Anatomy: Nervous System
Subarachnoid Space
A young man has just received serious burns, resulting from standing with his back too close to a bonfire. He is muttering that he never felt the pain. Otherwise, he would have smothered the flames by rolling on the ground. What part of the CNS might be malfunctional?
Oculomotor Nerve (III); moves eye and dilates pupil)
A young woman is brought into the emergency room with extremely dilated pupils. Her friends state she has overdosed on cocaine. What cranial nerve is stimulated by the drug?
pons
What part of the brain is responsible for: relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum, controls respiratory rate
pituitary gland
What part of the brain is responsible for: secreting endocrine hormones including human growth hormone
pineal gland
What part of the brain is responsible for: secreting melatonin (hormone)
Cerebellum
What part of the brain is responsible for: Balance and coordination of skeletal muscle
spinal cord
What part of the brain is the extension of medulla oblongata?
Only with PNS structures
What part of the nervous system are functional classifications concerned?
10-15% of all cells in brain
What percentage of cells are microglia, and where?
- Signals move through cells called neurons - Impules- electrical signal that moves down neuron - Many different types of neuron
DESCRIBE how do nerve impulses move b/w the CNS and the PNS?
a reduction in membrane potential
Depolarization of the neuron refers to: • a reduction in membrane potential. • an increase in membrane potential. • an increased negativity of the neuron interior.
- Dendrites recieve signals - The axon transmits impulse The myelin Sheath makes the signal travel faster - Synaptic terminals transmit signal to next neuron in neural pathway
Describe Form follows Function for a neuron?
-At peak AP all sodium gates close and all K+ gates open -More K+ leaves cell than is needed to restore resting potential charge making the neuron slightly more neg than normal (- This slight dip in negative charge is called hyperpolarization) - Na+/K+ pumps work to bring 3 Na+ out of cell and 2 K+ into cell
Describe Hyperpolarization?
-Once a big enough charge difference is reached, the sodium gates close and cannot be reopened until resting potential is reached - There is now more sodium inside the cell than outside the cell - The K+ gates open and K+ ions diffuse out of cell - This causes the charge to reverse back to resting potential
Describe Repolarization?
Passive: Simple: Materials move down the conc gradient through the phospholipid bilayer Facilitated: The passage of materials is aided both by a concentration gradient and by a transport protein Active: Molecules again move through a transport protein but energy must be expended to move them through their concentration gradient
Describe both types of passive transport and Active transport
-On receiving a stimulus, sodium gates open a few at a time and K+ gates close, allowing Na+ ions to diffuse rapidly into the cell -As Na+ enters cell the inside of the neuron becomes + - As the charge inside the cell becomes more +, this causes more and more Na+ channels to open -When all Na+ channels get open
Describe depolarization
-Neuron interior neg charged - Cytoplasm + charged - Some K+ are open, allowing K+ ions to diffuse in and out of neuron (at equilibrium, no change in concentration) - Na+ gates are closed, no movement of sodium into and out of cell - More Na+ ions outside of cell compared to inside - More K+ ions inside cell compared to outside -Na+/K+ pump works to maintain the correct concentration
Describe resting membrane potential, inactive and polarized
- Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord - Interneurons (aka association neurons0 - No nerves- interneurons arranged in bundles called tracts - Functions: - Receives sensory signals and determines appropriate response - Stores Memory - Carries out thought
Describe the Central Nervous System?
Portion of the autonomic nervous system that produces the "rest and ruminate" response: - Constricts pupils - Dilates BV - Reduces Heart and breathing rates - Stimulates Digestion
Describe the Parasympathetic portion of the autonomic division?
1) Sensory Input- Monitor stimuli (changes inside and outside the body) to gather sensory input (data) 2) Integration- Processes, interprets sensory input and decides what to do 3) Motor Output- activating muscles and glands to effect a response
Describe the general functions of the nervous system.
bundle of neuron fibers found outside the CNS. W/in a nerve, neuron fibers, or processes, are wrapped in protective connective tissue coverings. Each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath, an endoneurium. Groups of fibers are bound by a coarser connective tissue wrapping, the perineurium, to form fascicles. All fasicles are bound together by the epineurium.
Describe the general structure of a nerve.
()
Describe the location, structure, and function of the olfactory and taste receptors.
Cerebellum
-What is responsible for the balance and coordination of skeletal muscles -essential for making fine adjustments to motor actions
(info already in quizlet), just do reverse
. What is a reflex arc? Draw a simple diagram that describes how a reflex arc works.
