Anatomy Lab Quiz Upper Limb
Anconeus (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
extends forearm at elbow joint
Triceps brachii (upper arm muscle action)
extends forearm at elbow joint
Extensor digitorum (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
extends index, middle, ring, and little fingers
Extensor digiti minimi (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
extends little finger
Infraspinatus (shoulder muscle action)
laterally rotates, transversely abducts, and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Teres minor (shoulder muscle action)
laterally rotates, transversely abducts, and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Subscapularis (shoulder muscle action)
medially rotates and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Coracoid process (scapula)
process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment Large, hooked-shaped projection located at lateral end of the superior border of the scapula; Acts as a point of attachment for the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, & biceps brachii (short head) muscles
Pronator quadratus (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
pronates forearm at radioulnar joints
Pronator teres (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
pronates forearm at radioulnar joints
Supinator (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
supinates forearm at radioulnar joints
Fossae of the Scapula
supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa
Infraspinous fossa (scapula)
depression located on posterior surface of scapula below spine
Abductor pollicis longus (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends & abducts thumb at first carpometacarpal joint
Extensor carpi ulnaris (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends & adducts hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; abducts hand at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
Extensor carpi radialis longus (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; abducts hand at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
Extensor indicis (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends index finger
Extensor pollicis brevis (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends thumb
Extensor pollicis longus (Extensor Surface of Forearm & Hand action)
Extends thumb
Surfaces of Scapula
2 Surfaces of Scapula: • Costal (ribs) Surface - anterior side, towards ribs • Posterior Surface - dorsal side Spine of scapula - located on posterior surface
Triquetrum (triangular) (carpal)
3rd carpal bone (from lateral to medial) of proximal row Pyramidal shape & articulates w/ lunate, pisiform, & hamate bones
Lunate (semilunar) (carpal)
2nd (from lateral to medial) of the 4 carpal bones of proximal row; articulates w/ radius, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, & triquetral bones Most commonly dislocated bone of wrist
Capitate (carpal)
3rd & largest carpal bone of the distal row. It is located in the center of the wrist and articulates with the scaphoid, lunate, trapezoid, hamate, and second, third, and fourth metacarpal bones. During falls with the hand extended, it imparts force to other bones of the wrist and is responsible for the injuries occurring to the scaphoid and lunate bones that were mentioned above
Number of bones in pectoral girdle & upper limb
64 bones found in the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, including the scapula (2), clavicle (2), humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpals (16), metacarpals (10), and phalanges (28)
Radial tuberosity (radius)
A tuberosity located distal to the neck on the medial side of bone. Acts as a attachment point for the biceps brachii muscle
Body (clavicle)
Area between the 2 ends; central portion of clavicle
Sternal End (clavicle)
Articulates w/ manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint Medial rounded end of clavicle, that articulates w/ the clavicular notch of manubrium through an articular facet. Sternal articular surface - facet that articulates the sternal extremity of clavicle w/ clavicular notch of manubrium
Intercarpal (wrist joint)
Articulation between the various carpal bones
Humeroradial (elbow joint)
Articulation of capitulum of humerus w/ fovea on the head of the radius
Carpometacarpal (wrist joint)
Articulation of distal row of carpal bones w/ base of metacarpal bones
Acromioclavicular (shoulder joint)
Articulation of the acromial extremity of clavicle w/ acromion of scapula
Proximal radioulnar (elbow joint)
Articulation of the articular circumference of the head of the radius with the radial notch of the ulnar
Distal Radioulnar (wrist joint)
Articulation of the articular surface of ulna w/ ulnar notch of the radius
Radiocarpal (wrist joint)
Articulation of the carpal articular surface of radius to scaphoid & lunate bones of wrist
Scapulothoracic (shoulder joint)
Articulation of the costal surface of the scapula w/ the body (shaft) of the ribs
Glenohumeral (shoulder joint)
Articulation of the head of the humerus w/ the glenoid cavity of scapula
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) (hand joint)
Articulation of the head of the metacarpal bone with the base of the proximal phalanx
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) (hand joint)
Articulation of the head of the middle phalanx with the base of the distal phalanx
Interphalangeal (IP) (hand joint)
Articulation of the head of the proximal phalanx w/ the base of the distal phalanx (thumb only)
Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) (hand joint)
Articulation of the head of the proximal phalanx with the base of the middle phalanx
Midcarpal (wrist joint)
Articulation of the proximal row of carpal bones with the distal row of carpal bones
Sternoclavicular (shoulder joint)
Articulation of the sternal extremity of the clavicle with the clavicular notch of the manubrium
Humeroulnar (elbow joint)
Articulation of trochlea of humerus w/ trochlear notch of ulna
Body (humerus)
Body or shaft - the long tubular part of the bone
Carpal Bones
Bones of wrist; arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones each
Injury and Dysfunction (metacarpal bones)
