Anatomy II: Head

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: At work in the LA hospital, the clinician hands you a drill and tells you to demonstrate caudal maxillary sinus trephination. Where will you place the drill?

1. 2 cm rostral to the rim of the orbit and 2. 2 cm ventral to a line drawn from the medial canthus to the infraorbital foramen

The periodontium is made up of: (3)

1. alveolus 2. periodontal ligament 3. gingiva

What four things can be seen on a fundic exam?

1. choroid (including the tapetum lucidum when present) 2. retina 3. optic disk 4. retinal vessels

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: two sinuses that you may decide to trephine

1. conchofrontal sinus 2. caudal maxillary sinus

Associated with the walls of the guttural pouch are what neurovascular (and other) structures? (6)

1. cranial nerves 2. sympathetic trunk and cranial cervical ganglia 3. internal carotid a. 4. external carotid a. 5. maxillary a. 6. retropharyngeal lnn.

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: At work in the LA hospital, the clinician hands you a drill and tells you to demonstrate conchofrontal trephination. Where will you place the drill?

1. draw a line between the medial canthi of the eyes and 2. mark a spot on this line half way between midline and medial canthus of the side you're entering

2 examples of disease or injury to the guttural pouches:

1. epistaxis of GP origin 2. rupture of the muscle bellies dividing the left and right GP's

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: What are the two branches of the maxillary artery, in their proper order?

1. first inferior alveolar artery 2. infraorbital artery

purposes of the conchae: (2)

1. heat exchange 2. trapping particulate matter in air

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: how is the frontal sinus of the ox different from that of the horse? (2 ways)

1. it is not combined with the dorsal conchal sinus; it is its own separate thing 2. it is divided by a sinus septum into caudal and rostral frontal sinuses

Clinical conditions of the tongue:(4)

1. lacerations (from tack) 2. biting after anesthesia 3. melanoma 4. foreign body

Left and right guttural pouches are separated on midline by what three things:

1. median septum 2. longus capitis m. 3. rectus capitis ventralis m.

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: so what are the four branching points off the external carotid artery?

1. occipital artery 2. linguofacial trunk 3. caudal auricular artery 4. superficial temporal artery

The oral cavity consists of: (2)

1. oral cavity proper 2. vestibule

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: what are the diverticula of the caudal frontal sinus?

1. post-orbital 2. nuchal 3. cornual

Ruminant vessels: so in ruminants, the superficial temporal has two branches--

1. transverse facial artery 2. cornual artery

Someone in the LA hospital tells you to palpate a pulse or get an arterial blood pressure reading, but you have best access only to the horse's head. What are your two options? and where?

1. transverse facial artery, below the facial crest 2. facial artery, passing under the ventral mandible

Three large venous sinuses deep in the masseter muscle of a horse:

1. transverse facial vein 2. deep facial vein 3. buccal vein

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: in order to effectively lavage the frontal sinuses in the ox, you need ______ portals, one in which compartments?

2 one in caudal and one in rostral compartments

Horses with facial nerve paralysis of the buccal branches usually recover in _________ days.

2-5 days

how many ruminant teeth total?

32

pig total number of teeth

44

When does the maxillary nerve become the infraorbital nerve?

?

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: what two things drain into the nasal cavity, via what opening?

BOTH the rostral maxillary sinus and the caudal maxillary sinus drain through the nasomaxillary (sinonasal) opening to the nasal cavity

How are the tusks of the boar different than the tusks of the sow?

Boar: they continuously grow and erupt throughout life Sow: stop growing

In sheep and goats, this disease causes enlargement and abscessation of head lymph nodes: (3 names)

CLA "cheesy gland" caseous lymphadenitis

Specifically what cranial nerves are near the guttural pouches?

CN IX, X, XI, and XII (9-12)

Innervation of the head: major motor supply is via...

CN VII Facial nerve

T/F: Roots never really develop in hypsodont teeth

FALSE! roots do develop after many years

T/F: pigs have a corpora nigra but it's just hard to see because of their iris color

FALSE! they don't have a corpora nigra at all

T/F: the cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves are both branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

I don't think so--I think only the caudal laryngeal nerve is a branch from recurrent laryngeal

Ruminant permanent dental formula:

Incisors: 0/4 canines: 0/0 premolars: 3/3 molars: 3/3

Permanent dental formula for the horse:

Incisors: 3/3 Canines: (1)/(1) Pre-molars: 3(4)/3(4) Molars: 3/3 total, or times two is 36-44 teeth

Diciduous dental formula for the horse

Incisors: 3/3 Canines: 0/0 Pre-molars: 3/3 Molars: 0/0 total (or multiplied by 2) is 24 teeth

What are the clinical implication of Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy?