1) Red: Axon Blue: dendrites Orange: cell body Green: Myelin Sheath 2) A- Dendrites B-Cell Body C-Axon D-Axon Hillock E-Nucleus F-Schwann Cell (nucleus) G-Node of Ranvier H-Neurilemma I-Myelin Sheath J-Axon Terminals
1) List what each of the colors are. 2) Figure out rest of labels
1) Blue: Receptor Region Red: Afferent neuron Orange: Effector Brown: Interneuron Pink: Efferent Neuron 2) Pin-prickle pain 3) Skeletal muscle 4) 2 (3 with muscle)
1) List what each of the colors are. 2) What is the stimulus? 3) Which specific type of tissue is the effector? 4) How many synapses occur in this reflex arc?
1) synaptic cleft 2) grey- axon terminals blue-mitochondria purple-K+ ions Pink- Postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors Green(pen)-Postsynaptic membrane Yellow-Na+ ions Brown- Chemically gated channels red (pen)- Presynaptic membrane red (colored pencil)- Ca 2+ ions Green (colored pencil)- Synaptic vesicles Black- neurotransmitter molecules ****
1) What is bracketed? 2) identify the colors 3) *********IDENTIFTY THE ARROWS SHOWING (1) THE DIRECTION OF THE PRESYNAPTIC IMPULSE AND (2) THE DIRECTION OF NET NEUROTRANSMITTER MOVEMENTS****(NO ANSWER YET)
Dendrites convey signals toward the cell body, Axons convey signals away
Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.
https://goo.gl/T433QA
Draw the nervous system subsection diagram and use arrows to show the order
1. gyrus 2. surface area 3. neuron cell bodies 4. unmyelinated nerve fiber 5. myelinated nerve fiber 6. basal nuclei
A (1) is an elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue. The convolutions seen in the cerebrum are important because they increase the (2). Gray matter is composed of (3) and (4). White matter is composed of (5), which provide for communication b/w different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers. The lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are collectively called the (6)
Meningitis
A child is brought to the hospital with a high temperature. The doctor states that the child's meninges are inflamed. What name is given to this condition?
A
A synapse between an axon terminal and a neuron cell body is called: A. axodendritic B. axoaxonic C. axosomatic D. axoneuronic
Autonomic nervous system
AKA as the involuntary nervous system
Parasympathetic
After surgery, patients are often temporarily unable to urinate, and bowel sounds are absent. Identify the division of the autonomic nervous system that is affected by anesthesia?
Broca's Area
An elderly gentleman has just suffered a stroke. He is able understand verbal and written language, but when he tries to respond, his words are garbled. What cortical region has been damaged by the stroke?
B
Bipolar neurons: A. are found in the head B. are always part of an afferent pathway C. have two dendrites D. have two axons
both sympathetic and para
Courses through cranial nerves (what division?)
both sympathetic and para
Courses through spinal nerves (what division?)
A
Cranial nerves that have some function in vision include the A. trochlear B. trigeminal C. abducens D. facial
A
Eating difficulties would result from damage to the: A. mandibular division of trigeminal nerve B. facial nerve C. glossopharyngeal nerve D. vagus nerve
Sympathetic
Effects enhanced by direct stimulation of hormonal mechanism (what division?)
Polarized
Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting enuron
(nerve) impulse
Electrical signal that moves through a neuron
Due to the membrane having a impermeable plasma membrane, which prevents passive diffusion of ions from regions of high to low concentration
Explain how a neuron can maintain a difference in concentration of ions inside and outside the cell membrane. Your description should include membrane structure and ion placement
Decription: nerves, neurons, sensory organs outside the CNS Functions: - Sends signals to the CNS from sensory organs - Recieves sisgnals from CNS - Stimulates Effectors
Give a description of the PNS and its functions?
Organ reflex
Help regulate organ functions
How they transmit impulses
How are neurons classified?
Tight junctions between endothelial cells in CNS vessels that restrict the passage of solutes The diffusion of microscopic particles (e.g., bacteria), large molecules, and hydrophilic molecules into the CSF is restricted Diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones ) is permitted. BBB cells actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier•The BBB effectively protects the brain from many common bacterial infections, so brain infections are very rare. However, since antibodies and antibiotics are too large to cross the BBB, brain infections that do occur are often very serious and difficult to treat.
How can the blood-brain barrier be described? (ppt)
interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions
How does the CNS decide what to do?
Only One
How many directions can an impulse move in?
()
How would you describe the following using the words: afferent, efferent, autonomic and somatic?1.After smelling a flower, you sneeze. 2.You hear a loud noise so you cover your ears. 3.You hear someone following you and your heart starts to race. 4.You walk into a dark room and your pupil's dilate. 5.You touch something slimy so you pull your hand away.
Sympathetic
Hypoactivity of this division would lead to decrease in metabolic rate (what division?)
CNS- Responsible for integration PNS- Responsible for monitoring stimuli (sensory) and motor output
I can explain the difference between the central and peripheral nervous system.