Commonly broken or dislocated Ex: head of 5th metacarpal bone is broken from the body when an awkwardly thrown punch is landed ("boxer's fracture")
Ulnar notch (radius)
Concave depression on the medial side of the distal end of the radius, which articulates, w/ head of ulna
Carpal articular surface (radius)
Concave surface on distal end of radius that articulates w/ scaphoid & lunate bones of wrist (forms radiocarpal joint)
Styloid process (radius)
Conical projection located laterally on distal end of radius; Acts as a attachment point for the brachioradialis muscle
Neck (scapula)
Constricted area between the head & body of scapula Constricted, medial part of the angle of the bone; Slightly constricted area surrounding glenoid cavity
Neck (radius)
Constricted region of bone, which supports the head
Surgical neck (humerus)
Constriction of humerus just distal to the tubercles; frequent site of fracture
Head (scapula)
Contains glenoid cavity; Expanded lateral part of lateral angle of bone
Dorsal tubercle (radius)
Distal posterior surface is marked in the middle by the dorsal tubercle. A part of the extensor retinaculum attaches to this tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
Elevated area of bone located on anterolateral surface of body of humerus; Acts as attachment point for deltoid muscle Pectoralis major muscle attaches above deltoid tuberosity, the brachialis muscle just below; Groove for Radial Nerve - Shallow depression immediately distal to the deltoid tuberosity
Acromial end (clavicle)
Flattened lateral end of clavicle that articulates w/ acromion of scapula thru an articular facet Acromial articular surface - facet that articulates the acromial extremity of the clavicle w/ acromion of scapula
Metacarpal Bones
Found in hand, extend from carpal bones to proximal phalanges 5 metacarpal bones that are numbered 1-5 from thumb (radial side of the arm) to little finger (ulnar side of the arm) Each has a proximal base, a middle body, & distal head Tubercles - found on each side of the metacarpal heads Proximal bases - articulate w/ carpal bones at the carpometacarpal joints Distal heads - articulate w/ the proximal phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP); the knuckles
Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
From radial to ulnar side: Scaphoid (navicular), Lunate (semilunar),Triquetrum (triangular), Pisiform
Trochlear notch (ulna)
Large depression found on the anterior, proximal end of the ulna. Formed jointly by depressions in coronoid process & olecranon. The trochlear notch serves as an articular surface for the trochlea of the humerus
Subscapular fossa (scapula)
Large depression occupying much of the anterior surface of the scapula
Olecranon (ulna)
Large process making up the most proximal, posterior part of ulna; Prominent piece of bone that can palpate at the elbow & act as a attachment point for triceps brachii & flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. When the forearm is extended, the olecranon fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
Crest of greater tubercle (humerus)
Larger, more lateral tubercle located just distal to the head & anatomical neck; Acts as a attachment point for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, & teres minor muscles
Scaphoid (navicular) (carpal)
Largest & most lateral bone of proximal row; articulates w/ radius, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, & lunate bones Most frequently broken wrist bone during a fall Tubercle of the scaphoid is located on the lateral edge of the palmar surface. The tubercle is a rounded projection to which the flexor retinaculum attached
Trapezium (greater multiangular) (carpal)
Most lateral bone of distal row. It articulates w/ scaphoid, 1st & 2nd metacarpals, & trapezoid bones. Tubercle of the trapezium is a distinct ridge on palmer surface
Pisiform (carpal)
Most medial bone of proximal row; positioned more to the palmar surface than the scaphoid, lunate, & triquetral bones; articulates only w/ triquetral bone
Hamate (carpal)
Most medial of 4 bones of distal row Bears prominent hook-shaped process, the hook (hamulus) on its palmar aspect The tubercle is the attachment point of several arm & hand muscles; articulates w/ lunate, triquetral, capitate, & 4th & 5th metacarpal bones
Acromion (scapula)
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the high point of the shoulder Lateral extension of spine of scapula; Acts as an area for attachment of the deltoideus & trapezius muscles, & along its medial border, it contains a facet for articulation w/ acromial end of clavicle
Olecranon fossa (humerus)
Prominent depression located on posterior aspect of humerus above the trochlea; it accepts the olecranon of ulna when the forearm is in an extended position
Medial epicondyle (humerus)
Prominent projection of bone at end of the medial supracondylar ridge above the trochlea; acts as attachment point for pronator teres muscle & many of the flexor muscles of the forearm Groove for ulnar nerve - groove under the medial epicondyle on posterior of bone
Coronoid process (ulna)
Prominent projection of bone that extends anteriorly from ulna just distal to the olecranon. The lateral surface of the coronoid process has a shallow depression, the radial notch, which articulates with the articular circumference of the head of the radius. It serves as a point of attachment for the brachialis, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and pronator teres muscles
Spine of the scapula
Prominent, elongated, bony process that arises from posterior surface of scapula Divides posterior surface into 2 unequal region: supraspinatus (supraspinous) fossa —more superior but smaller area infraspinatus (infraspinous) fossa—more inferior but larger area
Trochlea (Medial Condyle) (humerus)
Pulley-shaped area of bone found medially on the distal end of humerus; consists of 2 elevated areas of bone between which is a depression; Articulates w/ trochlear notch of ulna
Tuberosity of ulna (ulna)
Roughened eminence at junction of the coronoid process w/ body of the ulna. Tuberosity is the insertion of Brachialis muscle
Head (ulna)