Laryngeal Hemiplegia (LHP) dysfunction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes paralysis of the CAD muscle, and therefore inability to abduct the arytenoid cartilages on affected side

________________ is the continuation of the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Laryngopharynx

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: the outflow of the maxillary sinuses into the nasal cavity is via the ________________ opening. (2 names)

Nasomaxillary opening Sinonasal opening

What is a condition related to the CAD muscle?

Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (RLN)

Horse Lymph Nodes: What pathogen causes equine strangles?

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi

Muscles of mastication that close the jaw: (3)

Temporalis m. Masseter m. Pterygoideus mm. (medial and lateral)

What is the unique feature about the lymph nodes of the pig?

They have a dorsal and a ventral set of superficial cervical lymph nodes

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy might include clinical signs related to what CN's?

VII and VIII (because they are closely associated with this articulation)

Ruminant vessels: so what actually supplies the epidural rete mirabile itself then?

a branch from the maxillary artery

Severe epistaxis of GP origin may be caused by:

a fungal infection invading and compromising a major artery in the GP wall

What might cause a horse to rupture one of the muscles along ventral midline of the guttural pouches?

a horse rearing up and falling backward with a sharp backwards head jerk as it hits the ground

does the horse have a long or a short soft palate?

a long soft palate!

The levator nasolabialis is also used to close what besides an orosinus fistula?

a maxillary sinus defect

Besides the inferior alveolar nerve, how else can we block teeth of the mandible?

a mental nerve block

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: sinus they have that the horse did not have? (2)

a palantine sinus in the hard palate sphenoid sinus ***The horse had a sphenopalantine sinus

The purpose of the nasal diverticulum?

acts like an "air scoop" to draw in air during intense exercise

Clinical significance of incisor infundibula?

aging clues

what are gutteral pouches exactly?

air-filled diverticula of the auditory (Eustachian) tubes

Innervation of the head: So how does the ventral buccal branch of the facial nerve travel in the ox, goat, and pig?

along the ventral border of the masseter muscle along with the parotid duct and facial vessels

Besides the maxillary nerve block, how else can we block teeth of the upper arcade?

an infraorbital nerve block

word that means there is a different width between the maxillary cheek teeth compared to the mandibular cheek teeth

anisognathous

The _________________ pivots at the cricoarytenoid joint to do what two things?

arytenoid cartilage pivots on the cricoid cartilage to open (abduct) the glottis to close (adduct) the glottis

What comprises the glottis? (3)

arytenoid cartilages vocal folds rima glottidis

And where do you insert your needle for an infraorbital nerve block?

at the infraorbital foramen

Where does the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland discharge?

at the sublingual caruncle

epidermal inclusion cyst of the nasal diverticulum

atheroma (aesthetic imperfection but usually don't cause problems)

You need to do an eye procedure where motor innervation to orbicularis oculi m. is inhibitied. What nerve do you block and where?

auriculopalpebral branch of CN VII block it as it crosses the zygomatic arch

The mandibular nerve branches to become: (2)

auriculotemporal nerve inferior alveolar nerve

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: clinical consideration of lacrimal bulla?

be careful not to disrupt it when doing extenteration of the eye

Why is the medial retropharyngeal lymph node significant in the ox?

because when enlarged, it compresses nasopharynx

Attachments of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle:

between cricoid cartilage and muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Describe the difference in how brachydont and hypsodont teeth grow:

brachydont--grow to a certain length and then stop and stay that height hypsodont--grow to a certain length and continuously erupt 2-3 mm. each year throughout life until they fall out

The inferior alveolar n., which is a branch of the ______________ nerve enters what foramen on the medial side of the mandible?

branch of mandibular nerve enters mandibular foramen

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: And where do you actually access the transverse facial artery (a branch of the __________________)?

branch of superficial temporal artery access it below the facial crest

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: after the branching of the ____________ artery, the external carotid a. namechanges to ____________________.

