Anatomy lecture exam chapter 20 to 25

Secretions of the parotid gland empty A) anterior to the frenulum of the tongue. B) between the lingual tonsil and epiglottis. C) lateral to the upper molars. D) through 10 ducts on the floor of the oral cavity.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 691-692

Identify the letter that indicates folds that allow for expansion of the stomach. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694-695

The parietal cells in the stomach produce A) mucin. B) pepsin. C) intrinsic factor and HCl. D) secretin.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 695

Identify the letter that indicates the cystic duct. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 698

Three strips of longitudinal muscles of the muscularis of the colon causing it to pucker into sacs. A) ileocecal junction B) haustra C) teniae coli D) muscularis mucosae E) pyloric sphincter

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 700

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine? A) It includes the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. B) It contains an abundant bacterial flora. C) It is the main site of nutrient absorption. D) It absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 700-701

Which of the following statements about the large intestine is false? A) It has no villi. B) It exhibits external muscular bands called taeniae coli. C) It is longer than the small intestine. D) It has haustra.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 700-701

Junction of the transverse and ascending colon. A) splenic flexure B) cecum C) hepatic flexure D) ileocecal valve E) haustra

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 701

The portion of the large intestine closest to the liver is the A) cecum. B) rectum. C) transverse colon. D) descending colon.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 701

Which of the following is a role of the levator ani muscle in defecation? A) It pushes down on the feces. B) It has no role in defecation, only in inhibiting defecation (it is the external sphincter muscle). C) It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the feces. D) Its stretch and proprioception properties initiate the defecation reflex.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 702

The bare area of the liver A) contains the ligamentum teres. B) is covered with visceral peritoneum. C) is fused with the diaphragm. D) is on the liver's inferior and anterior surface.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 707

If we say the pancreas is shaped like a tadpole, then the tadpole's head lies A) posterior to the fundus of the stomach. B) inside the mesentery proper. C) in the curvature formed by the duodenum. D) against the hilum of the spleen.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710

The pancreas contains all of the following regions except a A) head. B) tail. C) hilum. D) body.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710

In most cases, the accessory pancreatic duct drains into the A) common bile duct. B) common hepatic duct. C) duodenum. D) jejunum.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710-711

The lamina propria and submucosa of the stomach both derive from which embryonic layer? A) ectoderm B) intermediate mesoderm C) splanchnic mesoderm D) somatic mesoderm

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 713

The lining epithelium of the developing digestive tract (pharynx through anal canal) comes from A) ectoderm. B) mesoderm. C) endoderm. D) neural crest.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 713

Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen? A) renal vessels B) renal ligaments C) renal fascia D) the diaphragm, through its muscle tone

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 721-722

If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are A) minor calyces. B) renal sinuses. C) openings of papillary ducts. D) glomeruli.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 723,728

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are A) segmental arteries. B) arcuate arteries. C) cortical radiate arteries. D) interlobar arteries.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessel that branches from the abdominal aorta carrying oxygenated blood to the kidney. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein. A) is shorter than B) is the same length as C) is longer than D) carries less blood than

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

Which vessels lie within the renal columns? A) arcuate arteries B) cortical radiate arteries C) interlobar arteries D) segmental arteries

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels covered by podocytes. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 726

Identify the letter that indicates the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 726

Identify the letter that indicates the region of the nephron with receptors sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728-729

This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells. A) lymph node B) spleen C) thymus D) tonsil

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 637-638

Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens? A) tonsil B) spleen C) the thymus D) aggregated lymphoid nodules

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 637-638

Fluid that reduces surface tension of the alveolar walls. A) serous fluid B) pleural fluid C) surfactant D) lysozyme E) mucin

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 659

Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx? A) lining epithelium B) lamina propria C) muscularis mucosae D) lumen

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 688

In mastication, the relative roles of an incisor versus a molar are A) piercing versus tearing. B) chewing versus holding food in the mouth. C) biting off pieces of food versus grinding. D) only incisors function in mastication.

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 690

The "mostly mucous" extrinsic salivary gland is the ________ gland. A) parotid B) submandibular C) sublingual D) intrinsic

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 692

Which of the following are the only mucosal folds that do not flatten out at all when the organ stretches? A) longitudinal folds in the esophagus B) rugae in the stomach C) circular folds in the small intestine D) mucosal folds in the gallbladder

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 697

Which of the following is true of the pectinate line of the anal canal? A) It lies just below the level of the rectal valves. B) It is also called the anal columns. C) It divides regions of somatic and visceral innervation. D) All hemorrhoids occur there.

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 701

What is the distinction between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? A) Although both diseases are caused by inflammation, Crohn's disease occurs only in the small intestine, whereas ulcerative colitis occurs only in the large intestine. B) Crohn's disease is caused by the bacterium H. pylori, whereas ulcerative colitis results from the failure of acid to be neutralized before it reaches the colon. C) Crohn's disease produces deeper erosions of the mucosa and occurs throughout the intestines, whereas ulcerative colitis occurs mostly in the rectum. D) Crohn's disease results in diverticula, caused by insufficient dietary fiber, whereas ulcerative colitis is caused by the bacterium H. pylori.

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 712

The layer of podocytes is the same as the A) parietal layer. B) glomerulus. C) visceral layer of glomerular capsule. D) capsular space.

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 725-726

Which of the following would not inhibit micturition? A) stimulation of the somatic motor neurons to the external urethral sphincter B) activation of the sympathetic pathways C) relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter D) relaxation of the detrusor muscles

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 735-736

Which female structure is homologous to the corpus spongiosum of the penis? A) clitoris crura bulb of the vestibule labia minora

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 767

In the late stages of pregnancy, the placental barrier of the chorionic villi consists only of which two layers? decidua capsularis and decidua basalis syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast syncytiotrophoblast and capillary endothelium cytotrophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 772

The HIV that causes AIDS infects immune cells that have the surface protein called ________.

: CD4 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 636

________ channels, also known as arterial anastomoses, provide alternative pathways of blood to joints.

: Collateral Diff: 3 Page Ref: 595

Describe the effects of smoking on (a) alveolar structure, (b) cilia and alveolar macrophages, and (c) the bronchial epithelium.

: Components of tobacco smoke lead to destruction of alveolar walls. The resulting loss of surface area for gas exchange is a condition known as emphysema. Smoking also slows the activity of cilia and macrophages of the respiratory mucosa. This leads to accumulation of mucus, irritants, and carcinogens. The carcinogens lead to cancer growth in the bronchial epithelium and mucosal glands. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 668

________ is a condition in which inflammation of the intestines causes deep ulcers and fissures.

: Crohn's disease Diff: 2 Page Ref: 712

Which artery arises from the inferior part of the abdominal aorta and supplies the distal half of the large intestine? A) gonadal artery B) median sacral artery C) superior phrenic artery D) inferior mesenteric artery

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 616

Edema is A) a form of cancer. B) an infection of the lymphatic vessels. C) an infection of the lymph nodes. D) the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

The ________ stores blood platelets. A) lymph node B) thymus C) tonsil D) spleen

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 638-639

The tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the ________ tonsil. A) palatine B) pharyngeal C) tubal D) lingual

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 640

Which portion of the nasal cavity is lined with sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles? A) hard and soft palate B) nasal conchae C) roof (ceiling) D) vestibule

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 648

The passageway between the nasopharynx and the middle ear is the A) oval window. B) internal acoustic meatus. C) mastoid sinus. D) pharyngotympanic tube.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 651

The correct definition of bronchopulmonary segments is A) arbitrary subdivisions of a lung, about as large as a fist (0.3 liter). B) parts of the lung that are easy to remove during surgery. C) parts of the lungs that are separated by the oblique and horizontal fissures. D) parts of the lung that are supplied by a single tertiary bronchus (and its branches).

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659

The left lung A) has three lobes. B) is supplied entirely by a secondary bronchus. C) receives oxygenated blood from the heart via the left pulmonary artery. D) has a cardiac notch.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659

An infectious illness that results in the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli is A) tuberculosis. B) emphysema. C) bronchitis. D) pneumonia.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 671

Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ? A) teeth B) salivary gland C) liver D) spleen

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 677

Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called A) ingestion. B) propulsion. C) mechanical digestion. D) absorption.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 682

To say someone is "tongue-tied" means that the A) lips are exceptionally immobile. B) tongue muscles are weak. C) salivary glands produce little lubricant. D) lingual frenulum is short.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 688

The largest salivary gland is the A) intrinsic. B) submandibular. C) sublingual. D) parotid.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 691

The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) anus. D) large intestine.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 700

What is the function of the gallbladder? A) secretion of bile B) production of cholesterol C) secretion of gastrin D) storage of bile

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 710

Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the A) fibrous capsule. B) lateral convex surface. C) inferior surface. D) medial hilum.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 721

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? A) glomerulus B) proximal convoluted tubule C) distal convoluted tubule D) collecting duct

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 728

Identify the letter that indicates the afferent arteriole. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 729

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae) A) act to increase the surface area for absorption. B) thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst. C) are not present in life, only in cadavers. D) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 733

The external urethral sphincter is located A) at the external urethral orifice. B) at the junction of the bladder wall and urethra. C) at the ureteral orifice. D) at the urogenital diaphragm.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 734

Infection of the renal pelvic and calyces is known as A) nephritis. B) cystitis. C) hydronephritis. D) pyelitis.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 736

The function of the cremaster muscle is to A) squeeze semen from the urethra during ejaculation. B) maintain erection in both sexes. C) increase intra-abdominal pressure during childbirth. D) alter the position of the testes in the scrotal sac with increases in ambient temperature.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 745

Of the following tubes, which is the only one that lies partly outside the testis? A) tubulus rectus B) seminiferous tubule C) rete testis D) efferent ductule

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 746

The most common site of ectopic pregnancy is the A) uterus. B) peritoneal cavity. C) vagina. D) uterine tube.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 758

Most support of the uterus is provided by the A) mesometrium. round ligament. cardinal ligament. muscles of the pelvic floor.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 759

This layer of the uterus contracts during parturition to expel the baby. A) perimetrium B) stratum functionalis C) stratum basalis D) myometrium E) endometrium

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 759

A hydrocele occurs in females only. is a series of varicosities of the pampiniform plexus. is a sac filled with intestines that have pushed through the abdominal wall. is excess serous fluid in the scrotum.

: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 780

Identify the letter that indicates a connective tissue layer consisting of longitudinal collagen fibers. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-590

Functionally, there are no valves in arteries (as opposed to in veins) because A) valves direct blood only toward the heart and arterial blood passes away from the heart. B) valves would tear apart from the high arterial pressure. C) arteries get more atherosclerosis, so valves would cause lethal blood clotting. D) the blood pressure in arteries is high enough that there is no backflow of blood.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-591, 595

Which of the following statements about arterioles is false? A) They regulate the flow of blood to capillary beds through contraction and relaxation of the tunica media. B) They redirect blood flow in a sympathetic response to skeletal muscle. C) They can lead into metarterioles. D) They have the largest content of smooth muscle in their tunica media.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 591-592

Precapillary sphincters allow blood to leave this structure and enter true capillaries. A) sinusoids B) fenestrated capillaries C) continuous capillaries D) metarterioles E) none of the above

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

Present in most capillaries, these structures are absent in those of the blood-brain barrier. A) tight junctions B) endothelial cells C) basement membrane D) intercellular clefts E) pericytes

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

A "coming together" of alternate pathways of blood vessels. A) thoroughfare channel B) vasa vasorum C) metarterioles D) vascular anastomosis E) converging veins

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 595

Identify the letter that indicates the brachial artery. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 598

The cerebral arterial circle forms a loop around which structures? A) the great vessels at the base of the heart B) the internal and external carotid arteries C) the cerebellum D) the pituitary gland and the optic chiasma

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

The abdominal aorta divides at its distal end into which arteries? A) the femoral arteries B) the internal iliac arteries C) the external iliac arteries D) the common iliac arteries

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 606-607

Identify the letter that indicates the vessel that is easy to find in most people and is used to obtain blood. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 609, 613

The lumbar veins drain the inferior posterior abdominal wall and direct oxygen-poor blood into the A) superior vena cava. B) internal iliac vein. C) external iliac vein. D) inferior vena cava.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613

The rubbing together of inflamed pleural membranes that produces a stabbing pain in the chest is called A) influenza. B) tuberculosis. C) rhinitis. D) pleurisy.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 663

Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that has a laryngeal prominence that is also known as the "Adam's apple." A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6652

These are peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor changes in respiratory gasses and blood acidity levels. A) ventral respiratory center B) vagus nerve C) reticular activating system D) carotid bodies E) medulla oblongata