Integration (info throughout quizlet on structures)
I can identify the major structures and functions of the brain. Pg. 243
()
I can identify the major structures of the eye and the functions of those components. 279 - 283
A- Corpus callosum B- Choroid Plexus C- Thalamus D-Corpora quadrigemina E- Optic chiasma F- Pituitary gland G- Mammillary Body H- Pons I- Medulla oblongata J-Cerebellum K-Fourth Ventricle L-Cerebral aqueduct M-Cerebral peduncle N-Pineal gland O-Cerebral hemisphere ; Sagittal view
Identify Labels, What is the significance of yellow and blue, what type of view is this called?
Q: skin B: periostum: C: Bone D: dura mater E: Arachnoid F: Pia mater
Identify labels:
Synaptic Cleft
In Figure 28-4, into what area do the neurotransmitters diffuse?
When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, causing calcium channels to open, which causes Ca2+ to enter the cell. The Ca2+ causes the vescicles to bind to the plasma membrane and release the neurotransmitter.
In Figure 28-4, what causes the vesicles to release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
Vesicles
In Figure 28-4, which structures release neurotransmitters?
membrane
In a living neuron, which component provides resistance to current flow: the membrane, the axon, the cytoplasm, or the ions?
graded potentials
In neurons, ___________________ occur first & are needed to initiate an action potential (the long-distance signals).
CNS
Interneurons are found where?
1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3> Afferent neuron 4. Efferent neuron 5. Effector organ
List in order the minimum elements in a reflex arc from the stimulus to the activity of the effector.
multiple sclerosis and damage to the myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)
Marie Nolin exhibits slow, tentative movements and a very unstable gait. Examination reveals she cannot touch her fingers to her nose with her eyes closed. What is the name of this condition and what part of her brain is damaged?
B
Motor functions of arm, forearm, and fingers would be affected by damage to which one of these nerves? A. Radial B. Axillary C. Ulnar D. Median
()
Name the five basic taste sensations, and list factors that modify the sense of taste.
1) Dura mater- outermost, double layered membrane that surrounds the brain. One layer is attached to the inner sruface of the skull, forming the periosteum. The other called the menigeal layer, forms the outermost covering of the brain and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord. 2) Arachnoid- middle meningeal layer, weblike. Its threadlike extensions span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the innermost membrane, the 3) pia mater. The delicate pia mater clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following every fold
Name the three meningeal layers, and state their functions.
Parasympathetic
Originates in cranial nerves (what division?)
Sodium-potassium pump
Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.
1) Action Potential reaches axon terminal 2) Calcium channels open 3) Ca+ causes vescicles to release neurotransmitter 4) neurotransmitter crosses synapses 5)neurotransmitter binds to neuroreceptor 6) Trigger signal in post synaptic neuron
Put the following stages of a synapse in order: a) Trigger signal in post synaptic neuron b) neurotransmitter crosses synapses c) neurotransmitter binds to neuroeceptor d) Action potential reaches axon terminal e) Calcium channels open f) Ca+ causes vesicles to release neurotransmitter
both sympathetic and para
Sets tone for the heart (what division?)
Sympathetic
Some fibers utilize gray rami communicantes (what division?)
Depolarization
State in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron
Babinski reflex
Stroke bottom of foot, normal response is curled toes, abnormal is dorsiflexion
False
T/F: The nerve impulse dies out with distance like a graded potential
false
T/F: the whole axon can be depolarized at once
a high intracellular concentration of anionic proteins
The chief contributor to the negative charge of a resting neuron's intracellular fluid is:
K+ ions
The chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron
#=3 Dural Sinuses
The dural layers are fused together except in (#) areas where they separate to enclose (blank) that collect venous blood
polarized
The membrane is considered (blank) because of the difference in charge b/w the inside and the outside
C
The pineal gland is located in the: A. hypophysis cerebri B. mesencephalon C. epithalamus D. corpus callosum
central canal of spinal cord
The ventricular system is continuous with the (blank)
Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells
Tracts are myelinated by _______________. Nerves are myelinated by ____________.
action potential
Transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane
Neurons, muscles, glands
What are neurotransmitters responsible for stimulating?p
Cerebrum
What controls reading?
Cerebellum
What helps you maintain balance?
no difference
What is the difference b/w neuroglia and glial cells?
No difference
What is the difference bw the sensory and afferent division? |
Double layered membrane surrounding brain
What is the dura mater?+subdivision
Location: Neuron to muscle synapse Func: Activates muscles
What is the location and function of Acetylchoine?
L: Mid-brain F: control of movement
What is the location and function of Dopamine?
To maintain the correct concentration of ions
What is the purpose of the Na+/K+ pump?
Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body/ Sensory fibers delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints are called somatic (soma=body) ) sensory (afferent) fibers. Whereas those transmitting impulses from the visceral organs are called visceral sensory fibers, or visceral afferents. The sensory division keeps the CNS constantly informed of events going on both inside and outside the body
What is the purpose of the afferent division? *
autonomic nervous system
What is the subdivision of reflex?
somatic nervous system
What is the subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activition of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
What is the subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activities of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands
Auditory senses/ sense of smell and taste
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Somatic
What is the voluntary subdivision?
Hydrophobic molecules such as oxygen or CO2
What kind of molecules are permitted through the BBB?
sympathetic division
What nervous system division dilates pupils
Nissl Bodies
What neuron structure is clusetered ribosomes and rough ER(endoplasmic reticulum)?
medulla oblangata
What part of the brain is responsible for: Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
When inside is more negative than outside
When will a neuron be considered inactive?
dorsal body cavity
Where are CNS structures located (cavity of body)?
one on each side of the cerebral cortex
Where are the lateral ventricles located?
Sensory organs
Where are the somatic sensory fibers found?
Visceral organs
Where are visceral sensory fibers found?
subarachnoid space b/w the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?
C. Ventral root
Which contains only motor fibers? A. Dorsal Root B. Dorsal ramus C. Ventral Root D. Ventral ramus
Signals enter from the dendrites, leaves through the axon; So that there is no "crossed signals"
Why can information only move in one direction across a synapse? Why is this a good thing?
Constant internal environment is essential to brain, and the barrier prevents it from being exposed to chemical changes, which prevents uncontrolled neural activity. (remember that certain ions
Why do we need a blood-brain barrier?
Because if neurotransmitters did not function properly, different neurons could not work in conjunction and nothing would get done (eg if someone is lit on fire, and their sensory neurons are unable to send the signal to the interneurons, then the person cannot integrate (process) the information). Neurons must work together in order to be efffective.
Why is important for neurotransmitters to function correctly?
Transmission odwn the length of the neurons membrane is electrical but its the next neuron is (usually) stimulated via neurotransmitter, which is chemical
Why is the transmission of an impulse an electrochemical event?
Trunk, hip, lower limb region on the left side of the primary motor cortex
You have been told that the superior and medial part of the right for central gyrus of your patients brain has been destroyed by stroke what part of the body is the patient unable to move on which side right or left
Multipolar
_________ are the most common structural type of neuron in humans.
Resting period
state in which all voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed
Autonomic
Identify the type of reflex in: Pupillary light reflex
Autonomic
Identify the type of reflex in: Regulation of BP
Autonomic
Identify the type of reflex in: Salivary Reflex
To any type of effector: Skeletal cardiac or smooth muscles, glands, or organs
If the axon in Figure 28-4 is part of a motor neuron, to what cell are the impulses being passed?
B
If the right trapezius and sternocleidomas toid muscles were atrophied, you would suspect damage to the: A. vagus nerve B. motor branches of the ce1vical plexus C. facial nerve D. accessory nerve
both - cuts injure nerves - can sever both nerve and myelin sheath
Suppose you cut the little finger of your left hand. Would you expect that the cut might interfere with motor function, sensory function, or both? Explain your choice.
False
T/F: the nerve impulse can go partway along axon length and stop
Meissner's (tactile) corpuscle
What are the receptor types of feeling a carress?
Bare nerve endings (pain); lamellated corpuscles
What are the receptor types of feeling a pinch?
lamellated corpuscles
What are the receptor types of leaning on a shovel?
Golgi tendon organ; Muscle spindle
What are the receptor types of muscle sensations when rowing a boat?
Bare nerve endings (pain); Muscle Spindle
What are the receptor types of walking on hot pavement?
cutaneous sense organs
What are the sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temp, pressure changes, and pain?
propiotoceptors
What are the sensory receptors of the muscles?
Schwann Cells
What are the specialized cells; myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS?
Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain cerebellum: located under cerebrum Brainstem: connect cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord
What are the three main parts of the brain and what do they consist of?
organs glands muscles
What are the types of effectors?
Neurons
What cells release neurotransmitters?
Cerebral aqueduct
What connects the thirds and fourth ventricles?
medulla oblongata
What contains autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm as well as coughing and sneezing centers?
Pons
What contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brainstem centers?
medulla oblongata
What controls blood flow?
Cerebrum
What controls your ability to add?
Hypothaalmus
What controls your ability to feel thirsty?
Thalamus
What controls your ability to smell?
Neurons
What demonstrates irritability and conductivity, and thus transmits electrical messages from one area of the body to another area?
CNS
What division is waking up?
Sensory neurons Interneurons (association neurons) which recieve signals from many sources motor neurons effectors (such as muscles or glands)
What does the neural pathway consist of?
Choroid plexus
What forms the cerbrospinal fluid?
circulates throughout the ventricle system and is reabsorbed into the subarachnoid space
What happens to the CSF after it is secreted and circulated by the ependymal cells?