branching off of superficial temporal artery namechanges to maxillary artery

What are the two specific descriptors for the vestibular surface of the teeth?

buccal or labial

The herbivores have these salivary glands:

buccal salivary glands

What does the word "torus" mean?

bulge

If you compared this to a button analogy, the button would be.... and the button hole would be....

button=rostral structures of the larynx button hole=intrapharyngeal ostium

How can you treat temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

by removing the cerratohyoid bone

How do the ox sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?

by separate apertures specific to the sinus region being drained

What are two examples of brachydont teeth?

canines PM1

And what is blocked by a mental nerve block?

canines and incisors depending on how far back the local anesthetic travels

And what structures are blocked via an infraorbital nerve block?

canines, incisors, and PM 1-2 depending on how far back the local anesthetic travels

In what species does the parotid duct take a different path?

carnivores and sheep: it crosses the surface of the masseter muscle

innervates all of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles besides cricothyroideus m.

caudal laryngeal nerve

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: the conchofrontal sinus has a large communication with the ________________ via the __________________.

caudal maxillary sinus frontomaxillary opening

boundaries of nasopharynx:

choanae to palatopharyngeal arches

What are the three parts to a hypsodont tooth?

clinical crown (apparent above skin) reserve crown (being pushed up) apex (where roots develop over time)

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: start with ___________________.

common carotid artery

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: Four things that drain into the caudal maxillary sinus (and which are via the frontomaxillary opening?)

conchofrontal sinus via the frontomaxillary opening (only!) sphenopalantine sinus middle conchal sinus ethmoidal conchal sinus

Where is the cornual nerve (a continuation of the __________________ nerve) blocked in the ox?

continuation of zygomatic nerve blocked as it crosses the temporal line of the ox

proper name to describe just taking out the vocal fold

cordectomy

And what are the two significant process on the arytenoid cartilages?

corniculate processes muscular processes

You need to de-horn a calf. What nerve will you block and where?

cornual nerve as it crosses the temporal line

another name for iridic granules

corpora nigra

One morning on first shift in the LA hospital, a goat comes in that obviously has CLA. The clinician asks you to explain the causative agent to the owners. You tell them CLA is caused by...

corynbacterium pseudotuberculosis

What passes very close to the temporohyoid joint?

cranial nerves VII and VIII

This fills the space between cricoid and thyroid cartilages

cricothyroid ligament

The cranial laryngeal nerve innervates the:

cricothyroideus m. (it is the ONLY muscle innervated by cranial laryngeal n.)

What are the needle teeth of the pig?

deciduous canines and 3rd incisors

What are two extra tear glands in two of our species?

deep gland of the third eyelid in the pig and a little less developed in the ox

what does the inferior alveolar n. block?

desensitizes all teeth in the lower arcade on the side blocked

What does the maxillary n. block?

desensitizes all teeth in the upper arcade on the side blocked

Muscles of mastication that open the jaw: (1)

digastricus m.

Open the jaw:

digastricus m. (caudal and rostral bellies) plus the occipitomandibularis m. which is an extra belly in the horse

contact surface on the caudal side of the tooth (2 names)

distal/caudal surface

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: so what are the four conchal sinuses?

dorsal (combined into conchofrontal sinus) ventral middle ethmoidal

Innervation of the head: These two branches of the FACIAL nerve pass over top of the masseter muscle: in what animals is this the case?

dorsal and ventral buccal branches of CN VII in the horse and sheep

scrolls of ____________ covered by highly vascular mucosa for: (4)

dorsal nasal concha middle nasal concha ventral nasal concha ethmoidal concha

4 pathways between conchae:

dorsal nasal meatus middle nasal meatus ventral nasal meatus COMMON nasal meatus

What is the word meaning that a tooth grows and erupts throughout life?

elodont

A tooth consists of what four things?

enamel dentine cementum dental/pulp caavity

An atheroma is an _________ __________ cyst of the nasal diverticulum.

epidermal inclusion

What comprises the larynx? (4)

epiglottis arytenoid thyoid and cricoid cartilages

What is a word for overflowing of tears?

epiphora

What teeth have the infundibulum?

equine incisors and maxillary cheek teeth

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: the final branch of the ________________ after the caudal auricular artery is the ______________________.

external carotid artery superficial temporal artery

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: the next branch off the ____________ after the linguofacial trunk is the ______________.

external carotid artery caudal auricular artery

So in the ox, what structures run together around the ventral masseter muscle? (4)

facial artery facial vein parotid salivary duct ventral buccal branch of facial nerve.