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 666

Medial to both midclavicular lines and superior to the subcostal plane lies the A) appendix. B) cecum. C) jejunum. D) pyloric sphincter.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 677

The mesentery that suspends the small intestine is the A) falciform ligament. B) lesser omentum. C) greater omentum. D) mesentery proper.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680

Identify the letter that indicates the surface of the tooth that is coated with the hardest substance in the body. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 690

Identify the letter that indicates the curvature where the greater omentum attaches. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694-695

Bulblike union of the main pancreatic duct and bile duct. A) cystic duct B) hepatic duct C) porta hepatis D) hepatopancreatic ampulla E) accessory pancreatic duct

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697

Hypospadias A) never occurs in females. B) is characterized by the absence of a urethra. C) cannot be detected through an examination of the outside of a baby's body. D) has no effects until puberty, when males start producing sperm.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 777

Identify the letter that indicates the layer common to all blood vessels regardless of their size. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-590

Capillaries consist of only this layer. A) tunica intima B) subendothelial layer C) tunica media D) tunica externa E) vasa vasorum

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 590, 592

Wide leaky capillaries found in bone marrow and spleen. A) sinusoids B) fenestrated capillaries C) continuous capillaries D) metarterioles E) none of the above

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

Identify the letter that indicates the common iliac artery. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 598

The correct proximal to distal sequence of the three vessels branching from the aortic arch is A) brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian. B) brachiocephalic, left subclavian, left common carotid. C) left common carotid, left subclavian, brachiocephalic. D) left subclavian, left common carotid, brachiocephalic.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 599

The internal carotid artery branches to form the A) anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and ophthalmic arteries. B) facial, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries. C) middle meningeal and middle cerebral arteries. D) posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

Which branch (or branches) of the abdominal aorta supplies the stomach? A) celiac trunk B) superior mesenteric artery C) inferior phrenic arteries D) suprarenal arteries

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 603-604

Identify the letter that indicates the vessel that arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 609-610

Which vessel is missing in the following statement? "Tracing venous blood from the inferior left side of the posterior abdominal wall to the heart, we find that blood enters the posterior intercostal veins, the hemiazygos vein, the superior vena cava, and the right atrium." A) the azygos vein B) the hepatic portal vein C) the inferior vena cava D) the right brachiocephalic vein

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 611

The hepatic portal system has two distinct capillary beds separated by a portal vein. What are the functions of these two capillary beds? A) The first picks up digested nutrients, and the second delivers these nutrients to liver cells. B) The first nourishes the digestive tube, and the second picks up nutrients from the digestive tube. C) The first provides oxygen to the liver, and the second picks up nutrients from the liver. D) The first picks up toxins from the liver, and the second delivers them to the digestive tube for detoxification.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 615-616

The lymphatic capillaries are A) more permeable than blood capillaries. B) less permeable than blood capillaries. C) as permeable as blood capillaries. D) completely impermeable.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628

Identify the letter that indicates a vessel that carries deoxygenated blood away from peripheral tissues. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

The largest kind of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic A) duct. B) trunk. C) sinus. D) capillary.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630

Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs (simply because lymph vessels drain almost all organs of the body). However, lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of lymphoid organ. The only organ with such afferent lymph vessels is A) a lymph node. B) the spleen. C) the appendix. D) the thymus.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630, 638

Identify the letter that indicates the union of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

In lymph nodes, follicles are always located A) in the cortex. B) near the hilum. C) in the lymph sinuses. D) in the medullary cords.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 631

Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in A) loose connective tissue. B) the bloodstream. C) cartilage. D) the thyroid.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 634

By secreting hormones, the thymus causes which cells to become immunocompetent? A) T lymphocytes B) B lymphocytes C) macrophages D) monocytes

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637

Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ? A) liver B) spleen C) tonsils D) aggregated nodules in the intestine

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637

Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx. A) tonsils B) salivary glands C) uvula D) pharygotympanic tube E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640

Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the A) ciliated epithelium and mucus that line the respiratory passages. B) abundant blood supply to the nasal mucosa. C) porous structure of the nasal conchae. D) action of the epiglottis.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 648

Identify the letter that indicates structures that assist in filtering, heating, and humidifying inspired air. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 649

Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that anchors the vocal cords posteriorly. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 652

The vocal ligaments attach between the thyroid cartilage and the A) arytenoid cartilage. B) corniculate cartilage. C) cricoid cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 653

The trachealis muscle A) constricts the trachea. B) controls the length and tension of the vocal cords. C) initiates the cough reflex. D) raises the larynx when swallowing.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 654-655

Identify the letter that indicates a muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

Alveolar cells that allow rapid diffusion of respiratory gases. A) Type I B) Type II C) alveolar macrophages D) endothelial cells E) pseudostratiied columnar epithelial cells

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 658

Fissure separating the upper and middle lobes of the right lung. A) horizontal B) oblique C) carina D) superior E) inferior

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

Which muscle contracts during forced expiration? A) internal oblique B) serratus anterior C) sternocleidomastoid D) pectoralis major

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 664-666

The aortic bodies A) sense the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. B) give rise to the pulmonary arteries. C) are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve. D) are in the hilum of the lung.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 666

The part of the brain that generates the basic respiratory rhythm is the A) medulla oblongata. B) limbic system. C) hypothalamus. D) cerebrum.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 666

Which pulmonary disease is characterized by a permanent enlargement of the alveoli? A) emphysema B) tuberculosis C) pneumonia D) lung cancer

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 669

Embryologically, the nasal cavity develops from A) invagination of the ectoderm of the olfactory placode. B) the nasopharynx. C) a cranial extension of the mouth. D) the early precursor of the paranasal sinuses.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 670

Which of the following is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ? A) descending colon B) ileum C) sigmoid colon D) transverse colon

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680-681

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is primarily located within the A) lamina propria. B) muscularis mucosa. C) serosa. D) submucosa.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 683

Identify the letter that indicates the crown. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 690

Which of the following is not contained in saliva? A) enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins B) enzymes that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates C) bicarbonate buffer D) bactericidal enzymes

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 691

Identify the letter that indicates the cardiac region of the stomach. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694

The epithelial lining of the mouth derives from A) ectoderm. B) mesoderm. C) endoderm. D) neural crest.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 713

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation. A) afferent arteriole B) efferent arteriole C) segmental artery D) macula densa E) extraglomerular mesangial

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 730-731

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that A) the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall. B) the ureters and urethra are really the same tube. C) each ureter must have four distinct openings into the bladder. D) this bladder had a congenital defect.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 731

This multinucleate embryonic structure invades the uterus, digesting cells and maternal blood vessels to make way for development of the placenta. A) syncytiotrophoblast B) morula C) inner cell mass D) decidua basalis E) decidua capsularis

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 770

The capillaries within a chorionic villus of the placenta contain blood A) from the fetus. from the mother. from both the fetus and the mother. that doesn't belong to the fetus or the mother.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 772

Which of the following pairs of structures is not derived from the same embryonic tissues? A) ductus deferens, uterine tube penis, clitoris spongy urethra, labia minora testes, ovaries

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 777

Define the term portal system, and describe the significance of portal-systemic anastomoses.

: A portal system consists of two separate capillary beds between the arterial and venous ends of the circuit. The capillary beds are joined to each other in sequence by a portal vein. In the hepatic portal system, destruction of the hepatic sinusoids can lead to blockage of blood flow through the liver, resulting in increased blood pressure throughout the liver and GI tract. Venous anastomoses along the GI tract provide a "safety valve" through which venous blood can drain, bypassing the blocked liver and relieving the hypertension. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 613-616

Define and explain the significance of vascular anastomoses.

: A vascular anastomosis is a "coming together" of either arteries or veins. Vascular anastomoses are alternative pathways for blood flow. These pathways are called collateral channels. Arterial anastomoses often occur around joints providing alternative pathways for blood to flow when movement of a joint impinges upon flow through other vessels. The anastomosis ensures adequate perfusion of the tissue. Venous anastomoses provide multiple pathways for drainage. Blockage of a single vein rarely blocks blood flow or leads to tissue death. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 595-596

Explain the difference in muscles used for active inspiration and expiration.

: Active inspiration involves the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. Additionally, the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor may also be involved. Active expiration involves relaxation of the diaphragm and contraction of the internal intercostals, oblique and transverse abdominis muscles, and, in certain circumstances, the latissimus dorsi. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 664-666

Describe the structure of a mesentery, and then identify and describe the location of two ventral and two dorsal mesenteries.

: Answer: A mesentery consists of two serous membranes that sandwich blood vessels and nerves in between. The mesentery extends from the abdominal wall to intraperitoneal organs, supporting the organs and fixing them to the wall. The two ventral mesenteries are the falciform ligament, which attaches the liver to the anterior wall and diaphragm, and the lesser omentum, which attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. The dorsal mesenteries include the greater omentum, mesentery proper, transverse mesocolon, and sigmoid mesocolon. The greater omentum attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall. The mesentery proper connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall. The two mesocolons attach to the region of the colon for which they are named. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680-681

Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissue? A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) tunica adventitia

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 589

A blood vessel that ranges from 0.3 mm to about 1 cm in diameter and has a large tunica media relative to the size of the lumen is A) an elastic artery. B) a muscular artery. C) an arteriole. D) a capillary.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 591

Fenestrated capillaries A) are located in the central nervous system. B) have pores in their walls. C) permit the movement of very few molecules. D) occur in most of the organs of the body.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 593

Identify the letter that indicates the renal artery as it branches from the Abdominal aorta. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 598

Of the following, the only unpaired dural sinus is the A) cavernous sinus. B) superior sagittal sinus. C) transverse sinus. D) carotid sinus.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 610-611

Which vessel is most commonly used to bypass a damaged coronary artery in coronary bypass surgery? A) azygos vein B) great saphenous vein C) femoral artery D) internal carotid artery

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 617

Identify the letter that indicates the smallest lymphatic vessel that collects lymph in the peripheral tissue. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 628-629

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is a group of neurons located within the A) forebrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) midbrain. D) pons.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 666

In lung cancer, the cancer cells usually arise from A) the smooth muscle fibers around the bronchioles. B) the epithelium lining a large bronchus. C) the alveoli. D) lymph nodes in the lung.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 668

The lesser omentum extends between the A) greater curvature of the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall. B) lesser curvature of the stomach and the porta hepatis of the liver. C) transverse colon and the posterior abdominal wall. D) sigmoid colon and the posterior pelvic wall.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680

The layer of the digestive tube that contains abundant elastin plus blood vessels, lymphoid nodules, and deep glands is the A) adventitia. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) serosa.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 683

Layer of the GI tract responsible for peristalsis and segmentation. A) muscularis mucosae B) muscularis externa C) lamina propria D) submucosa E) serosa

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 685

How many deciduous teeth are there? A) 18 B) 20 C) 32 D) It varies from person to person.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 689

Identify the letter on the diagram that represents the neck of the tooth. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 690

Identify the letter that indicates the fundus of the stomach. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694

Which of the following cells produce intrinsic factor? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) mucous neck cells D) enteroendocrine cells

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 695

Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion? A) parietal cell; pepsinogen B) chief cell; pepsinogen C) parietal cell; mucus D) enteroendocrine; hydrochloric acid

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 695

Identify the letter that indicates the duct formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 698, 707

The splenic flexure is the boundary between the A) spleen and stomach. B) transverse and descending colon. C) transverse and ascending colon. D) descending colon and sigmoid colon.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 701

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the rectum? A) lacks tenia coli B) has longitudinal folds called columns C) is secondarily retroperitoneal D) has transverse folds called rectal valves

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 701

Most of the gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system. Which parts are innervated by the somatic nervous system? A) esophagus and stomach B) pharynx and anal canal C) pyloric, ileocecal, and internal anal sphincters D) small and large intestines

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 702

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 706

Which of the following is not normally found in urine? A) urea B) glucose C) uric acid D) creatinine

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 720-721

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra? A) T11 or T12 B) L1 or L2 C) L4 D) T8

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 721

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney. A) cortex B) hilum C) renal corpuscle D) renal capsule E) sinus

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 721

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the A) renal sinus. B) renal pelvis. C) renal cortex. D) renal pyramids.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 723

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids. A) major calyx B) minor calyx C) renal sinus D) renal pelvis E) cortical columns

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 723

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessels that delineate the cortex from the medulla. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium? A) ascending limb of the nephron loop B) descending limb of the nephron loop C) distal convoluted tubule D) proximal convoluted tubule