Efferent neuron
What i a neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands?
One class of dopamine receptor is bound by such drugs as chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Binding of these drugs leads to increased synthesis of dopamine at the synapse and eases some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Used as certain synapses in the CNS
What is Dopamine? What are the locations and functions of it?
arachnoid mater
What is the middle meningial layer; like a cobweb in structure?
Bipolar Neuron Location: Eye, nose, ear, retina and brain
What is the name (& labels) of this?
Anaxonic Neuron Location: Brain and retina
What is the name, location, (& labels) of this?
Unipolar neuron Most sensory neurons, brain
What is the name, location, (& labels) of this?
Microglial Cells Location: CNS, throughout brain and spinal cord Function: Act as macrophage cells: first and main form of active immune defense of CNS
What is the name, location, and function for the cell type (see picture)?
Multipolar motor neuron Location: Most interneurons and motor neurons A: Dendrites B: Nucleus C: Cell Body D: Hillock E: Axon F: Terminals
What is the name, location, and labels of this?
Name: Oligodendrocyte Location: CNS Function: - Create myelin sheath, which provides support and insulation to axons in the CNS= to func performed by Schwann cells in PNS - A single oligodentrocyte can extend its processes to up to 50, wrapping each in 1Um of myelin sheath 80% lipid 20% protein
What is the name, location, and the form follows function for the cell type (see picture)?
Name: Astrocytes Location: CNS, Cover entire brain surface and most non synaptic regions of the neurons in the gray matter of the CNS Function: -Form a supportive framework of nervous tissue" - Have extensions (periavascular feet) that contact blood capillaries that stimulate them to forma tight seal called the blood-brain barrier -protect the neurons from harmful substances in the blood
What is the name, location, and the function for the cell type (see picture)?
Name: Satellite Cell/Schwann Cells Location: PNS Function Satellite: - Supply nutrients to surrounding neurona nd also have some structural function Protective Cushioning Schwann Cells: - Any of the Cells in PNS that produce myelin sheath around axons of neurons - Motor and sensory neurons - Increases speed of nerve impulse
What is the name, location, and the function for the cell type (see picture)?
Name: ependymal cells location: CNS, line the internal cavities of the brain Form follows function: Cuboidal or columnar epithelium with cilia on apical surface Secretes and circulates CSF Beating of cilia helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and forms protective cushion around CNS
What is the name, location, shape, and the function for the cell type (see picture)?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What is the nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What is the nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia?
plasma membrane of schwann cells that surround the myelinated nerve fibers, involved in protecting and regenerating nerve fibers
What is the neurilemma+ function?
visual senses
What is the occiptial lobe responsible for?
periosteal layer
What is the outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull?
dura mater
What is the outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue
Somatic sensory information: pain , temprature, taste, touch (except for special senses)
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
To protect the CNS
What is the primary function of the meninges?
Carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles, and glands. These impulses activate muscles and glands; that is, they effect (bring about) a motor response
What is the purpose of the motor/efferent division?
mammillary body
What is the reflex center involved in olfaction; posterior to pituitary gland?
-70mV
What is the resting potential of an unstimulated cell?
Actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier
What is the role of BBB cells?
Astrocytes (physically) support the BBB
What is the role of neuroglia in the bbb?
to detect "stretch" (tension) in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints, and send these signals to the brain so that brain can adjusts posture and balance
What is the role of propiotoceptors?
contains CSF
What is the role of the central canal of the CNS?
Connects the brain to the eye
What is the role of the optic chiasm?
No pores; create the barrier and restrict the passage of solutes
What is the role of the tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier?
reflex arc
What is the simplest neural pathway?
Hypothalamus
What is the site of regulation of Water balance and body temp?
Somatic
What is the skeletal muscle subdivision?
Hyperpolarization
What is the slight dip in negative charge when more K+ leaves the cell than is needed to restore the resting potential charge?
Autonomic
What is the smooth muscle subdivision?
The vertebrae
What is the spinal Cord protected by?
CNS
What is the spinal cord subdivision?
31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord; CNS
What is the spinal nerve?+subdivision
Consists of the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating command centers of the nervous system. They interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions
What is the structure and function of the CNS?
Electroencephalagram
A 12-year old boy suddenly falls to the ground, having an epileptic seizure. He is rushed to the emergency room of the local hospital for medication. His follow-up care includes a recording of his brain waves of try determine the area of the lesion. What is this procedure called?
change in membrane potential
A ________________________ is what causes muscles to contract and what propagates nerve impulses.
Considering that nerve cells do not usually divide (amitotic), the tumor is most likely a glioma, developing from one of the types of neuroglia.