Innervation of the head: auriculopalpebral n. is a branch of cranial nerve ________________ and innervates...(2)

facial nerve (CN VII) innervates orbicularis oculi and ear

Canines are commonly vestigial, absent, or unerupted in _____________.

female horses

Wolf teeth correspond to...?

first premolars

The ox tongue has a deep transverse fissure between the apex and body called the _________________________.

fossa linguae

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: in the ox, the _______________ is subdivided. in the horse, the ______________ is subdivided.

frontal (ox) maxillary (horse)

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: _______________ and _________________ are continuous spaces referred to as the ______________________.

frontal sinus dorsal conchal sinus conchofrontal sinus

refers to the posterior part of the eye globe as viewed through an opthalmoscope:

fundus

What determines the maximal airflow and size of an endotracheal tube?

glottic cleft

These animals have NO facial artery:

goat and sheep

The mandibular salivary gland of the canine appears like a ______________. how does it compare in large animals?

golf ball in large animals, mandibular salivary gland is extensive and elongated

The only animal that has guttural pouches

horse

What is the clinical significance of the nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct? in what animal?

horse retrograde flush the nasolacrimal duct

And in what species are laryngeal ventricles found?

horse and pig but NOT the ox

So the horse has a pharyngeal _______________ and the pig has a pharyngeal ________________.

horse: pharyngeal recess pig: pharyngeal diverticulum

long, high crowned teeth with short roots

hypsodont

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: where is the palantine sinus located? is it large or small?

in the hard palate large

What are two examples of hypsodont teeth?

incisors and cheek teeth

Pig permanent dental formula:

incisors: 3/3 canines: 1/1 premolars: 4/4 molars: 3/3

And the infundibulum is an "infolding" of what? filled with what?

infolding of enamel that is filled with cementum

___________ and __________ nerve blocks are less commonly done.

infraorbital and mental

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: after the __________________ (namechange vessel), the maxillary artery is continued by the _____________________.

infraorbital artery descending palantine artery

The maxillary nerve then branches to become: (2)

infraorbital nerve zygomatic nerve

An infolding located centrally in the tooth

infundibulum

laryngeal hemiplegia has what clinical consequence?

inspiratory impedance and decreased athletic performance

You're at the LA hospital and this horse comes in with a severe nose bleed. You're worried it may be GP related fungus. What arteries should you worry about?

internal carotid a. external carotid a. maxillary a.

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: first branch off the common carotid

internal carotid artery

How does the stylohyoid bone divide the guttural pouch?

into medial and lateral compartments

Where do you insert needle for a mental nerve block?

into the mental foramen

normal vascular growths that project from the dorsal edge of the iris

iridic granules

And what animals have a corpora nigra or _____________?

iridic granules horse and ruminant

What is the significance of the major palantine artery?

it can be damaged during dental extractions (wolf teeth and cheek teeth)

Clinical significance of the temporohyoid articulation?

it can become diseased in a condition called temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Ruminant vessels: what becomes of the extracranial internal carotid a.?

it degenerates to a fibrous cord (like a cat)

Describe the digastricus m. in the horse:

it has caudal and rostral bellies connected by an intermediate tendon; the intermediate tendon can be observed passing through a split in a different tendon, that of the stylohyoideus m.

Describe the digastricus m. of the horse:

it has three bellies actually, with caudal and rostral bellies but also the "occipitomandibularis m." which is a third belly of the digastricus and a very large muscle.