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 727-728

The function of the collecting duct is to A) contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex. B) determine the final volume and concentration of urine. C) drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein. D) transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728

Identify the letter that indicates the glomerulus. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 729

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder. A) cremaster B) detrusor C) diaphragm D) vesicular E) dartos

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 733

Identify the letter that indicates the gland that secretes neutralizing mucus prior to ejaculation. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 744, 751

Tubules that connect testicular lobules with the efferent ductules of the epididymis. A) seminiferous tubules B) rete testis C) pampiniform plexus D) ductus deferens E) straight tubules

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 746

Which testicular cells help deliver sperm to the epididymis by contracting rhythmically? A) interstitial B) myoid C) sustentocytes D) type A spermatocytes

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747

Inguinal hernias A) always reach the scrotum. B) always enter the inguinal canal. C) occur with equal frequency in males and females. D) are signs of old age and almost never congenital.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 749

By undergoing meiosis, each primary spermatocyte ultimately gives rise to how many sperm cells? A) two B) four C) eight D) billions

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 754

Identify the letter that indicates the region of the uterus known as the fundus. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756

Identify the letter that indicates the organ which is commonly referred to as the birth canal. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756, 766

A factor that propels an oocyte through the uterine tube is A) pressure exerted by ovarian fluid. B) smooth muscle contraction (peristalsis). C) secretions of the nonciliated cells. D) amoeboid motion of the oocyte.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 757

In addition to remaining granulosa cells, which of the following cell types make up the corpus luteum? A) oocyte B) theca cells C) cells of the corona radiata D) interstitial cells

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The female uterine cycle begins A) at ovulation. B) on the first day of menstruation. C) at the end of menstruation. D) every six weeks.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The fluid-filled cavity in a mature ovarian follicle is known as A) zona pellucidum. B) antrum. C) corona radiate. D) theca folliculi. E) granulaosa cells.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The zona pellucida A) is the portion of the placenta in which maternal blood contacts fetal tissues. B) is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur. C) is the region of the uterine tube where fertilization occurs. D) is the remnant of the vesicular follicle that becomes the corpus luteum.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The female homologue of the male scrotum is the A) ovary. B) labia majora. C) penile urethra. D) bulb of the vestibule.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 767

Which structure is not derived from the embryonic paramesonephric ducts? cervix clitoris upper vagina D) uterine tube

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777

The largest molecules that pass through the walls of typical capillaries are thought to use which route? A) direct diffusion through the endothelium B) pinocytotic vesicles C) intercellular clefts D) tight junctions

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 593

B lymphocytes are to ________ as T lymphocytes are to ________. A) antibodies; antigens B) antibodies; programmed cell death C) antigens; antibodies D) programmed cell death; antibodies

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 633-635

Given that a germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte, how many different kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center (and by the plasma cells it produces)? A) none; T cells do not produce antibodies B) one C) several dozen D) thousands

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 633-635

An aortic aneurysm that presses on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve could lead to A) paralysis of the diaphragm. B) hoarse speech. C) complete loss of speech. D) inability of the carotid sinus to monitor blood gases.

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 654

Which structure does not enter or exit from the hilum of a lung? A) bronchial vein B) phrenic nerve C) pulmonary artery D) pulmonary plexus

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 659-661

When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ________, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity ________, and air flows ________ the lungs. A) decreases; rises; into B) increases; drops; into C) decreases; drops; out of D) increases; drops; out of

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 664-666

Which muscle is used for both quiet inspiration and forced expiration? A) external intercostals B) internal intercostals C) latissimus dorsi D) scalenes

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 664-666

Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney? A) cortical radiate arteries B) minor calyces C) renal corpuscles D) renal papillae

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 724

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? A) filtration B) secretion C) evaporation D) resorption

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 725

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. A) arcuate arteries B) cortical radiate arteries C) glomerulus D) afferent arterioles E) peritubular capillaries

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 730

The structural basis of the blood-testis barrier is A) the basal lamina around the seminiferous tubules. the endothelial cells of the continuous (nonfenestrated) capillaries that supply the seminiferous tubules. the tight junctions between sustentocytes. the thick basal lamina around the capillaries that supply the seminiferous tubules.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 755

The prepuce of the clitoris is formed by A) the fourchette. B) the hymen of the vagina. C) the labia minora. D) the mons pubis.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 767

Layer of blood vessels innervated by sympathetic vasomotor fibers. A) tunica intima B) subendothelial layer C) tunica media D) tunica externa E) vasa vasorum

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessel layer that is comprised of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-590

The diameter of a typical capillary is similar to that of A) a venule. B) a sinusoid. C) an erythrocyte. D) a fat cell.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 592

Structure that regulates blood flow into true capillaries. A) metarteriole B) thoroughfare channel C) precapillary sphincter D) sinusoids E) fenestrations

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

In a capillary bed, relaxation of the precapillary sphincters causes more blood to flow A) into the thoroughfare channels. B) into the arterioles. C) through the true capillaries. D) through the metarterioles.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593-594

Identify the letter that indicates the common carotid arteries. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 598

The ________ delivers arterial blood to the rotator cuff muscles and thyroid gland. A) axillary artery B) costocervical trunk C) thyrocervical trunk D) vertebral artery

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

What artery enters the skull through the foramen spinosum and supplies the inner surface of the parietal bone, dura mater, and parts of the temporal bone? A) internal carotid artery B) middle cerebral artery C) middle meningeal artery D) basilar artery

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

Which of the following is not a branch of the celiac trunk? A) left gastric artery B) common hepatic artery C) sigmoidal artery D) splenic artery

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 604-605

Identify the letter that indicates the cephalic vein. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 609, 613

A dural sinus that contains a major artery and some cranial nerves within it is the A) superior sagittal. B) inferior sagittal. C) cavernous. D) transverse.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 610-611

Most systemic venous blood is both oxygen-poor and nutrient-poor. However, systemic venous blood that is not oxygen-poor and is nutrient-rich occurs in A) the renal vein. B) superficial veins of the limbs. C) the hepatic portal vein. D) the pulmonary veins.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613-615

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called A) coronary circulation. B) pulmonary circulation. C) hepatic portal circulation. D) cerebral circulation.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613-616

Which vessel is missing from the following statement? "Tracing blood that drains from the large intestine, we find that blood drains from the distal colon is collected in the inferior mesenteric vein, merges with the splenic vein then directed to the hepatic portal vein, the liver sinusoids, and the inferior vena cava." A) celiac vein B) umbilical vein C) hepatic vein D) azygos vein

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613-616

What vessel in the fetus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch so that most of the blood bypasses the immature lungs? A) ductus venosus B) foramen ovale C) ductus arteriosus D) umbilical vein

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 622

In the adult, the hepatic portal system carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the liver. In the fetus, nutrients are absorbed at the placenta, and the vessel that carries these nutrients to the liver is the A) hepatic portal vein. B) placental vein. C) umbilical vein. D) internal iliac vein.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 622-623

Identify the letter that indicates a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

Structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves that are opened as fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue describes A) blood capillaries. B) lymph nodes. C) lymph capillaries. D) cisterna chyli. E) thoracic duct.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

Fingerlike placental structures where oxygen and nutrients from the maternal blood supply diffuse into the embryonic blood. A) syncytiotrophoblast B) allantois C) amnion D) chorionic villi E) extraembryonic membrane

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 772

A woman's sex cells (germ cells) originate embryologically A) in the innermost part of the gonad. B) from the germinal epithelium of the ovary. C) from the follicular cells of the follicles. D) from yolk sac endoderm.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777

In females, the paramesonephric ducts give rise to A) the ovaries. B) the vestibule in the vulva. C) the corpora cavernosa (erectile bodies). D) the uterine tubes and uterus.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777

In males, the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts A) give rise to the penile urethra. give rise to the prostate gland. give rise to the vas deferens. degenerate and don't form any structures in males.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777

Which of the following events occurs when the testes do not descend before birth? A) Male sex hormones will not circulate in the body. B) Sperm will have no route of exit from the body. C) Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes. D) Viable sperm will not be produced.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 778

Two large (wide) arteries that have relatively superficial locations and are often wounded are the A) aorta and the popliteal artery. B) right and left coronary arteries. C) brachial artery and posterior intercostal arteries. D) common carotid artery and the femoral artery (in the superior thigh).

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 601, 608

The right suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the inferior vena cava, whereas the left suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the A) superior vena cava. B) other side of the inferior vena cava. C) hepatic portal system. D) left renal vein.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 613

Lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that A) they are more permeable than most blood capillaries. B) they carry lymph instead of blood. C) they are blind-ended. D) their walls consist of endothelial cells.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 628-629

Blockage of the ________ duct would prevent drainage only from the ________ and lumbar trunks. A) right lymphatic; jugular B) right lymphatic; subclavian C) thoracic; axillary D) thoracic; intestinal

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 630-631

Menstruation occurs as a result of the absence (or low level) of a particular hormone. Identify (a) this hormone, (b) the specific arteries of the uterine lining that collapse/fracture, and (c) the specific layer of the uterus that is shed.

: Menstruation, or shedding of the endometrium, occurs due to the rapid decline of progesterone. Without progesterone, the spiral arteries of the endometrium (located in the functional layer) spasm, collapse, and degenerate. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 759

Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach. A) haustra B) hepatopancreatic ampulla C) porta hepatis D) greater omentum E) lesser omentum

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680

Infoldings of the sarcolemma of smooth muscle fibers. A) mesothelium B) adventitia C) muscularis externa D) vasa vasorum E) caveolae

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 686

Identify the letter that indicates the root canal. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 690

Identify the letter that indicates the region of the stomach that regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694-695

Identify the letter that indicates the major calyx. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 723

Identify the letter that indicates the proximal convoluted tubule. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 726

Identify the letter that indicates the organ that directs sperm toward the seminal vesicles during ejaculation. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 744, 748

Identify the letter that indicates the cervix. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756

Identify the letter that indicates the female erectile tissue that is homologous to the penis. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756, 767

Identify the letter that indicates the duct that carries digestive enzymes from acinar cells in the pancreas. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 698, 710

If lymphatic vessels are surgically removed, the resulting edema is permanent because these vessels cannot regenerate.

: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

Lymph is propelled through the lymph vessels by the force of the heartbeat.

: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

The respiratory zone begins at the large bronchioles.

: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 657

The left lung has both a horizontal fissure and oblique fissure.

: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659

Smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle in that they do not contain contractile myofilaments.

: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 685-686

The spermatic cord is another name for the ductus deferens.

: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 748-749

All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, whereas veins carry oxygen-poor blood.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589

Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 778

Deep lymphatic collecting vessels of the abdominal cavity travel alongside deep arteries.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 629

Lymph capillaries are absent from the central nervous system.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 629

Lymph transports fats absorbed from the small intestine to the vena cava.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 629

The thymus is the only lymphatic organ that does not directly fight antigens.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 637-638

To activate lymphocytes, bacteria must penetrate the epithelium of tonsils.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 640

The mucosal epithelium transitions from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal along the path to the respiratory bronchioles.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 656

The number of secondary, or lobar, bronchi is a distinguishing characteristic of the right and left lungs.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 656

The pleural cavities extend two ribs below the inferior border of the lungs.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 663

The small intestines contain bacteria that synthesize some essential vitamins.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 699

Hepatic portal blood is mixed with blood from the hepatic artery in the liver.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 707

Urine drains from the kidney in the following sequence: from the collecting duct to the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 722-723

The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the renal artery to the segmental arteries to the interlobar arteries.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 723-724

Venous structures of the kidney mirror those of the arterial circuit, except for the absence of segmental veins.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 723-724

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a vasa recta in the cortical nephrons.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 728-730

Although the ovaries and uterine tubes are retroperitoneal, oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 763

The epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles are all derived from mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 776-777

Most of the ascending colon lies between the subcostal and transtubercular planes.

: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 677

Identify the location and function of the enteric nerve plexus.

: The enteric nerve plexus consists of neurons located entirely within the walls of the GI tract. These neurons form reflex arcs that can function independently from the central nervous system. The enteric plexus includes neurons from both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. The submucosal nerve plexus, located in the submucosa, innervates the secretory glands of the mucosa. It also causes some movements of the mucosa. The myenteric nerve plexus lies in the muscularis layer of the tract. It controls peristalsis and segmentation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 686-687

Describe the function of the fetal shunts from the pulmonary circuit.