A brain tumor is found in a CT scan of Mr. Child's head. The physician is assuming that is not a secondary tumor (ie, it did not spread from another part of the body) because an exhaustive workup has revealed no signs of cancer elsewhere in Mr. Child's body. Is the brain tumor more lively to have developed from nerve tissue or from neuroglia? Why?
The parasympathetic needs time to process the epipherine because it needs to be broken down in the body from the adrenal medulla and poor into the blood
Amy a high strung teenager was suddenly startled by loud bang that sounded like a gunshot her heart rate accelerated rapidly when she realizes the noise was only a car back fine she got greatly relieved that her heart kept reading heavily for several minutes more why does it take her a long time to calm down after we are scared
Motor Cortex (frontal lobe) (basal nuclei)
An elderly woman is admitted to the hospital to have a gallbladder operation. While she is being cared for, the nurse notices that she has trouble initiating movement and has a strange "pill-rolling" tremor of her hands. What cerebral area is most likely involved?
A
An inability to extend the leg would result from a loss of function of the: A. lateral femoral cutaneous nerve B. ilioinguinal nerve C. saphenous branch of femoral nerve D. femoral nerve
-woke up-->central nervous system -sit ups-->somatic (voluntary) nervous system -smell of coffee-->sensory receptors
As Melanie woke up, she stretched and quickly did 20 sit-ups before getting out of bed. As she brushed her teeth, the aroma of coffee stimulated her smell receptors and her stomach began to gurgle. Indicate the division of the nervous system involved in each of these activities or events.
higher
As a general rule of thumb, the greater the potential difference in charge between two points, the __________ the voltage.
schwann cells support neurons by forming myelin
Bill's femoral nerve was crushed while clinicians tried to control bleeding from his femoral artery. This resulted in the loss of function and sensation in his leg, which gradually returned over the course of a year. Which cells were important in his recovery?
Yes, deliberate consience contraction (with you knowing what you know you're getting into) can prevent the reflex arc of muscle contraction once reflex is started (needs more: https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/39768/how-are-reflexes-suppressed)
Can you stop a reflex?
Baro receptor reflex
Carotid artery- helps regulate BP
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. If enough neurotransmmitter is released the whole series of events of (RMP--> Depolarization,--> AP--> Repolarization--> hyperpolarization-->rmp)
Describe how an impulse moves across the synaptic cleft. Include information about the synapse and the neurotransmitters.
-Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons - never lose ability to divide -unable to transmit a nerve impulse CNS and PNS
Describe neuroglia?+ subdivision
Polysynaptic- This involves one or more sensory neurons, interneurons (association neurons) in the spine, and motor neurons, which carry out the reflex entirely before the brain is aware of the response. Monosynaptic- A single neural synapse (sensory/motor) controls the reflex; No interneuron is involved in the neural pathway
Describe polysynaptic vs monosynaptic?
- Charged ions cannot move freely through the membrane - They must move freely through ion channels Closed: At the resting potential, the channel is closed Open: In response to a nerve impulse, the gate opens and Na+ enters the cell Inactivation: For a breif period after activation, the channel does not open in response to a signal
Describe the Plasma membrane and ion transport; describe the phases of the voltage-gated Na+ Channels
Gray matter unmyelinated nerve fibers, neuron cell bodies; white matter contains myelinated nerve fibers
Describe the composition of gray matter and white matter.
Somatic division: Controls voluntary action of the skeletal muscle, can be responsible for action that can be percieved to be involuntary such as a reflex, some of which control skeletal muscles Autonomic division: Controls involuntary action of glands, organs, cardiac and smooth muscles, has 2 divisions in it of itself, the sympathetic (which activates fight or flight) or the parasympathetic (which inhibits fight or flight)
Describe the parts of the motor division.
-Striking the patellar tendon just below the patella •There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. •The sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord.
Describe the patellar reflex?
In a neuron at rest, the sodium channels are closed, which means there is no sodium movement through the channel. On the other hand, the K+ channel is open, enabling it to enter the more negative cell.
Describe the sodium and potassium channels and how that affects ions in a neuron membrane at rest
Portion of the autonmic nervous system that produces the "fight or flight" response: - Dilation of pupils - Increased heart and breathing rates - Constriction of blood vessels - Inhibits digestion
Describe the sympathetic portion of the autonomic division?
Sensory (afferent neuron): -receptors detect stimuli -info is transmitted to CNS Interneuron: -Lie b/w sensory and motor pathways of CNS -Process store and retrieve info Motor Neuron (efferent neuron) - send signals out to muscles and glands - muscles and organs that effect a response are effectors
Describe the three types functional categories of neurons?