Is the cricothyroid ligament long or short in the horse?

it is LONG due to the deep thyroid notch

Describe the digastricus m. of ruminants:

it is a "two-bellied muscle" with caudal and rostral bellies

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: what else is unique about the facial artery? (2 clinical implications)

it is a location for: 1. palpating a pulse 2. arterial blood pressure monitoring

Where does the ruminant get the lower incisor 4?

it is a modified canine

What is the clinical significance to occipitomandibularis muscle?

it is a surgical barrier when approaching the guttural pouch

Describe the laryngeal ventricle of the horse:

it is bound by vestibular and vocal folds in the horse

What does Hypso-mean?

it is greek for "height"

What causes recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

it is idiopathic

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: compare the maxillary sinus with that of the horse

it is not subdivided in the ox

Ruminant vessels: what becomes of the intracranial internal carotid artery?

it persists and is supplied by the epidural rete mirabile

What are possible complications for a maxillary nerve block?

it's a very deep nerve and passes right with the maxillary artery--so it may be troublesome if we get off target with our needle insertion

What if a tooth is short-crowned and has well developed roots?

it's called a brachydont tooth

Describe the path of auriculotemporal nerve and what it supplies:

its communicating branches join the dorsal buccal branches of CN VII to provide sensory innervation to the side of the face

Describe the laryngeal ventricle of the pig:

its entrance is a slit in the vocal folds

Where do you insert your needle for an inferior alveolar nerve block?

just before it enters the mandibular foramen on the medial side (needle has to go in 6-8 inches!!)

Two parts to the vestibule, depending on whether it's outside border is cheek or lips:

labial vestibule buccal vestibule

After draining from the corneal surface at the lacrimal puncta, tears pass through the __________________ or ________________ to the ________.

lacrimal ducts or lacrimal canaliculi to the lacrimal sac

Two glands that contribute to tear volume in all our domestic species:

lacrimal gland superficial gland of the third eyelid

Tears drain from the corneal surface at the _________.

lacrimal puncta

Each guttural pouch has a larger ___________ and smaller _________________ compartment. What separates them?

larger medial smaller lateral they are divided by the stylohyoid bone

a diverticulum of mucosa in the lateral walls of the larynx:

laryngeal ventricle

proper name to describe the "tieback" procedure:

laryngeoplasty

What is the significance of the cricothyroid ligament?

laryngotomy is performed via the cricothyroid ligament

what might be a source of buccal branch paralysis?

leaving a horse's halter on during anesthesia

laryngeal hemiplegia most often occurs on the ______ side.

left

The horse "laugh muscle"

levator labii superioris m.

What muscle attaches at the os rostri of the pig?

levator labii superioris m.

What are the two muscles used as a flap to close orosinus fistulas in the horse?

levator labii superioris m. levator nasolabialis m.

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: the linguofacial trunk branches to become

lingual artery facial artery

The prominant ____________ projects from the UNPAIRED basihyoid bone into....

lingual process into the root of the tongue

tooth surface toward the tongue

lingual surface

The ______________ tonsil is found on the dorsal root of the tongue in what species? Are there any others nearby?

lingual tonsil; and palantine tonsils are on either side of the root of the tongue in the horse

These two things converge to form the external jugular vein:

linguofacial vein and maxillary vein

What muscles might you worry about if a horse rears straight up and falls backward? (2)

longus capitis m. rectus capitis ventralis m.

Aggregates of ___________________ form tonsils.

lymphoid tissue

lower set of teeth

mandibular arcade

Horse Lymph Nodes: palpable on ventral mandible

mandibular lymph nodes (they are the only palpable lymph nodes on the horse head!)

The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the ____________ nerve.

mandibular nerve (which is a branch of CN V)

the upper set of teeth

maxillary arcade

What kind of teeth to ruminants lack?

maxillary incisors

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: the ________________ sinus has the ________________, which is a caudal extension into the region of the orbit.

maxillary sinus lacrimal bulla

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: The maxillary sinus is divided by a _______________ into:

maxillary sinus septum caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses

Lymph node assessment is critical in ___________________.

meat inspection

Horse Lymph Nodes: these lymph nodes are often combined in clusters

medial and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes

What is the clinically significant lymph node in the ox head?

medial retropharyngeal lynph node

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: the rostral frontal sinus of the ox also has two divisions

medial rostral frontal sinus lateral rostral frontal sinus

The inferior alveolar nerve travels along the mandible and then becomes _______________.

mental nerves

contact surface on the rostral side of the tooth: (2 names)

mesial/rostral surface

Nasogastric tube: if you go in what meatus, you'll hit the ethmoidal conchae?

middle

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: two branches of descending palantine artery

minor palantine artery sphenopalantine artery

Besides parotid and mandibular, what is another salivary gland we talked about?