: The foramen ovale is a shunt between the right and left atria of the heart. This shunt allows blood to bypass the entire pulmonary circuit. Only about half of the blood entering the right atrium is diverted through the foramen ovale. Much of the remainder of the blood that proceeds through the right ventricle and into the pulmonary trunk then enters the second shunt. This ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk directly to the arch of the aorta. This blood then continues to the systemic circuit. Only a small quantity of the initial blood entering the heart goes to the developing lungs. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 622-623 Human Anatomy, 7e (Marieb/Mitchell/Smith)

Describe the structure, function, and control of the internal and external urethral sphincters in micturition.

: The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control. In contrast, the external urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle that can be voluntarily controlled. The internal sphincter prevents leakage of urine between voiding, and the external sphincter prevents urination until consciously desired. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 734 Human Anatomy, 7e (Marieb/Mitchell/Smith)

Describe the structure and function of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

: The intrinsic muscles are confined within the tongue and are not attached to bone. They are responsible for changing the shape of the tongue but not its position in the mouth. This latter function belongs to the extrinsic muscles that are attached to bone. The genioglossus is responsible for protracting, retracting, and lateral movements of the tongue. The intrinsic muscles are arranged in transverse, longitudinal, and vertical layers, allowing the tongue to change shape while chewing and speaking. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 688

Identify and describe the functions of the lymphatic system.

: The lymphatic system recovers tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins and returns them to the bloodstream. By doing so, the system eliminates local variations in the chemical composition and volume of tissue fluid. The lymphatic system also distributes hormones, antibodies and cells of the immune system. Lastly, it picks up dietary fats from the intestines and transports them into the bloodstream. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628

Identify the space into which an oocyte is ovulated, and describe the structures and mechanisms involved in transporting it to the uterus.

: The oocyte is ovulated into the peritoneal cavity. Currents, created by the motion of the fimbria of the oviduct, draw the oocyte into the infundibulum. Ciliated columnar cells lining the oviduct create currents that move the oocyte through the ampulla, to the isthmus, and into the uterus. The journey of the oocyte is assisted by peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle in the oviduct walls. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 757

Describe the structure and function of the pleural cavity.

: The pleural cavity is a fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral serous membranes of the thoracic cavity. These membranes, the pleurae, create pleural fluid that lubricates the contact between opposing surfaces of the lungs and thoracic cavity wall. This fluid prevents friction during inspiration and expiration. The surface tension of the fluid also keeps the lungs expanded against the thoracic walls, preventing collapse of the lung. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 663

Identify the superficial veins of the forearm and arm, and describe their anatomical location.

: The superficial veins include the cephalic, basilic, median, and median cubital veins. The cephalic vein and basilic veins arise from the dorsal venous network. The cephalic ascends the lateral forearm, whereas the basilic ascends the medial aspect. The median cubital vein bridges these two veins; it runs obliquely across the cubital fossa from the cephalic to a more proximal union with the basilic vein. The median vein ascends the center of the forearm before passing the medial side of the cubital fossa. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 612-613

"Baby" teeth are more properly called ________ teeth.

: deciduous Diff: 2 Page Ref: 689

Thin myofilaments of smooth muscle fibers are anchored to intermediate filaments through ________.

: dense bodies Diff: 2 Page Ref: 686

The ________ is formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicles.

: ejaculatory duct Diff: 2 Page Ref: 748, 750

The uterus is composed of three basic layers. The inner layer is the ________.

: endometrium Diff: 2 Page Ref: 759

The ________ urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control.

: external Diff: 1 Page Ref: 734

The ________ artery descends along the arcuate line of the ilium and passes below the inguinal ligament.

: external iliac Diff: 2 Page Ref: 607-608

Capillaries that allow a high degree of flow between the blood and tissue fluid usually have pores called ________ in their membranes.

: fenestrations Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

Arterioles and venules have a vasa vasorum to provide nutrients to their outer walls, whereas the inner walls receive nutrients from blood in the lumen.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589

The pulse of the posterior tibial artery is palpated behind the knee.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 608

The inferior vena cava ascends on the left side of the vertebral bodies and to the left of the abdominal aorta.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 610

Paired fetal umbilical veins carry blood from the fetus to the placenta, whereas the unpaired umbilical artery returns blood from the placenta to the fetus.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 622

Lymph capillaries are open-ended like drinking straws.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629 4) Epithelial cells within the thymus secrete hormones that are important to lymphocyte development. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637-638

Lacteals are the micro-valves present in lymph collecting vessels.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 629

The right lymphatic duct drains the intestinal trunk.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

The spleen atrophies during adulthood.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 638-639

The groove through which air passes between nasal conchae is called a choanae.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 650

The only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete ring is the cuneiform.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 652

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are all located within the lungs.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 656

Gas exchange occurs across the bronchi and bronchioles.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 657

Type II alveolar cells produce pleural fluid to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing or adhering together.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

When the diaphragm contracts, it raises the floor of the thoracic cavity upward.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 664

The lesser omentum directly attaches the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680

The terms taste bud and papillae are synonymous.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 689

Villi are cytoplasmic projections on the surface of intestinal absorptive cells.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 698

The epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have an abundance of absorptive microvilli.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728

The urinary bladder, when empty, lies within both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 732

Seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm storage.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 745-746, 752

The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the ductus deferens and urethra.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 748, 750

Spermatogonia are located near the lumen of seminiferous tubules.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 752-754

Primordial follicles develop into primary oocytes within the germinal epithelium of the ovary.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 761-763

Breast milk production and secretion follows the following sequence: lactiferous sinus, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, nipple.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 767-768

The ductus deferens and uterine tube are homologous structures, each deriving from the same embryonic duct.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777

The vocal ligaments are attached between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 653

The most superficial layer of the esophagus is the serosa.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 683-685, 693

A gallstone lodged in the cystic duct may also cause blockage of the pancreas.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 698, 710

Stretching of the anal sphincter initiates the defecation reflex.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 702

The sinusoids of the liver lobule receive blood from the portal arteriole and deliver blood to the portal venule.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 707

The kidneys are located just below lumbar vertebrae L2 and L3.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 721

A network of peritubular capillaries surrounds the convoluted tubules and nephron loop for the purpose of filtration.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 730

The ureters enter the bladder obliquely at the anterolateral corners.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 731

Lobules and alveoli of the breast develop during puberty.

: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 768

In metabolically active tissues, blood is present in metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters are constricted.

: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete the hormone renin.

: Granular (or Juxtaglomerular) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 731

Describe the process of T cell activation and the significance of the blood-thymus barrier.

: Immature lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow, travel to the thymus, where they mature into T lymphocytes. In the thymus they develop immunocompetence, the ability to recognize a specific antigen. These naive cells however, only become fully activated when they experience an antigen challenge. In this process the T cell is presented with its specific antigen by a macrophage or dendritic cell. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 634-635

Explain the relationship between a hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

: In a hiatal hernia, the cardiac region of the stomach pushes superiorly through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity. Without the reinforcement of the surrounding diaphragmatic muscles, the effectiveness of the cardiac sphincter declines, and digestive juices are able to regurgitate from the stomach into the esophagus. This regurgitation and the associated inflammation and pain are called gastroesophageal reflux disease. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 693

Tumorlike lesions of the skin and some internal organs caused by a type of herpesvirus is called ________.

: Kaposi's sarcoma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 642

________ are lymphatic structures that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.

: Lacteals Diff: 2 Page Ref: 629

________ flows in one direction, toward the heart.

: Lymph Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

Explain why lymph from the right upper limb is drained into vessels on the right side of the neck, whereas lymph from the right lower limb is drained into vessels on the left side of the neck.

: Lymph from the right upper limb drains into the right subclavian trunk, which may then empty into the right lymphatic duct. These lymphatic vessels often return lymph fluid to the venous blood proximal to the union of the right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein. In contrast, lymph from both lower limbs drains into the lumbar trunks, which empty into the thoracic duct at the cisterna chyli. In this manner, lymph from the right lower limb will drain, along with three-quarters of the body, into the vessels of the left side of the neck. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

How does the structure and the function of lymph-collecting vessels compare to those of veins? What tunics do they have in common?

: Lymph-collecting vessels transport fluids toward the heart in the same manner as veins. Both structures have three tunics, but the walls of the lymphatic vessels are thinner. Both structures transport low-pressure fluids and consequently have one-way pocket valves to prevent retrograde flow, although valves are more numerous in lymphatic vessels. They both rely on movement of the skeletal muscles to help propel their respective fluids. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 629

During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle, the inner ________ of the endometrium is shed.

: functional layer Diff: 2 Page Ref: 759

Ovarian follicles contain ________ and thecal cells that, after ovulation, differentiate into the corpus luteum

: granulosa cells Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The porta hepatis contains the hepatic arteries, hepatic ducts, and ________.

: hepatic portal veins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 707

The distal sigmoid colon is located within the ________ region of the abdominal pelvic cavity.

: hypogastric Diff: 2 Page Ref: 677

An ovulated oocyte swept into the oviduct via fimbriae moves from the ________ of the oviduct to the ampula, then the isthmus, and finally into the uterus.

: infundibulum Diff: 2 Page Ref: 757

Testes descend through the ________ into the scrotum.

: inguinal canal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777-778

The ________ intercostal muscles are involved in (forced) expiration.

: internal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 665-666

The uterus consists of the fundus, body, cervix, and ________.

: isthmus Diff: 2 Page Ref: 758

The paired ________ drain lymph from the head and neck.

: jugular trunks Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630

Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the ________, that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.

: juxtaglomerular apparatus Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730-731

The ________ is connective tissue whose capillaries nourish the epithelium of the mucosa.

: lamina propria Diff: 2 Page Ref: 683

The subdivisions of the lung from largest to smallest are the lobe, the segment, the ________, the alveolus.

: lobule Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle corresponds to the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.

: luteal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763-764

The ________ is a groove inferior to the nasal conchae through which air passes.

: meatus Diff: 2 Page Ref: 650

The first menstruation is called ________.

: menarche Diff: 2 Page Ref: 779

Voiding of urine, known as ________, involves sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic fibers.

: micturition Diff: 2 Page Ref: 735-736

The ________ layer of the ureters propel urine to the bladder by peristalsis.

: muscularis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 732

The U-shaped ________ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

: nephron loop Diff: 2 Page Ref: 727-728

The region between your teeth and lips is called the ________.

: oral vestibule Diff: 2 Page Ref: 688

The ________ tonsils are the ones most often infected and removed during a tonsillectomy.

: palatine Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640

Adjacent collecting ducts join to form larger ________ that drain into the minor calyx.

: papillary ducts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728

The ________ sinuses drain into the nasal cavity.

: paranasal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 650

Between the fibrous renal capsule and the renal fascia is a cushioning and supportive ________ fat capsule.

: perirenal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 721

Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ________.

: peritubular capillaries Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730

The ________ tonsil, or adenoids, is located on the wall of the nasopharynx.

: pharyngeal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 651

The external muscle layer of the pharynx consists of three ________ muscles composed of voluntary skeletal muscle.

: pharyngeal constrictor Diff: 2 Page Ref: 692

Cirrhosis of the liver causes backup of blood in the sinusoids, resulting in a condition known as ________ hypertension.

: portal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 616

Fusion of the alveolar and capillary membranes creates a(n) ________ membrane, or airblood barrier.

: respiratory Diff: 3 Page Ref: 658-659

Longitudinal folds of the stomach mucosa are called ________.

: rugae Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694-695

Five ________ arteries branch from the renal artery and enter the hilus.

: segmental Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

Blood flowing through the liver lobule enters at the portal venule and flows through ________ to the central vein and out of the liver through the hepatic vein.

: sinusoids Diff: 2 Page Ref: 707

The transverse colon bends inferiorly at the ________ to become the descending colon.

: splenic flexure Diff: 2 Page Ref: 700

Contraction of the fibromuscular ________ of the prostate squeezes prostatic secretions into the urethra during ejaculation.

: stroma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 750-751

The unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep is called ________.

: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 671

The function of type II alveolar cells is to produce ________.

: surfactant Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

The ________ pulse can be palpated near the temple anterior to the auricle of the ear.

: temporal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 601

The ________ duct drains three-quarters of the body.

: thoracic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

In a capillary bed, blood enters by a terminal arteriole, continues through a metarteriole, and exits to a venule by means of a(n) ________.

: thoroughfare channel Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593-594

The ________ is the site of T cell maturation.

: thymus Diff: 1 Page Ref: 637-638

The blood-brain barrier consists of capillaries with complete ________ and no intercellular clefts.

: tight junctions Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

Congestion of the tonsils with bacteria results in ________.

: tonsillitis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 642

The soft ________ muscle of the trachea allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly during swallowing.