Multipolar: Cell body- sometimes called the soma Processes- axon and dendrite Nissl Bodies- ER and ribosomes (makes many neurotransmitters) *Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and send out signals via the axons
Describe the typical neuron, and some of its most prominent parts including how the signal travels
Become evenly distributed throughout the solution via diffusion. When evenly distributed, this state is called quillibrium
Describe what happens with the sodium, potassium, and chloride ions when placed in the petri dish. Your answer should include the concepts of diffusion and equilibrium
1) Sensory (afferent) neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS 2) interneurons (association neurons) are confined to CNS 3) Motor (efferent) neurons conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
Describe what is happening in each #
A- Spinal Cord B- Reflex arc C- Afferent Signal D- Efferent Signal E- Motor Neuron F-Stimulus G-Effector H-Receptor I-Response
Describe what is happening in this image. Determine labels.
At rest, some K+ gates are open allowing diffusion of K+ into and out of cell Sodium/potassium pump uses ATP to move 3 Na+ ions out of cell and 2 K+ ions inside cell
Describe what is happening when neuron is at resting potential
At resting membrane potential the electrical force, due to the polarized nature of the cytoplasm+inside of the cell. The diffusional (mixing force) enables K+ ions to come and go, evening out the distribution of the electrical force.
Describe what is occuring with the potassium ions at a resting membrane potential. Include: electrical force, diffusional force, and potassium ions
sensory fibers delivering impulses from skin Sends signals to CNS Somatic sensory- sense organs Visceral sensory- visceral organs
Describe what is the sensory receptor?+subdivision
Composed of the least permeable capillaries in the whole body. Only water soluble subtancces, (H2O, glucose, and essential amino acids pass easily through the walls of these capillaries. Metabolic wasts (urea, toxins, proteins, drugs) are prevented from entering the brain tissue. Nonessential mino acids and potassium ioms are not only prevented from enerting the brain, but are actively pumped from brain into the blood across capillary walls.
Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier?
(info already in quizlet), just do reverse
Draw a diagram that compares and contrasts the different types of neurons (multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic) and label where each would found.
(info already in quizlet), just do reverse
Draw a diagram that describes the structure, function, and location of the 6 types of glial cells.
neurotransmitters
During action potential transmission, many ions cross the neuronal membrane at right angles to the membrane. What is it that travels along the membrane and acts as the signal?
()
Explain how the functions of rods and cones differ.
The neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (of a neuron in this diagram). The neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
Explain the difference in how excitatory and inhibitory synapses function.
Structural: CNS (Central nervous system) Brain and spinal cord (interneurons) PNS( Peripheral Nervous system) Nerves, neruons, sensory organs
Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system.
Because there is more + charge (w/ more Na+ outside of the cell) than the + charges of mostly K+ and Na+ than the inside of the cell. This difference in charges causes polarization, which leads the inside of the cell to be negative
Explain why the interior of the cell is negatively charged and the exterior of the cell is positively charged when the neuron is at rest
Cerebellum
Following a train accident, a man with an obvious head injury was observed stumbling about the scene. An inability to walk properly and a loss of balance were quite obvious.
B
Functions that are at least partially overseen by the medulla are: A. regulation of the heart B. maintaining equilibrium C. regulation of respiration D. visceral motor function
both sympathetic and para
Has splanchnic nerves (what division?)
Sympathetic
Has widespread, long-lasting effects (what division?)
Sensory division is composed of sensory neurons that carry impulses to the CNS, wheras the motor division recieves signals from the CNS and activates effectors
How does the motor division of the PNS differ from the sensory division of the PNS?
Nerve impulse is able to leap from node to node (node of ranveir, that is) and this occurs bcz no current can flow across the axon membrane whre there is fatty meylin insulation
How exactly do myelin sheaths help nerve impulses conduct faster?
The sensory (afferent) neurons of the sensory receptors in your foot detect the stimuli of something inside or outside of your body causing some change. The sensory neurons then send the signal to the interneurons of the CNS. These neurons integrate, or recognize the signal as pain and determine the appropriate response. The CNS then sends a signal with the "information of how to respond" to the Motor (efferent) neurons, which stimuate effectors (muscles, glands, organs, or whichever is necessary to combat the thing that is causing pain in the toe. This reaction can be autonomic or somatic depending on the situation
How is a pain in your toe perceived by sensory receptors? Describe the movement of the electrical impulse from the sensory receptor through the nervous system (identify all neuron types) and back to your toe to cause you to feel the pain and movement your foot.
At resting membrane potential the electrical force, due to the polarized nature of the cytoplasm+inside of the cell. The diffusional (mixing force) enables K+ ions to come and go, evening out the distribution of the electrical force.
How is the resting membrane potential an example of equilibrium
-9, each w/ unique functions, appearance and prescence
How many subtypes of microglia are there?