Rounded articular surface making up the distal end of ulna; articulates w/ the triangular articular disc overlying the wrist & ulnar notch of the radius
Head (humerus)
Rounded, proximal extremity of humerus; articulates w/ glenoid cavity of scapula thru ball-&-socket glenohumeral joint
Coronoid fossa (humerus)
Shallow depression located on the anterior aspect of humerus above the trochlea; It accepts the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is in a flexed position.l
Radial fossa (humerus)
Shallow depression located on the anterior aspect of the humerus above capitulum; it accepts the head of the radius when the forearm is in a flexed position
Anatomical neck (humerus)
Shallow groove, which passes around the circumference of the head
Glenoid cavity of scapula
Shallow socket that articulates w/ the head of the humerus Marks the lateral extent of the angle & is the articular surface, which accepts the head of the humerus. The glenoid cavity is ringed by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous ring which helps stabilize head of humerus in the glenoid cavity. Supraglenoid tubercle - located at dorsal edge of glenoid cavity
Sesamoid Bones
Small rounded formations of bone associated w/ tendons of Flexor brevis pollicis muscle attachment on the palmar surface of the thumb at the interphalangeal (IP) joint
Crest of lesser tubercle (humerus)
Smaller but more obvious tubercle located on the anterior surface of the humerus just medial to the greater tubercle; Acts as attachment point for the subscapularis muscle
Trapezoid (lesser multiangular) (carpal)
Smallest bone of distal row; 2nd bone from lateral to medial; articulates w/ scaphoid, 2nd metacarpal, trapezium, & capitate bones
Body (ulna)
The length of bone extending from coronoid process distally to the head of the ulna. It is triangular in its proximal 3/4 & then becomes cylindrical
Head (radius)
The circular, proximal end of the radius, which through the articular fovea, a shallow cup-like depression on its cranial surface, articulates, with the capitulum of the humerus. The margin of the head is smooth and is called the articular circumference, a surface that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
Intertubercular sulcus (humerus)
The depression separating the greater & lesser tubercle; It gives passage to the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii muscle; Acts as attachment point for latissimus dorsi muscle along its distal aspect
Body (Shaft) (radius)
The elongated length of bone located between the neck and the distal extremity
Injury & Dysfunction (humerus)
The humerus is subject to fracture & traumatic separation. Fractures of the proximal extremity of the humerus often occur at the anatomical & surgical necks. In elderly persons, fractures frequently occur just above the surgical neck superior to the insertions of the pectoralis major, teres major, & latissimus dorsi muscles Because the axillary, radial, & ulnar nerves are associated w/ the humerus, other fracture sites along the humerus may result in nerve injury. Traumatic separation of the proximal epiphysis from the shaft of the humerus can occur in young individuals prior to the age of 20. The proximal epiphysis is a growth point & doesn't unite w/ the body of the humerus until about age 18 in females & age 20 in males.
Body (scapula)
The major portion (mostly flat) of shoulder blade; Thin, triangular part of the bone
Ulnar styloid process (ulna)
The most distal, medial projection of bone arising from the ulna
Capitulum (Lateral Condyle) (humerus)
The rounded, smooth, elevated area of bone found laterally on the distal end of humerus; articulates w/ head of radius
Lateral epicondyle (humerus)
The small projection of bone located at the distal end of the lateral supracondylar ridge just above the capitulum. It serves as a point of attachment for supinator muscle and many of the extensor muscles of the forearm
Injury and Dysfunction (radius & ulna)
When one falls on outstretched hands, the radius & ulna are subject to fracture. Usually the distal end of radius & the styloid process of the ulna that will break. Radius is often broken into pieces & shortened
Supraspinatus (shoulder muscle action)
abducts and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Deltoid (shoulder muscle action)
abducts, flexes, extends, medially rotates and laterally rotates arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Coracobrachialis (upper arm muscle action)
adducts and flexes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Teres major (shoulder muscle action)
adducts and medially rotates arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Phalanges
bones of the fingers Each finger, except for thumb, has a proximal, middle, & distal phalanx; thumb contains only proximal & distal phalanx Each bone has a proximal base, a middle body, & a distal head similar to the metacarpal bones
Flexor carpi ulnaris (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
flexes and adducts hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Brachialis (upper arm muscle action)
flexes forearm at elbow joint
Brachioradialis
flexes forearm at elbow joint
Biceps brachii (upper arm muscle action)
flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates forearm at radioulnar joints
Flexor carpi radialis (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
flexes hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; abducts hand at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
Palmaris longus (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
flexes hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; stabilizes palmar aponeurosis
Flexor digitorum profundus (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
flexes index, middle, ring, and little fingers
Flexor digitorum superficialis (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
flexes index, middle, ring, and little fingers
Flexor pollicis longus (flexor compartment of forearm & hand action)
flexes thumb
Distal Row of Carpal Bones (carpal)
from radial to ulnar side: Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid (lesser multiangular), Trapezium (greater multiangular)
Supraspinous fossa (scapula)
the depression located on the posterior surface of the scapula above the spine