: trachealis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 654-655

The ________, a clinical landmark in the urinary bladder, is bounded by the two ureteric openings and the internal urethral orifice.

: trigone Diff: 2 Page Ref: 733-734

The tonsils located just behind the openings of the pharyngotympanic tubes in the pharynx are the ________ tonsils.

: tubal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640

The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the ________, which is an organ that transmits urine to the bladder.

: ureter Diff: 1 Page Ref: 722-723

The ________ is the portion of the soft palate that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.

: uvula Diff: 2 Page Ref: 651

The presence of ________ in the veins and the action of skeletal muscle pressing on the walls ensure that blood return to the heart is in one direction.

: valves Diff: 2 Page Ref: 595

Veins with compromised valves are called ________ veins.

: varicose Diff: 2 Page Ref: 595-596

The largest blood vessels near the heart have their own blood supply network called the ________.

: vasa vasorum Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589

The ________ vein descends through the transverse foramina of the first six cervical vertebrae.

: vertebral Diff: 2 Page Ref: 611

The ________ of the female genitalia is a central space surrounded by the labia minora.

: vestibule Diff: 2 Page Ref: 767

Lymphoid tissues that enclose the central arteries of the spleen are collectively called ________.

: white pulp Diff: 2 Page Ref: 638

Which structure develops into the umbilical cord? body stalk chorionic villi decidua capsularis placenta

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 772

In breast cancer, the cancer cells usually originate from the A) lactiferous ductules. B) cuboidal acinar cells. C) fat cells in the breast. D) endothelium of the lymph vessels in the breasts.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 775

The ovarian cortex consists of A) follicles and connective tissue. B) the largest blood vessels of the ovary. C) the hilus of the ovary. D) the mesovarium.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 761-763

The usual site of embryo implantation is the A) uterus. B) peritoneal cavity. C) vagina. D) uterine tube.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 770

Describe the histological changes that occur in the walls of bronchial tree, beginning with the trachea proceeding to the alveoli.

: (1) The supportive cartilaginous rings of the trachea are replaced with irregular plates in the primary bronchi and eliminated altogether in the bronchioles. (2) The respiratory epithelium transitions from pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells to simple cuboidal cells in the bronchioles and simple squamous cells in the alveoli. (3) Goblet cells are present in the bronchi but absent elsewhere. (4) A layer of smooth muscle appears in the walls of the bronchi and is present throughout the tree to the respiratory bronchioles. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 656-657

Blood pressure is highest in the A) elastic arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) capillaries.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 589

By definition, veins are A) vessels that carry blood toward the heart. B) vessels that always carry nutrient-poor blood. C) the only vessels that lead from capillaries. D) vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 589, 594

What prevents the backflow of blood in veins? A) valves B) the narrowed lumen C) thick smooth muscle and elastic layers D) increased blood pressure

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 595

The main arteries of the sole of the foot—the medial and lateral plantar arteries—arise behind the ankle from which artery? A) posterior tibial B) fibular C) saphenous D) dorsalis pedis

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 608

Phlebitis is A) inflammation of a vein. B) a condition characterized by excessively leaky capillaries. C) cancer of the tunica intima. D) ballooning of an artery.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 623

Lymphatic capillaries are present in A) skin. B) teeth. C) the central nervous system. D) bone marrow.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

A bubo is A) an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node but not destroyed. B) a cancer-infiltrated lymph node. C) any enlarged lymph node. D) a structure that is unrelated to lymph nodes.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 630

The lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the A) intestinal. B) subclavian. C) jugular. D) right lymph trunk.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 630

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the Epstein-Barr virus in mononucleosis is the A) B lymphocyte. B) cytotoxic T lymphocyte. C) helper T lymphocyte. D) macrophage.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 641

What type of epithelium occurs in the respiratory mucosa? A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B) simple squamous epithelium C) simple columnar epithelium D) stratified squamous epithelium

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 648

Of the following, which is the only organ that is not an upper respiratory structure? (Hint: Recall Figure 22.3.) A) larynx B) oropharynx C) vestibule of the nose D) nasal cavity

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 649

Of the three different layers of tissue in the wall of the trachea, the outermost layer is the A) adventitia. B) lamina propria. C) submucosa. D) muscularis.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 656

A chronic respiratory disease that leads to an expanded "barrel chest" is A) emphysema. B) lung cancer. C) tuberculosis. D) pneumonia.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 669-670

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another? A) muscularis externa B) serosa C) submucosa D) mucosa

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 685

The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme. A) duodenal glands B) gastric glands C) intestinal glands D) Peyer's patches

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 699

The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity. A) abdominal B) pelvic C) thoracic D) cranial

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 721

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the A) cortex. B) medulla. C) renal pyramids. D) renal papilla.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 722

Identify the letter that indicates a cortical radiate artery. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 724

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla? A) nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons B) cortical radiate arteries C) peritubular capillaries D) proximal convoluted tubules

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 728

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine? A) 1% B) 10% C) 50% D) 99%

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 730

Identify the letter that indicates the "neck" of the uterus. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 756, 758

In which part of the uterine tube does fertilization usually occur? ampulla isthmus infundibulum It doesn't occur in the uterine tubes.

: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 757

What is the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter? A) It controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the alimentary canal. B) As it contracts, it squeezes pancreatic secretions into the duodenum. C) It inhibits defecation in the upper alimentary canal while the anal sphincters do the same in the lower regions. D) It prevents the movement of bile into the gallbladder.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697-698

Which of the following is not a function of hepatocytes? A) producing digestive enzymes B) picking up and processing nutrients from the portal blood C) storing some vitamins D) detoxifying poisons

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 707, 710

The liver and pancreas form as part of the embryonic A) foregut. B) midgut. C) hindgut. D) the hindgut and midgut.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 713

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity. A) retroperitoneal B) intraperitoneal C) extraabdominal D) supraperitoneal E) subcapsular

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 721

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves. A) sinus B) convoluted tubules C) renal corpuscle D) renal pyramids E) cortical columns

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 723

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered A) renal corpuscles. B) thin segments. C) renal papillae. D) vasa recta.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 725

Identify the letter that indicates the efferent arteriole. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 726

Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels that absorb solutes from the convoluted tubules. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 729-730

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the A) terminal nephron loop. B) glomerulus. C) efferent arteriole. D) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes).

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730-731

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false? A) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum. B) The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. C) Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. D) When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 732-734

Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is A) simple squamous. B) pseudostratified columnar. C) stratified squamous. D) stratified columnar.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 734

The embryonic urogenital sinus A) derives from the cloaca. B) gives rise to the anus. C) gives rise to the rectum. D) gives rise to the ureters.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 737-738

Identify the letter that indicates the ejaculatory duct. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 744

All of the following are located within the spermatic cord except the A) superficial inguinal ring. ductus deferens. pampiniform plexus. testicular artery.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747, 749

The typical (diploid) cells of the body have 46 chromosomes; how many chromosomes does each gamete have? 23 46 46 pairs 184

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 754, 760

Identify the letter that indicates the organ where ectopic pregnancies commonly occur. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756, 758

In an adult woman who has never been pregnant, the breasts have poorly developed or no A) lobules of acini/alveoli. lactiferous sinuses. suspensory ligaments. areolar glands.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 768

The acrosomal reaction occurs A) just before fertilization. during meiosis of the sperm. during spermiogenesis. during placentation.

: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 769

Systemic venous blood that is oxygen-poor but contains the lowest concentration of nitrogenous wastes occurs in the A) renal veins. B) hepatic portal vein. C) pulmonary veins. D) umbilical veins of the fetus.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 613

The right gonadal vein drains into the A) inferior vena cava. B) internal iliac vein. C) lumbar vein. D) renal vein.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 613

The major cause of atherosclerosis is due to the A) formation of atheromas. B) destruction of valves in veins. C) lack of formation of anastomosis between vessels. D) destruction of elastic fibers in artery walls.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 619

Blood passing through the fetal ductus arteriosus bypasses the A) lungs, left atrium, and ventricle. B) pulmonary trunk and lungs. C) right atrium and ventricle. D) right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and lungs.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 622-623

The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age. A) thymus B) tonsils C) aggregated lymphoid nodules D) lymph nodes E) spleen

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 637

T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ. A) thymus B) tonsils C) spleen—red pulp D) lymph nodes E) spleen—white pulp

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 637-638

The splenic, or left colic, flexure of the colon is located within the A) left hypochondriac region. B) left lumbar region. C) right hypochondriac region. D) right lumbar region.

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 677, 701

Disease of which structure is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults? A) periodontal ligament B) crown C) enamel D) dentin

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 691

Identify the letter that indicates the hepatic ducts as they exits the porta hepatis. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 698, 707

Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis? A) hepatic veins B) branches of hepatic portal vein C) branches of hepatic artery D) hepatic ducts

: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 707-708

The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really A) lymph nodes. B) pockets for valves. C) weakenings in the wall of the vessels. D) temporary constrictions caused by bulging skeletal muscles that squeeze the lymph vessel.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can recognize the lymphatic vessel because it A) has the fewest valves. B) has the thinnest walls. C) has the thickest tunica media. D) always lies closest to the artery, which has the thinnest walls.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6298

In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the A) red pulp. B) white pulp. C) trabeculae. D) hilus.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 638-639

Which part of the nose is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue? A) the apex B) the border where the nostril attaches to the maxilla C) the nasal septum D) the surface connecting to the nasal bones

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 648

Which cells produce surfactant? A) type I cells B) type II cells C) alveolar macrophages D) chondrocytes

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 658-659

The lobes of a lung are easy to recognize and distinguish from one another because A) they all have slightly different colors. B) they are separated by fissures. C) each is supplied by a primary bronchus, and the primary bronchi are easy to find. D) carbon from the air accumulates between and outlines the lobes in most people (even if they breathe almost-unpolluted air).

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659

The correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external, is A) mucosa, muscularis, serosa, submucosa. B) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. C) serosa, muscularis, mucosa, submucosa. D) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 683-685

The terminal portion of the small intestine is the A) duodenum. B) ileum. C) jejunum. D) pyloric sphincter.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 697

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? A) the glomerulus B) the nephron loop C) glomerular capsule D) podocytes

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 725

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the A) glomerular capsule (podocytes). B) proximal tubule. C) thin segment. D) distal tubule.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 727-728

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to A) a decrease in the production of ADH. B) an increase in the production of ADH. C) a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma. D) the presence of a salty urine in the bladder.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 728

Pyelography is A) kinking of the ureter. B) a type of X-ray procedure (radiology). C) a way to cure kidney stones. D) failure of the embryonic kidney to ascend.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 731

Urine passes through the A) kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter. B) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra. C) glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron. D) hilus to the urethra to the bladder.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 732-733

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is A) stratified squamous. B) transitional. C) simple squamous. D) pseudostratified columnar.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 733

Which of the following is not usually associated with the formation of renal calculi? A) increased intake of calcium B) polyurea C) dehydration D) bacterial infection

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 736-737

From which embryonic tissue layer(s) does the kidney arise? A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) all three layers

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 737-738

Which of the following is the primary sex organ in the male? A) the prostate B) the testis C) the epididymis D) the penis

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 744

The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to A) help prevent hernias. B) help cool blood. C) form the outer wall of the spermatic cord. D) form hydroceles.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 747

Sperm become motile in the A) ductus deferens. B) epididymis. C) seminiferous tubules. D) prostate.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 748

The seminal vesicles A) store sperm. B) are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen. C) secrete digestive enzymes when cancerous. D) empty into the epididymis.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 750

The largest macroscopic region of the uterus is its A) fundus. B) body. C) cervix. D) fornix.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 758

The epithelium lining the vagina is A) simple columnar. B) stratified squamous. C) pseudostratified columnar. D) simple squamous.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 766

The vaginal fornix is in the superior part of the vestibule. surrounds the tip of the cervix. is in the middle layer of the vaginal wall. surrounds the external vaginal orifice.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 766

An episiotomy during childbirth is performed to A) save the baby's life. minimize tearing of the central tendon and muscles of the pelvic floor. prevent the anal canal from being crushed. eliminate the pain to the mother.

: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 767

Identify the letter that indicates the subendothelial layer associated with larger blood vessels. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-590 Figure 20.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.