monostomatic sublingual salivary gland

Is trephination more or less complicated in the ox?

more!

openings that transition from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx

nasal choanae

"false nostril" or dorsolateral blind pouch of the rostral nasal cavity

nasal diverticulum

this is readily seen at the mucocutaneous junction on the floor of the nasal vestibule in the horse

nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct

divides the nasal cavity into left and right passageways

nasal septum

initial "reception space" at the rostral nasal cavity

nasal vestibule

From the lacrimal sac, tears will drain into the __________________ which will open where?

nasolacrimal duct opens in the nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct on the floor of the nasal vestibule in the horse

Related to the guttural pouches, what can you easily see on equine endoscopy?

nasopharyngeal openings of the auditory tubes

In the HORSE, the caudal borders of the ________ form an opening, the ____________________, that creates a tight seal around the rostral larynx.

nasopharynx intrapharyngeal ostium

3 parts to the pharynx:

nasopharynx laryngopharynx oropharynx

Passage of a nasogastric tube: go (use this in a horse)

nostril ventral nasal meatus nasopharynx laryngopharnx esophagus stomach

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: what branch is usually very closely associated with the internal carotid artery?

occipital artery

grinding surface of opposing upper and lower teeth

occlusal surface

Equine incisors have _____ infundibula per tooth.

one

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

opthalmic nerve maxillary nerve mandibular nerve

The oral cavity is continued by the _________________.

oropharynx

________________ is the location of the palantine tonsil.

oropharynx

Special bone in the pig that supports rooting behavior

os rostri

what animals have a planum nasolabial (2)

ox pig

The hard palate is demarcataed by _____________________.

palantine ridges

tooth surface toward hard palate

palatal surface

The pig lacks a ______________ but has what instead?

palatine tonsil has tonsils of the soft palate

caudal extent of oral cavity

palatoglossal arch

boundaries of oropharynx:

palatoglossal arches to base of epiglottis

The intrapharyngeal ostium= __________ + ________________

palatopharyngeal arches + caudal border of the soft palate

boundaries of laryngopharynx:

palatopharyngeal arches/base of the epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: clinical significance of transverse facial artery (2)

palpation of pulse arterial blood pressure monitoring

If you see a nerve coming from what appears to be auriculopalpebral n. and heading to the palpebrae of the eye, what is it and what is its parent nerve?

palpebral nerve facial nerve (CN VII)

What three lymph nodes are found in all species?

parotid mandibular retropharyngeal

And what is the name of the actual location where the parotid duct discharges?

parotid papilla

What salivary gland discharges into the vestibule? And where?

parotid salivary gland adjacent maxillary PM4

Teeth are supported by the ________________ surrounding them.

periodontium

The stylohyoid bone articulates with.... to form what joint?

petrous part of temporal bone to form the temporohyoid joint

a dorsal pouch of the laryngopharynx

pharyngeal diverticulum

this partially divides the nasopharynx on midline

pharyngeal septum

crossroads of the digestive and respiratory passageways

pharynx

split between upper labia

philthrum

what animal has a pharyngeal diverticulum?

pig

continuous hairless portion of the rostral nose and upper lip

planum nasolabial

Clinical consideration for the pharyngeal recess:

possible site for a stomach tube to get stuck

Function of the guttural pouches? (2)

probably to cool blood going to the brain and to regulate intracranial blood pressure

What is eye extenteration?

removal of all of the contents of the orbit

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: the best place to feel the facial artery is...

right as it crosses the ventral mandible

Where do you put your needle for a maxillary nerve block?

right before the maxillary nerve passes into the maxillary foramen

Horses with associated increased respiratory impedance from laryngeal hemiplegia are called "_____________"

roarers

In the horse, the vestibular fold is a little rostral/caudal to the vocal fold.

rostral

Paranasal sinuses of the horse:all sinuses drain to :(2)

rostral maxillary sinus caudal maxillary sinus

what animals have a pharyngeal septum?

ruminants pig

In what animals does the palantine tonsil reside in the tonsillar sinus?

ruminants (most notably the ox)

Which animals have a complete bony orbital rim?

ruminants and horses (pigs and carnivores have an incomplete bony orbital rim)

How can you put a stomach tube in a ruminant?

ruminants tolerate an orogastric tube much more readily

The sloping occusal surface, anisognathous teeth result in...

sharp enamel points developing on the maxillary buccal edge and mandibular lingual edge of the cheek teeth arcades; (what gets floated off in normal routine equine dentistry)

Where exactly is the nasomaxillary opening (or _______________)?

sinonasal opening located at the caudal end of the middle nasal meatus

Anisognathous teeth have a _____________ occlusal surface.

sloping

The nasopharynx lies dorsal to the ______ palate.

soft

The greatest ignorance is to reject...

something you know nothing about.

