymph nodes into the ______.

efferent lymphatic vessels

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node _______.

efferent; at the hilum

True or false: Because inflammation induces swelling and pain, it is an defensive response that should be avoided.

false

Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.

first

Areas of B cell proliferation within the cortex of lymph nodes are called ______.

germinal centers

The indented region of a lymph node, where blood vessels and nerves join the organ, is referred to as the

hilum

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.

immune surveillance filter lymph

Lymph nodes (and other organs such as the lungs and kidneys) have an area referred to as a hilum. What is a hilum?

indented region of the organ

A localized reaction that produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain is called

inflammation

Upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of occurs first, leading to readness, heat, swelling, and pain.

inflammation

Which lymphatic trunk drains the abdominal viscera?

intestinal trunk

Lymphatic tissue called -associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consists of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue.

mucosa

Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______.

mucosa skin

Which of the following is an example of first line of defense of innate immunity?

mucous membranes

Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph

nodes

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue that are included in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and comprise the tonsils and appendix, are called lymphatic

nodules

Match each sign of inflammation with the correct description of its cause. Instructions

pain matches Choice Appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection. heat matches Choice Blood enters area from deeper body parts. redness matches Choice Greater blood volume enters area due to vasodilation. edema matches Choice Capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability (leakiness).

The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is

pathogen

List three functions associated with the spleen.

phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood destruction of old and fragile red blood cells filtration of blood

Which two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contraction

Name the tissue within the spleen that surrounds venous sinuses and contains numerous red blood cells (along with some lymphocytes and macrophages).

red pulp

The fact that a given organism may not be susceptible to diseases that affect other organisms is reflected in the term "species

resistance

List three functions of lymph.

return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries transport dietary fats to the bloodstream transport foreign particles to lymph nodes

The ______ is formed by the convergence of the right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk.

right lymphatic duct

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from which lymphatic trunks?

right subclavian trunk right jugular trunk

Into what blood vessel does the right lymphatic duct drain?

right subclavian vein

Spaces through which lymph circulates within lymph nodes are called lymphatic

sinuses

What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune responses?

site of T lymphocyte maturation

Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the and the membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

skin mucous

At the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?

small molecules water

As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.

spleen

Name the largest lymphatic organ, located just inferior to the diaphragm.

spleen

The largest lymphatic organ is the

spleen

Lymph from the upper limb is drained by the ______ trunk.

subclavian

The thoracic duct empties into the left vein.

subclavian

The right lymphatic duct empties into the right ______.

subclavian vein

List four major locations for clusters of lymph nodes in the body.

supratrochlear region axillary region pelvic cavity inguinal region

In the progression from smaller to larger components of the lymphatic pathway, the lymphatic join one of two collecting

trunks ducts

Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic ______ into lymphatic ______, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.

trunks; collecting ducts

What is MALT?

unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae

As part of the lymphatic pathway, the subclavian trunks drain what region of the body?

upper limbs

Within lymphatic vessels, structures that prevent backflow so that lymph can only move toward a collecting duct, are called

valves

The collecting ducts empty into ______, returning the fluid from the interstitium back to the blood circulation.

veins

The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?

veins

After lymph leaves the two collecting ducts, it enters the system and becomes part of the plasma.

venous

As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the ______ circulation.

venous

Capillary blood pressure filters ______ from the plasma.

water and small molecules

Which cell type is attracted to areas of inflammation, due to release of chemicals by infected cells or tissues?

white blood cells

Name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes.

white pulp

Lymph is the fluid found ______.

within lymphatic capillaries

Where is the thymus gland found?

within the mediastinum

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the lining of the small intestines are called . They are specialized to absorb fat from the intestines.

lacteals

Into which blood vessel does the thoracic duct empty?

left subclavian vein

The specific lymphatic trunk that receives lymph drainage from the lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, and the pelvic organs is known as the trunk.

lumbar

The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries is called ______.

lymph

Lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called

lymph nodes

Which structure functions to filter potentially harmful particles from lymph?

lymph node

______ is characterized by red streaks beneath the skin due to inflamed superficial lymphatic vessels, while ______ is due to inflammation of the lymph nodes.

lymphangitis; lymphadenitis

True or false: The non-shaded area in the picture is drained by the thoracic duct.

true

List three reasons why a given species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species ("species resistance").

Cells/tissues lack the temperature that a particular pathogen requires. Cells/tissues lack receptors that a particular pathogen requires. Cells/tissues lack the chemical environment that a particular pathogen requires.

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels.

False

True or false: The intestinal trunk drains both the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs.

False

______ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles.

Lymph nodes

List the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein. Put the component located closest to the tissue at the top of the list. Instructions Choice 1 of 6. afferent lymphatic vessel toggle button afferent lymphatic vessel Choice 2 of 6. collecting duct toggle button collecting duct Choice 3 of 6. efferent lymphatic vessel toggle button efferent lymphatic vessel Choice 4 of 6. lymphatic trunk toggle button lymphatic trunk Choice 5 of 6. lymph node toggle button lymph node Choice 6 of 6. lymphatic capillaries toggle button lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic capillaries Afferent lymphatic vessel Lymph node Efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic trunk Collecting duct

The cisterna chyli in the abdomen is the origination of the ______ duct.

thoracic

The region drained by the intercostal and bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks is the region.

thoracic

Which of the following structures is NOT drained by the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lumbar trunks?

thoracic cavity

Cervical lymph nodes monitor lymph from which three of the following regions?

throat scalp nasal cavity

The encapsulated, bilobed lymphatic organ that shrinks with age is called the

thymus

Which gland functions in immunity?

thymus

Which organ is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes?

thymus

Name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum.

thymus gland

What is the function of a lacteal?

to absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food

What is the role of the valves found within lymphatic vessels?

to prevent backflow of lymph