Vessels of the small intestines, renal glomerulus, and synovial membranes that allow passage of fluid and solutes through "windows" in the endothelium. A) sinusoids B) fenestrated capillaries C) continuous capillaries D) metarterioles E) none of the above

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 593

The pulse of the facial artery is palpated A) anterior to the auricle of the ear near the temple. B) anterior to the masseter muscle at the inferior margin of the mandible. C) anterior to the sternocleidomastoid. D) in the anterior triangle of the neck.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

Which arteries connect the basilar artery and the internal carotid artery forming the posterior aspect of the cerebral arterial circle? A) genicular arteries that encircle the knee B) posterior communicating arteries C) ulnar artery that encircles the elbow joint D) anterior communicating arteries

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

The extensor muscles of the forearm are supplied by which artery? A) radial B) posterior interosseous C) ulnar D) deep palmar arch

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 603

If a physician cannot feel a pulse in the popliteal fossa, the ________ artery is most likely narrowed by atherosclerosis. A) dorsalis pedis B) femoral C) fibular D) greater saphenous

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 608

The dorsalis pedis artery is located by A) finding the head of the fibula and palpating inferior to its neck. B) palpating between the first and second metatarsal. C) placing the fingers behind the knee. D) placing a finger behind the medial malleolus.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 608

Identify the letter that indicates the internal jugular vein. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 609, 611

Collective name for the structures that drain the cranium. A) vascular anastomosis B) dural sinuses C) internal jugular vein D) cavernous sinuses E) inferior vena cava

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 610

A preferred site to insert intravenous catheters is into the A) brachial vein. B) dorsal venous network of the hand. C) great saphenous vein. D) superficial palmar venous arch of the hand.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613

Which of the following is most likely to become a varicose vein? A) the femoral vein B) the saphenous vein C) the popliteal vein D) the fibular (peroneal) vein

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 616-617

Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false? A) They begin as closed-ended tubes. B) They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues. C) They lack barriers to stop cancer cells from entering the lymphatic system. D) They unite with each other to form collecting vessels.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

Identify the letter that indicates lymph nodes that direct lymph fluid to the jugular trunks. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630

Lymph leaves a lymph node via A) afferent lymphatic vessels. B) efferent lymphatic vessels. C) the cortical lymph sinus. D) the subcapsular sinus.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

Which cell has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes? A) cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte B) dendritic cell C) helper CD4+ T lymphocyte D) natural killer

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 635

Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82-year-old person? A) Yes, but the thymus has shifted to the production of B lymphocytes. B) Yes, but fewer than in youth. C) No, because the thymus has completely degenerated. D) No, because all lymphocytes have turned into thymic corpuscles.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637

Two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum. A) cisterna chyli B) thymus C) MALT D) lacteals E) crypts

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637-638

Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells from circulation are present in the ________ of the spleen. A) hilum B) splenic cords C) venous sinuses D) white pulp

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 638-639

The distal region of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called A) pancreatic islets. B) aggregated lymphoid follicles. C) rugae. D) villi.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640

Identify the letter that indicates the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 649

The superior and middle nasal conchae are bony projections from the A) vomer. B) ethmoid bone. C) sphenoid bone. D) maxillary bone.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 650

Which structure is not located within the nasopharynx? A) opening of the pharyngotympanic tube B) palatine tonsil C) pharyngeal tonsil D) tubal tonsil

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 651

The ________ flaps over the glottis when we swallow food. A) uvula B) epiglottis C) palate D) vocal fold

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 652

Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that folds over the opening of the larynx — the glottis. The function of this cartilage is to prevent aspiration of foods and liquids into the lower respiratory tubes. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 652-653

The ability to vary the pitch of the voice results from varying A) the force of air passing over the vocal folds. B) the tension in the vocal folds. C) the size of the laryngeal cartilages. D) the shape of the cricoid cartilage.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 654

Identify the letter that indicates the soft wall of the trachea allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

Identify the letter that indicates the trachealis muscle. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

Some bronchi have names such as the "right upper-lobe bronchus," "left lower-lobe bronchus," and "right middle-lobe bronchus." These are ________ bronchi. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) very small (about fifteenth-order)

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 656

Supportive cartilage disappears from the bronchial tree at the level of the A) alveolar duct. B) bronchioles. C) lobar bronchi. D) respiratory bronchiole.

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 656

The region of the lung served by secondary, or lobar, bronchi. A) bronchopulmonary segment B) lobe C) lobule D) lingular E) cardiac notch

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 656

The serous membrane lining of the wall of the thoracic cavity. A) visceral pleura B) parietal pleura C) mucous membrane D) parietal pericardium E) visceral pericardium

: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 662

Which of the following correctly describes the function of the greater omentum? A) It is a vestigial structure that has no known function. B) It stores fat. C) It absorbs heat from the digestive process and radiates it to the outside of the body. D) It wraps around most of the large intestine and anchors it to the anterior abdominal wall.

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 680

Retroperitoneal organs have a serosa facing the peritoneal cavity and a(n) ________ on the posterior side embedded in the abdominal wall. A) mesothelium B) adventitia C) muscularis externa D) vasa vasorum E) caveolae

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 685

All of the following structures have all four tissue layers in their walls except the A) esophagus. B) mouth. C) stomach. D) sigmoid colon.

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 688

Some bacteria from the intestinal microbiota work their way into the intestinal wall and start to spread through the circulation. Many of these bacteria are stopped by MALT, while many more are destroyed by A) hepatocytes. B) hepatic macrophages. C) the walling-off action of the greater omentum. D) megakaryocytes.

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 707

Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial? A) fibrous capsule B) pararenal fat C) perirenal fat D) renal fascia

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 721-722

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the A) renal corpuscle and distal tubule. B) proximal and distal tubules. C) thin segment and glomerular capsule. D) vasa recta and collecting tubules.

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 728

The placenta consists of which two structures? chorionic villi and amnion chorionic villi and decidua basalis cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast decidua basalis and decidua capsularis

: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 772

Describe how blood flow is regulated (a) to whole organs, (b) within tissues, and (c) to capillary beds.

: Blood flow to groups of organs or to individual organs is regulated by the muscular arteries. Sympathetic vasomotor fibers innervating their walls constrict or dilate the arteries to divert or enhance blood flow. A similar regulatory system occurs within tissues via vasoconstriction of arterioles. Sympathetic stimulation can cause vasoconstriction of arterioles to increase systemic blood pressure. Alternatively, local chemical conditions within metabolically active tissues can cause local vasodilation of the arterioles. These chemical factors also cause relaxation of the precapillary sphincters allowing greater perfusion of capillary beds within the tissues. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-592

Describe the structure and function of the filtration slit and membrane.

: Blood is filtered through filtration slits in the glomerular capillaries. The slits consist of three layers. The fenestrations in the endothelium of the capillaries create large pores through which the blood filtrate passes. A basement membrane superficial to the endothelium provides a second layer of the barrier. It prevents most large proteins from passing. Finally, the pedicles of the podocytes form the third layer of the membrane. These also prevent proteins from passing through the slits. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 725-726

Which of the following statements about arteries is false? A) Arterial walls are thicker than venous walls. B) Arteries have a smaller lumen than veins of similar size. C) Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the heart. D) Arteries have more elastin than veins.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 589

Most small molecules pass through a capillary wall through which route? A) via direct diffusion through the endothelium B) via pinocytotic vesicles C) through intercellular clefts D) through tight junctions

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 592

Which body tissues lack capillaries? A) the myocardium and epicardium of the heart B) tendons and ligaments C) the lens and the cornea D) bones

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 593

An aneurysm is A) a rupture in an artery. B) a buildup of fatty deposits on an arterial wall. C) a sac-like widening or outpocketing of an artery. D) a stroke.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 618

The foramen ovale in the heart normally closes A) in the 2-month fetus. B) in the 7-month fetus. C) shortly after birth. D) never.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 622-23

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? A) water B) plasma proteins C) red blood cells D) ions

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 628

All of the following mechanisms help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels except A) contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the lymph vessels. B) body movements during exercise. C) tiny lymph hearts. D) contraction of skeletal muscles.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629

Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except A) along the aorta. B) in the mediastinum. C) in bones and bone marrow. D) in the inguinal region.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 629-630

The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the A) posterior intercostal trunk. B) great cardiac trunk. C) bronchomediastinal trunk. D) azygos trunk.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 630

The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the A) cisterna chyli. B) iliac trunks. C) lumbar trunks. D) femoral trunks.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 630

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb? A) lumbar trunk B) thoracic duct C) right subclavian duct D) cisterna chyli

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 630

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the A) B lymphocyte. B) cytotoxic T lymphocyte. C) helper T lymphocyte. D) helper B lymphocyte.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 636

The lungs are located in the A) mediastinum. B) abdominopelvic cavity. C) thoracic cavity. D) pleura.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659

The stomach A) stores food for later use in the form of fat. B) absorbs most of the nutrients in food. C) churns food into a paste by mechanical means. D) dehydrates food materials before passing them to the small intestine.

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 694-695

Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) pancreas B) pituitary C) adrenal D) interlobar gland

: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 721

The sinuses within lymph nodes A) are separated from the bloodstream by a blood-node barrier. B) consist of star-shaped epithelial cells that secrete immune-boosting hormones. C) contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network. D) surround clumps of lymphoid tissue called white pulp.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630

Which of the following lymphoid structures have a hilum? A) tonsils and appendix B) thymus and aggregated lymphoid nodules C) spleen and lymph nodes D) MALT

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630, 638

Identify the letter that indicates the large lymph vessel that drains three-quarters of the body. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

Lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to the cardiovascular system proximal to the A) external jugular veins. B) inferior vena cava just below the right atrium. C) internal jugular and subclavian veins. D) superior vena cava and azygos vein.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-632

Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node. A) trabeculae B) hilum C) lymphoid follicles D) white pulp E) subcapsular sinus

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 631

Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false? A) Not all people have one. B) This duct and its tributaries drain the superior right quarter of the body. C) It empties into the thoracic duct. D) It forms from the union of a jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunk.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 631-632

Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies? A) B lymphocytes B) T lymphocytes C) plasma cells D) macrophages

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 633

In humans, T lymphocytes originate in A) the spleen. B) the thymus. C) the red bone marrow. D) the lymph nodes.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 634

Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune cells? A) cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte B) dendritic cell C) helper CD4+ T lymphocyte D) natural killer cell

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 635

Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. A) aggregated lymphoid nodules B) tonsils C) MALT D) lacteals E) crypts

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637, 640-641

Because the appendix is a narrow tube, it traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity. Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the A) thymus. B) bone marrow. C) palatine tonsil. D) the spleen.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640-641

A person with many enlarged lymph nodes that do not feel tender or sore is most likely to have A) lymphangitis. B) mononucleosis. C) Hodgkin's lymphoma. D) buboes.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 641

Which structure is both a lower respiratory structure and in the conducting zone? (Hint: Recall Figure 22.3.) A) the laryngopharynx B) a respiratory bronchiole C) any bronchus D) an alveolus

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 646-647, 649

Vibrissae are A) specialized cells in the larynx that react to vibrations of air. B) large hairlike projections on epithelial cells that line the trachea. C) nose hairs. D) the sensory organs of the inner ear.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 648

Identify the letter that indicates the uvula. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 649

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal conchae? A) They deflect particulates to the mucosa. B) They help warm the air. C) They decrease the turbulence in the flow of air through the nasal cavity. D) They moisten the air.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 650

Identify the letter that indicates the vestibular fold, or false vocal cord. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 652-653

In a runner who is breathing heavily during a race, the rima glottidis is A) half closed. B) half open. C) open as far as possible. D) all the way closed.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 653

The medial opening between the vocal folds through which air passes. A) glottis B) vestibule C) rima glottidis D) thyrohyoid membrane E) cricothyroid ligament

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 653

Identify the letter that indicates Ciliated cells in this layer transport mucus laden with dust, bacteria, pollen, and viruses towards the pharynx. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

Which of the following changes does not occur as the conducting tubes of the respiratory tree become smaller? A) Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage. B) The lining epithelium thins. C) Elastin in the walls disappears. D) Cartilage disappears in the bronchioles.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

Sympathetic stimulation of terminal bronchioles causes A) bronchoconstriction. B) a decrease in blood supply to the bronchioles. C) bronchodilation. D) secretion of less surfactant.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 657

It is easy to see on the outer surface of a smoker's lung hexagons approximately the size of the tip of a little finger and clearly outlined by black lines of carbon. These structures are A) lobes. B) bronchopulmonary segments. C) lobules. D) bronchioles.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

The detergent-like molecule that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths is called A) bile. B) hemoglobin. C) surfactant. D) oxygen.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. A) greater omentum B) lesser omentum C) falciform ligament D) ligamentum teres E) porta hepatis

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680

Another name for serosa is A) parietal peritoneum. B) serous gland. C) visceral peritoneum. D) mucosa.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 685