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: what is the name of the sinus that lies ventral to the ethmoid concha and rostral cranium?

sphenopalantine sinus

The main channel blood supply to the head of the horse follows a __________________.

standard distribution

What bone divides the guttural pouch?

stylohyoid bone

Close the jaw:

temporalis m. masseter m. pterygoideus mm. (medial and lateral)

Which of the laryngeal cartilages is paired?

the arytenoid cartilages

The alveolus is:

the bony socket

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: which of the frontal sinuses has diverticula that are important for us to know?

the caudal frontal sinus

The CAD muscle is innervated by:

the caudal laryngeal nerve

Ruminant vessels: you dehorn a bull calf and notice a lot of blood before you cauterize it off. What vessel is bleeding and what supplies it?

the cornual artery from the superficial temporal artery

The joint where the arytenoid cartilage pivots on the cricoid cartilage?

the cricoarytenoid joint

Ruminant vessels: what supplies the internal carotid artery?

the epidural rete mirabile

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: the occipital artery is technically considered a branch of

the external carotid artery

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: after the internal carotid artery comes off, the common carotid continues as

the external carotid artery (i.e. internal carotid is the name change vessel)

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: in the horse dissection, we saw the facial artery running with... (2)

the facial vein and the parotid salivary duct

Horse Lymph Nodes: describe the appearance of the mandibular lymph nodes

the form a V shaped mass in the intermandibular space

What animal has a pharyngeal recess?

the horse

what animal has a nasal diverticulum?

the horse

Which animal has something other than a monostomatic sublingual salivary gland?

the horse has a polystomatic sublingual salivary gland but NOT a monostomatic sublingual salivary gland

The periodontal ligament is:

the ligament that holds the tooth in the bony socket

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: after the occipital artery, the next branch is

the linguofacial trunk

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: after the minor and spheno palantine arteries come off, the descending palantine artery's terminal branch is:

the major palantine artery

What are the two most important equine dental blocks?

the maxillary n. block the inferior alveolar n. block

Where do the pterygoideus mm. lie?

the medial and lateral pterygoideus mm. lie on the medial side of the mandible and almost mirror the masseter in position

two things that discharge at the sublingual caruncle?

the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland mandibular salivary gland

What is the rima glottidis? (and provide another name for it)

the narrowest part of the larynx, glottic cleft

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: what do you want to avoid at caudal maxillary trephination?

the nasolacrimal duct

Which has the palantine tonsils?

the oropharynx

The oropharynx is the location of what tonsil?

the palantine tonsil

What is the clinical significance of the auriculopalpebral nerve and its branches?

the palpebral branch is blocked as it crosses the zgomatic arch to stop blinking when examining or treating the eye

The stylohyoid bone articulates with what?

the petrous part of the temporal bone

What two things are contained in the nasopharynx of the horse?

the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube pharyngeal recess

The parotid salivary gland is very large in what species?

the pig

What animal has "needle teeth?"

the pig

What animal lacks a palantine tonsil?

the pig, so instead they have tonsils of the soft palate (collected at necropsy for classical swine fever surveillance)

the caudal laryngeal nerve is a branch from:

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

The gingiva is:

the skin around the tooth

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: the sphenopalantine sinus consists of...

the sphenoid sinus the palantine sinus

The mandibular salivary gland discharges at __________________.

the sublingual caruncle

What is the name of the articulation between the stylohyoid bone and the temporal bone?

the temprohyoid articulation

Main channel blood supply to the horse head: the superficial temporal artery will subsequently give rise to ________________.

the transverse facial artery

The space bound by the outer surface of the teeth and the inner surfaces of the cheeks and lips=

the vestibule

The zygomatic nerve becomes: (1)

the zygomaticotemporal nerve and then the cornual nerve to supply the horn

Ruminant vessels: describe the internal carotid artery

there is an extracranial internal carotid a. and an intracranial internal carotid artery

What is the clinical significance of the lingual process and the basihyoid bone?

they anchor sutures placed in the laryngeal tie-forward surgery to treat dorsal displacement of the soft palate

This relationship between the entrance to the larynx and the caudal nasopharynx results in what for the horse?

they are an obligate nasal breather!