Identify the letter that indicates the root. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 690

Identify the letter that indicates a flexible tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 649

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that A) they are much less abundant. B) they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not. C) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment. D) they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate. A) vasa recta B) collecting duct C) macula densa D) mesangial E) extraglomerular

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730-731

Renin is produced in A) the glomerulus. B) the renal medulla. C) the granular cells. D) glomerular capsules.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730-731

Another name for the neck of the bladder is the A) superior surface. B) anterior angle. C) inferior angle. D) trigone.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 733

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the A) ureteric orifice. B) urachus opening. C) internal urethral orifice. D) detrusor.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 734

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the A) prostatic. B) membranous. C) spongy urethra. D) neck.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 735

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by A) sphincter neurons from the brain. B) sympathetic fibers. C) parasympathetic fibers. D) visceral sensory fibers from the vagus.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 735-736

The micturition center is located in the A) cerebellum. B) detrusor muscle layer of the bladder wall. C) pons of the brain stem. D) sacral spinal cord.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 735-736

Which of the following conditions is most often seen in elderly males with prostatic hyperplasia? A) urge incontinence B) overflow incontinence C) urinary retention D) stress incontinence

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 736

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males? A) In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one. B) In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue. C) In females the urethra is shorter than in males. D) In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereas in females it is part of the urinary system only.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 736

The only embryonic kidney that survives into adulthood is the A) pronephros. B) mesonephros. C) metanephros. D) paranephros.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 737

Identify the letter that indicates the site of sperm maturation and storage. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 744, 747-748

Involuntary contraction of this smooth muscle layer wrinkles and thickens the walls of the scrotum to prevent heat loss. A) tunica albuginea B) tunica vaginalis C) dartos muscle D) cremaster muscle E) internal spermatic fascia

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 745

All of the following are functions of the sustentocytes in the seminiferous tubules except A) secretion of androgen-binding protein. secretion of testicular fluid. secretion of testosterone. phagocytosis of excess cytoplasm from spermatids during spermiogenesis.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747

The deep inguinal ring is formed by A) extension of the external oblique muscle. extension of the internal oblique muscle. fascia layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle. cremaster muscle.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 749

Tubular organ that is transected during a vasectomy. A) epididymis B) rete testis C) ductus deferens D) spermatic cord E) pampiniform plexus

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 749

Erection is caused by a jointed bone in the penis that unfolds. the penis filling up with semen that is about to be ejaculated. erectile bodies filling with blood. impulses from the sympathetic nervous system.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 752

Identify the letter that indicates the gland that secretes lubricating mucus into the vaginal orifice. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756, 767

Identify the letter that indicates the organ where fertilization normally occurs. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756-757

The opening of the oviduct is surrounded by these structures. A) internal os B) external os C) fimbriae D) isthmus E) cardinal ligaments

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 757

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, these vessels grow and proliferate. A) arcuate arteries B) radial arteries C) spiral arteries D) straight arteries

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 759

Which of the following anchors the uterus into an anteverted position in the pelvis? A) broad ligament B) ovarian ligament C) round ligament D) suspensory ligament

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 759

Technically, the theca folliculi is not part of the ovarian follicle, although it is associated with it. Instead, the theca folliculi arises from the A) zona pellucida. basal lamina around the follicle. connective tissue that fills the area between follicles. ovarian medulla.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The cells that secrete estrogens in females are A) oocytes. cells in the pituitary gland. granulosa cells. germinal epithelium of the ovary.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

The milk-producing cells in the breast are A) adipose cells (because milk contains 4% fat). B) columnar epithelial cells in lobules. C) simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli. D) endocrine cells.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 768

At what point during fetal development is the decidua basalis/chorionic villi collectively referred to as the placenta? A) the first month B) the ninth month C) the start of fourth month D) the end of second month

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 772

The embryonic urethral folds develop into the female A) bulb of the vestibule. labia majora. labia minora. urethra.

: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777

Begins at the cisterna chyli. A) thymic corpuscles B) aggregated lymphoid nodules C) thoracic duct D) MALT E) inguinal lymph nodes

: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 630-631

A common theme to the development of atherosclerosis is A) a ballooning out of the vessel walls. B) a failure of the venous valves resulting in engorged and twisted vessels. C) an accumulation of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of capillaries. D) an inflammatory response to a damaged endothelium.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 619

Identify the letter that indicates collagen fibers that anchor lymphatic capillaries to surrounding connective tissue. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except A) returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. B) returning leaked blood proteins to the bloodstream. C) transporting digested fats. D) carrying blood.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

Set of lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract. A) lumbar trunks B) subclavian trunks C) bronchomediastinal trunks D) lacteals E) intestinal trunk

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 629

Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions. A) lymphatic capillaries B) afferent lymphatic vessels C) lymphatic ducts D) lymph nodes E) lacteals

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 629-630

Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the body's entire lower half. A) lumbar trunk B) intestinal trunk C) bronchomediastinal trunk D) thoracic duct E) right lymphatic duct

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

Identify the letter that indicates the first structure to receive lymph from both the lumbar and intestinal trunks and is located on the surface of L1 and L2 vertebrae. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

In humans, B lymphocytes originate in A) the thymus. B) the appendix. C) all lymphoid tissue. D) the bone marrow.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 634

One location where lymphoid tissue is found is "in the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts." Specifically, this refers to A) intestinal and bronchomediastinal lymph trunks. B) the intestinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. C) the cisterna chyli and lacteals. D) MALT.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 635

Lymphoid tissue contains all of the following elements except A) T cells. B) B cells. C) follicles. D) thick collagen fibers.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 635, 637

The lymph organ that lies in the superior part of the thoracic mediastinum is the A) cervical lymph node. B) spleen. C) tonsil. D) thymus.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637

The thymus is most active during A) fetal development. B) adolescence. C) old age. D) childhood.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637

Which of the following is not a part of MALT? A) lymphoid tissue in the appendix B) lymphoid tissue in the tonsils C) aggregated lymphoid nodules D) lymphocytes in the spleen

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637

Recycles red blood cells and initiates immune responses. A) tonsils B) lymph nodes C) MALT D) spleen E) thymus

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 638-639

Crypts of the tonsils A) are filled with lymphoid tissue. B) are specialized lymphatic capillaries. C) contain all the progeny of a single activated B lymphocyte. D) trap bacteria and particulate matter.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640

A lymphoid nodule is A) a small lymph node. B) a type of lymphoma. C) a bulge in a lymphatic collecting vessel. D) a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640-641

Anatomical region of the nasal cavity containing nose hairs. A) nasal septum B) olfactory mucosa C) nasal conchae D) vestibule E) uvula

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 648

Identify the letter that indicates a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 649

The main function of the elaborate venous plexus in the nasal mucosa is A) diapedesis of leukocytes. B) to replace vessels broken in nose bleeds. C) to supply extra blood to the brain and supplement the dural sinuses. D) to warm blood and moisten inhaled air.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 650

The pharyngeal tonsil is A) scattered throughout the pharynx. B) in the fauces. C) the largest tonsil. D) synonymous with the adenoids in the roof of the nasopharynx.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 651

The space between the right and left vocal folds is called the A) laryngeal inlet. B) cricoid. C) vestibule. D) rima glottidis.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 653

The respiratory mucosa is present throughout each of the following areas except the A) bronchi. B) nasal cavity. C) nasopharynx. D) superior laryngopharynx.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 653-654

Identify the letter that indicates the fibromusculocartilaginous layer with hyaline cartilaginous rings that allow the trachea to bend and elongate but not collapse. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

In the wall of the trachea and bronchi, the cartilage rings lie within which tissue layer? A) inner epithelium B) mucosa C) submucosa D) fibromusculocartilaginous layer

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 656

The smallest airway of the bronchial tree that is primarily responsible for creating bronchoconstriction. A) primary bronchi B) bronchiopulmonary segment C) lobe of lung D) bronchiole E) alveoli sac

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 657

Alveolar pores A) allow gases to transfer from the alveoli to the blood. B) allow pleural fluid to enter the alveoli and keep their walls from sticking together. C) are the openings between the alveolar duct and the alveolus. D) equalize air pressure throughout the lung.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

In a preserved cadaver, the first rib is likely to form a groove on which surface of the lung? A) basal B) mediastinal C) inferior costal D) apical (apex)

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

Identify the letter that indicates the vocal fold, or true vocal cord. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 652-653

Which of the following applies to the small intestine? A) It is where foodstuffs first encounter protein-splitting enzymes. B) Its walls secrete most of the digestive enzymes that are active in its lumen. C) It is where carbohydrates and fats but not proteins are digested. D) Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697-698

Which of the following statements about the duodenum is false? A) It receives chyme from the stomach. B) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions. C) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum. D) It is more movable than the ileum or jejunum, which are retroperitoneal.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697-698

Identify the letter that indicates the duct that directs both digestive enzymes and bile to the duodenum. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 698

Smooth muscle constriction between the ileum and cecum. A) splenic flexure B) cecum C) hepatic flexure D) ileocecal valve E) haustra

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 700-701

The union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts. A) accessory pancreatic duct B) main pancreatic duct C) hepatopancreatic ampulla D) common bile duct E) bile canaliculi

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710

Identify the letter that indicates an expanded portion of the ureter. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 723

Identify the letter that indicates the parietal layer of glomerular capsule. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 726

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that A) the former only secretes, the latter only filters. B) one lies in the renal cortex, the other in the medulla. C) only one has a folded basolateral membrane containing enzymes for ion transport. D) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 727-728

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney. A) sinusoidal B) trabecular C) medullary D) cortical E) extrinsic

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that A) only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles. B) the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules. C) the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved in resorption. D) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla. A) vasa vasorum B) peritubular capillaries C) cortical radiate D) vasa recta E) interlobular

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730

Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false? A) It is a thickening of the detrusor muscle. B) It is located superior to the prostatic urethra in males. C) It is not consciously controlled. D) It is surrounded by the urogential diaphragm.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 734

The condition in which the metanephros has failed to ascend is A) horseshoe kidney. B) polycystic renal disease. C) hydronephrosis. D) pelvic kidney.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 737-738

Identify the letter that indicates the organ that serves as common passageway for semen and urine in men. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 744,752

The correct sequence of sperm-transporting tubules that transport spermatozoa to the epididymis is the A) seminiferous tubule to efferent ductule to straight tubule to rete testis. B) seminiferous tubule to rete testis to straight tubule to efferent ductule. C) seminiferous tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule to straight tubule. D) seminiferous tubule to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 746

Sperm are moved into the epididymis from the testis by A) swimming under their own power. gravity. suction. testicular fluid moved by cilia and smooth muscle cells.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747

Type of cell in the testes that produces testosterone. A) spermatogonium B) primary spermatocyte C) spermatid D) interstitial E) sustentocytes

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747

Which of the following organs does not contribute secretion(s) during the male sexual response? A) prostate B) seminal vesicles C) bulbourethral glands D) corpus cavernosum

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 750-751

Identify the letter that indicates the infundibulum. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756

Identify the letter that indicates the tissue layer that is shed during menstruation. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 756, 759

Fertilization of the ovum normally occurs in this region of the oviduct. A) isthmus B) fimbriae C) infundibulum D) ampulla E) intrauterine portion

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 757

Which of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease is incorrect? A) It can lead to sterility. It is usually caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea. It includes salpingitis. It inhibits ovulation.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 758

A difference between a primary follicle and a primordial follicle is that A) one has an antrum and the other does not. the oocyte is larger in the primordial follicle. the primary follicle is an earlier stage than the primordial follicle. the primordial follicle has only a single layer of flat follicular cells, whereas the primary follicle is comprised of cuboidal follicle cells.