What is the clinical relevance of the pig's tonsils of the soft palate?

they are collected at necropsy for Classical Swine Fever Surveilance.

What is the clinicical significance of needle teeth?

they are sometimes snipped off at birth to reduce trauma

Horse Lymph Nodes: what complications can arise with the medial and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes?

they can enlarge and compress the pharynx (subsequent to a strangles infection) causing dyspnea and dysphagia

Paranasal sinuses of the ox: what is the clinical implication of the diverticula in the caudal frontal sinus?

they complicate lavaging of this sinus

Why are there no maxillary incisors?

they have been replaced by a tough, fibrous dental pad

Where are sutures placed in a tieback surgery on a roaring horse? what is removed in this surgery?

through the same attachments as the CAD muscle, so from the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage laryngeal ventricle and vocal cords are also removed

Roarers are treated surgically with a "_____________"

tieback

Action of CAD muscle:

to open the glottis by abducting the arytenoids

The purpose of the iridic granules?

to shade the pupil or lens from glare

Boundaries of the oral cavity:

tongue teeth hard and soft palates palatoglossal arches (caudally)

The palatine tonsil resides in the _______________ of ruminants, which is more noticeable in what species?

tonsilar sinus more noticeable in the ox

The prominent dorsal bulge to the body of the tongue caudal to this fissure is called the _______________________.

torus linguae

How does lymph from the head and neck flow to the thoracic inlet?

tracheal duct

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: drilling a hole in the sinuses is known as...

trephination

Major sensory supply to the head:

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

T/F: any disease of the guttural pouches has potential to cause clinical signs associated with the structures in the vicinity.

true

T/F: the cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve.

true

T/F: pigs have the full complement of teeth in the domesticated species

true--so you can use this formula as a base to recall other species formulas

canine teeth of the pig are called:

tusks

Equine maxillary teeth have ______ infundibula per tooth.

two

What is the presentation of facial nerve, buccal branch paralysis?

upper lip is drawn over to the normal side, and the lower lip droops down on the affected side.

The root of the tongue extends caudally from the level of _____________________.

vallate papillae

landmark for the root of the tongue

vallate papillae (really apparent in the pig)

Are wolf teeth more common in the maxilla or mandible?

variably present in the maxilla rare in the mandible

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: ______________, ______________, and _____________ conchal sinuses are also present.

ventral middle ethmoidal

The long soft palate of the horse lies ________ to the epiglottis. what does this mean for the horse? (2 things)

ventral This is another way of saying that the horse has to be an obligate nasal breather AND, any gastric reflux is going to flow out of the nostrils (or it could go down the airway)

Paranasal sinuses of the horse: What drains into the rostral maxillary sinus? (via?)

ventral conchal sinus via the conchomaxillary opening

You're at work in the LA hospital, and a tech hands you a nasogastric tube. What space are you going for?

ventral nasal meatus

proper name to describe removing the laryngeal ventricles and vocal folds

ventriculocordectomy

The ox does not have a laryngeal ventricle and has no ________________ either.

vestibular folds

Buccal+labial surfaces=

vestibular surface

tooth surface toward the vestibule

vestibular surface

What is CN VIII?

vestibulocochlear nerve

Horse Lymph Nodes: what structure are the medial and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes related to?

wall of the guttural pouches

How does the parotid duct travel most of the time?

with the facial vessels along the ventral border of the masseter muscle to discharge adjacent to maxillary PM4

What is the clinical significance of the parotid papilla?

you can retrograde flush it if necessary

You're at work in the LA hospital, and someone asks you to get a blood sample for packed cell volume and total solutes. You are holding the horse so the closest location for getting a sample would be?

you're near his head, so go in the transverse facial vein (NOTE: this is not for blood pressure or pulse--that would be transverse facial artery!)

The carnivores have additionally, this salivary gland:

zygomatic salivary gland