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

A woman has developed a cancerous lump in each breast, and the skin of the breasts is dimpled. What structure(s) is (are) causing the dimpling? A) pectoralis major muscle B) pectoralis minor muscle C) smooth muscle cells around the ducts of the large glands in the breast D) suspensory ligaments of the breast

: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 767, 775

Specific location within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. A) terminal bronchioles B) carina C) bronchopulmonary segments D) alveoli E) respiratory membrane

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 658-659

Which of the following might explain why most people are sick more often as children than as adults in their 20s through 50s? A) The immune system does not appear until the preteen years. B) The thymus is so active in children that it fights bacteria so hard that it produces strong symptoms of disease. C) Because of their small size, children's bodies cannot contain as much lymphoid tissue as those of adults. D) We build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity to more and more antigens during adulthood.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 635, 641-642

A patient with lymphangitis presents with visible red lines on the skin that are tender to the touch. The best explanation for this sign is that A) lack of movement has caused pooling of lymph in the vessels, which compromised the lymphatic valves, resulting in varicose lymph vessels. B) red blood cells have infiltrated the lymphatic system. C) the spleen has overdegraded red blood cells, releasing iron into the lymphatic system. D) the vasa vasorum on the surface of infected lymph vessels has become inflamed and congested with blood.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 641

Lung cancer occurs slightly more frequently in the right lung than in the left lung (about 53% versus 47% of the time). The most logical explanation for this is that A) the tissue of the right lung is more susceptible to carcinogens. B) the right nostril is closed more often than the left one, so it blocks the exhalation of cigarette smoke and causes smoke to back up into the right lung. C) most people are right-handed, so everything affects the right side of the body more intensely. D) the right primary bronchus is wider than the left one (and the right lung is larger than the left lung), so the right lung receives slightly more carcinogenic cigarette smoke with each puff.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 656, 668

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enteroendocrine cells? A) They are scattered throughout the lining epithelium of the stomach and intestines. B) They secrete hormones that help signal the events of digestion. C) They never secrete their product into the lumen of the digestive canal. D) They are scattered throughout the lining of the rectum.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 695

Why are bacteria abundant in the large intestines but not in the stomach? A) Food enters the stomach first and does not spend much time there. B) The intestine is much warmer and moister, encouraging bacterial growth. C) The stomach wall contains so much lymphoid tissue that it destroys all bacteria there. D) Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 695

In the stomach, the undifferentiated epithelial stem cells lie near the junction between the gastric pits and gastric glands. In the intestine, the corresponding stem cells occur A) on the tips of the villi. B) where the intestinal crypts meet the villi. C) in the duodenal (Brunner's) glands. D) deep within the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn).

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 698

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane? A) basement membrane B) capillary endothelium C) filtration slit diaphragm D) granular cells

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 725-726

The ureters develop from A) the cloaca. B) the urogenital sinus. C) pronephric nephrons. D) a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 737-738

All of the following are adaptations for keeping the testes cool except the A) descent of the testes into the scrotum before birth. B) pampiniform plexus of veins. C) cremaster and dartos. D) testicular artery.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 745, 747

In cows, the nipples (teats) are in the groin region, not in the midthorax as in humans. What is the most logical reason for this difference between cows and people? A) Cows' mammary glands have entirely different embryonic origins from human ones. B) Male cows do not produce milk. C) Cows are more likely to develop inguinal hernias, and their mammary glands protect against that. D) Cows' mammary glands arise from a different part of the milk line.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 767

In the early fetus, all of the following are parts of the chorionic villi except the A) syncytiotrophoblast. B) cytotrophoblast. C) extraembryonic mesoderm. D) decidua.

: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 770, 772

________ is a dangerous inflammation of herniations in the colonic wall.

: Diverticulitis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 702

Identify the letter that indicates the vasa recta. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 729

Microvasculature that provides nourishment to the outer walls of the aorta. A) tunica intima B) subendothelial layer C) tunica media D) tunica externa E) vasa vasorum

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589

Identify the letter that is indicating endothelial cells. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 589-590

Identify the letter that indicates one of the primary arteries that contributes to the superficial palmar arch-the ulnar artery. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 598, 603

Identify the letter that indicates the longest vein in the body. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 609, 616

Identify the letter that indicates the unique arrangement of endothelial cells that comprise lymphatic capillaries. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 628-629

Identify the letter that indicates inguinal lymph nodes that filter lymph from the lower limbs. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630

Large lymphatic vessel that if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk. A) cisterna chyli B) MALT C) spleen D) thoracic duct E) right lymphatic duct

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 631-632

The largest lymphoid organ. A) thymus B) tonsils C) aggregated lymphoid nodules D) lymph nodes E) spleen

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 638

Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter. A) aggregated lymphoid nodules B) tonsils C) MALT D) lacteals E) crypts

: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640

Breast milk collects in the lactiferous sinus when a woman breastfeeds her infant.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 768

Describe the structures involved in the transfer of nutrients and wastes between the fetal and maternal bloodstreams.

: Nutrients and wastes cross the placenta, which consists of both embryonic and maternal tissues. Extensions of the embryonic tissue are called chorionic villi. These extensions protrude into lacunae, or cavities in the endometrium, which contain maternal blood. Adjacent to these lacunae are maternal blood vessels located in a region called the decidua basalis. Together, the decidua basalis and chorionic villi, when fully established at the fourth month of fetal development, are called the placenta. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 772

The most effective way to detect cervical cancer in its earliest stage is by a(n) ________.

: Papanicolaou (Pap) smear Diff: 2 Page Ref: 775

________ fluid helps keep the lungs expanded against the thoracic walls.

: Pleural Diff: 1 Page Ref: 663

Explain the relationships and distinguish among the following structures of the small intestine: villi, microvilli, and circular folds.

: Plicae circulares or circular folds are large, 1-cm-high transverse folds of the small intestine. The surface of these folds has fingerlike projections called villi. They are approximately 1-mm-tall extensions of the mucosa that contain blood vessels and lacteals. The epithelial layer covering these villi consists of columnar absorptive cells each having mircovilli extensions on their apical surface. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697-698

________ are large cells with complex "footlike" processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

: Podocytes Diff: 2 Page Ref: 725-726

Describe the mechanisms of propulsion by which sperm are transported from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis and, during ejaculation, from the epididymis out of the body.

: Sperm are carried to the epididymis on a current of testicular fluid that is continuously produced by sustentocytes. The positive pressure of the fluid production forces the nonmotile sperm forward. Additionally, myoid cells that surround the seminiferous tubules rhythmically contract, helping to squeeze the sperm out of the testes. During ejaculation, smooth muscle cells in the epididymis and ductus deferens propel sperm by strong peristaltic contractions. Finally, the bulbospongiosus muscle covering the bulb of the penis contracts, propelling semen through the spongy urethra. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747-748, 752

All types of blood vessels contain a tunica intima.

: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 589

The elastic arteries are the largest arteries near the heart.

: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 589-591

Lymphangitis is inflammation of a lymphatic vessel.

: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 641

The vermiform appendix is suspended from the cecum.

: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 701

Muscular arteries regulate blood flow to organs and groups of organs.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 591

Systemic blood pressure is regulated by adjusting the diameter of arterioles.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 591-592

Postcapillary venules function much like true capillaries.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 594

Veins have less elastin in their walls than do arteries.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 595

The middle and posterior cerebral arteries are connected by the posterior communicating arteries.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 601

The internal iliac arteries supply blood both to the pelvic organs and to the lower limbs.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 607

The saphenous vein is not paired with an artery with the same name.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 616-617

Vaccination mimics acquired immunity.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 635

The thymus increases in mass through childhood and then atrophies during adulthood.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637-638

The external intercostal muscles are involved in active inspiration.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 664

Changes in the size of the thoracic cavity bring about inspiration and expiration.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 664-666

The scalene muscles are involved in deep inspiration.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 665

The pancreas and duodenum are secondarily retroperitoneal organs.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 680

From the lumen outward, the layers of the gastrointestinal tract are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 683

Chief cells of the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 695

The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the renal corpuscle.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 725

The descending thin limb of the nephron loop consists of a simple squamous epithelium.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728

Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder by gravity and peristalsis.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 731-732

In females, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the vagina and uterus.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 732

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 734

The location and length of the urethra are two factors that contribute to the high incidence of urinary tract infections in women.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 736

Sustentocytes support developing sperm and form a blood-testis barrier.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 747

Oogenesis takes years to complete.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 760

Granulosa cells of a maturing ovarian follicle convert androgens to estrogens that will stimulate proliferation of the endometrium.

: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 763

Describe the structures involved in the descent of the testes.

: The testes descend from the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity to the pelvic region. The vaginal process, an extension of the parietal peritoneum protrudes through an opening in the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall to create the inguinal canal. The testes descend through this canal into the scrotum during the seventh month of fetal development. The mechanism for the descent of the testes is not known, however their movement from the abdominopelvic cavity is guided by a fibrous cord called the gubernaculum. This cord connects from the scrotal floor to the testis. As it shortens, the testes move through the inguinal canal. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 777-778

Describe all the anatomical changes to the larynx that account for the deeper voice of men compared to women.

: The thyroid cartilage of males grows larger than in females, and its laryngeal prominence protrudes further anteriorly. The vocal ligaments, which stretch from the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage, are therefore longer in males. Longer cords vibrate more slowly than do shorter cords, resulting in a deeper voice. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 654

Explain the significance of the intimate anatomical relationship between the nephrons and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.

: The vast majority, 99%, of the filtrate that is removed from the blood must be resorbed from the nephrons. If this fluid were not resorbed, the body would quickly dehydrate. All ions, solutes, and water that are resorbed from the nephron pass into the surrounding peritubular capillaries and return to the cortical radiate vein. Sodium and water resorbed from the nephron loop are picked up by the vasa recta and returned to the cortical radiate vein. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 730

Compare and contrast the construction of the bladder and ureter walls.

: The walls of both the bladder and ureter consist of three layers: a mucosa of transitional epithelium, a muscularis layer, and an external adventitia. The muscularis of the ureter consists of two layers of smooth muscle, circular and inner longitudinal, for most of its length, then adds a third external longitudinal layer at its distal end. The bladder has all three layers of smooth muscle. The adventitia of the bladder is replaced with parietal peritoneum on its superior surface. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 731-733

Describe how the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule walls reflects its function in filtrate processing.

: The walls of the proximal tubule are simple cuboidal epithelium. The luminal surface of the cells is covered by microvilli. These structures increase the surface area of the proximal tubule thereby greatly enhancing the resorption of water, electrolytes, and other solutes from the filtrate. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 727-728

Patients often complain to their physician of "swollen glands" in their neck. What is the proper name of these "glands," and what is the significance of their swelling?

: These structures are properly known as lymph nodes, specifically cervical lymph nodes if they are located in the neck. The nodes contain large numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes. Large numbers of pathogens trapped in the lymph nodes can cause the node to enlarge and become tender. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 629-630

________ maneuver involves using the vocal folds as a sphincter to increase intra-abdominal pressure.

: Valsalva's Diff: 2 Page Ref: 654

Lymphocyte ________ results in immune cells that have gained the ability to attack specific antigens.

: activation Diff: 2 Page Ref: 634-635

Glomeruli arise from branches off the ________ arterioles of the cortex.

: afferent glomerular Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

Aggregated lymphoid nodules and the ________ contain dense concentrations of lymphoid tissue and are associated with the distal structures of the digestive tract.

: appendix Diff: 2 Page Ref: 640-641

The ________ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries.

: arcuate Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724

The ________ cartilages are the posterior anchor of the vocal cords.

: arytenoid Diff: 2 Page Ref: 653

Venous blood from the right posterior intercostal veins (except the first intercostal space) flows to the unpaired ________ vein and on to the superior vena cava.

: azygos Diff: 2 Page Ref: 611

Blood flow to the posterior brain follows the following sequence: subclavian artery, vertebral artery, ________, posterior cerebral arteries.

: basilar artery Diff: 3 Page Ref: 601

Venous blood from the hands can be drained towards the heart through the radial, ulnar, median, cephalic, and ________ veins.

: basilic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 612-613

The ________ prevents premature activation of immature thymic lymphocytes.

: blood-thymus barrier Diff: 2 Page Ref: 637-638

The ________ branches to form the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries.

: brachiocephalic trunk Diff: 2 Page Ref: 600-601

The ________ region of the stomach is closest to the esophagus.

: cardiac Diff: 2 Page Ref: 694-695

The presence of a(n) ________ in its medial aspect is unique to the left lobe.

: cardiac notch Diff: 2 Page Ref: 659

The ________ marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi.

: carina Diff: 2 Page Ref: 655

The root of the tooth is held to the periodontal ligament by a calcified connective tissue called ________.

: cement Diff: 2 Page Ref: 690

The lumbar and intestinal trunks unite at the ________ of the thoracic duct.

: cisterna chyli Diff: 2 Page Ref: 630-631

The bulb of the vestibule and the ________ are female erectile bodies.

: clitoris Diff: 2 Page Ref: 767

The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the ________ duct.

: common hepatic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 707

The crura are extensions of the ________, the paired erectile bodies of the penis, and attach the penis to the pubic arch.

: corpora cavernosa Diff: 3 Page Ref: 752

Contraction of the ________ in the wall of the spermatic cord raises the testes closer to the body cavity.

: cremaster muscle Diff: 2 Page Ref: 745