No energy required
How much energy do the potassium gates use during resting potential?
a) Resting membrane eletrical conditions. The extrenal face of the membran is slightly +; its internal fac4e is slightly -. The chief extracellular ion is sodium, whereas the chief intracellular ion is Potassium The meembrane is relativley impermeable to both ions b) Stimulus initiates local depolarization. A stimulus changes the permeability of a "patch" of the membrane, and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell. This changes the polarity of the membrane (the inside becomes more+; the outside becomes more negative). c) Depolarization and generation of an action potential. If the stimulus is strong enough, depolarization cuases membrane polarity to be completely reverseed an action potential is initiated d) Propagation of action potential. Depolarization of the first membrane patch causes permeability changes in the adjacent membrane, and the events describe in (b) are repeated. Thus, the action potential propogates rapidly along the entire length of the membrane e) Repolarization. Potassium ions idffuse out of the cell as membrane permeability changes again, restoring - charge on the inside of the membrane and the + charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization f) The ionic conditions of the resting state are restored later by the activity of the sodium-potassium pump ****(SEE PAGE 231)*****
I can describe a nerve impulse, from generation to conduction, including the components of a reflex arc.
A- Central Canal of Spinal cord B-Fourth Ventricle C- Cerebral Aqueduct D- Third Ventricle E- Lateral ventricle; Anterior View
Identify Labels, what type of view is this called?
A- Central Sulcus B- Postcentral gyrus C- Precental gyrus D- Frontal lobe E- Lateral Sulcus F- Temporal Lobe G- Pons H- Medulla J- Occipital lobe K-Parieto-occipital fissure L- Parietal lobe ; Right lateral view of brain
Identify Labels, what type of view is this called?
A- Lateral ventricles B- Third Ventricle C- Cerebral aqueduct D- Fourth Ventricle E- Central Canal of spinal cord; Left Lateral view
Identify Labels, what type of view is this called?
A- Cerebellum B- Tentorium cerebelli C-Choroid plexus D-Central canal of spinal cord E-Periosteal dura mater F-Arachnoid G- Meningeal dura mater H- Subarachnoid space I- Arachnoid villus J- Fourth Ventricle K- Cerebral aqueduct L-superior sagittal sinus M- Pituitary gland N- Third Ventricle O- Choroid plexus P-Cerebrum covered w/ pia mater Q- Corpus Calosum
Identify Labels:
A: Brainstem B: Midbrain C: Pons D: Medulla E: Basilar artery F: Vertebral arteries
Identify Labels:
A: Cerebrum B: Pons C: Cerebellum
Identify Labels:
A- Absolute refractory period B- Relative Refractorty period C- Depolarization D- Action Potential E-Repolarization F- Hyperpolarization (undershoot) G- Threshold H-RMP I- Stimulus
Identify each of the following labels
(NAME OF IMAGE)- Myelinated axon A- Myelin nodes B- Glial Cells C- Glial nucleus D- Myelin Sheath E- axon
Identify labels:
A- Arbor Vitae B- Thalamus C- Pons D-Midbrain E- Corpus Callosum F-Medulla Oblanganta G- Spinal Cord H- Cerebral Cortex I- Pituitary gland J-Pineal Gland K-Hypothalamus
Identify labels:
A- Arrival of nerve impulse B- Synaptic terminal C- mitochondrion D- synaptic cleft E- vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules (such as acetylcholine) F- Sending cell G- recieving cells H- neurotransmitter receptors I-initiation of new impulse
Identify labels:
A- Brains stem B- Cerebellum C- midbrain D- Thalamus E: Corpus Callosum F: Cerebrum G: Hypothalamus H- pituitary gland I: pons J: medulla
Identify labels:
A- Frontal Lobe B- Parietal lobe C- Occipital lobe D- Temporal lobe E- Cerebellum
Identify labels:
A- collateral branch B- Schwann cell, forming myelin sheath on axon C- Node of Ranvier D- axon E- Synaptic Terminals F- Telodendria G- Axon hillock H- Cell body I- Nucleus J- Golgi apparatus K- Endoplasmic Reticulum L- Dendrite M- Dendrite branches O- Mitochondrion
Identify labels:
A: Muscle contracts nad withdraws part being stimulated B: Axon of efferent neuron C: Cell body of efferent neuron D: Spinal Cord E: Cell body of interneuron F: Axon of afferent enuron G: Cell body of afferent neuron H: Dendrite of afferent neuron I: Pain receptors in skin J: hot object K: direction of impulse
Identify labels:
A: Ventricular system B: cerebrum c: spinal cord
Identify labels:
A: medulla oblongata B: Cerebellum C: Cranial nerves D: Pons E: Mesencephalon F:Mammilary bodies G: Optic tract H: Pituitary gland I: Optic nerve J: Optic chiasm K: Olfactory tracts L: Olfactory bulb M: eye N: cerebral hemispheres O: frontal lobe P: temporal lobe Q: occipital lobe
Identify labels:
A: spinal cord B: Medulla oblangata C: pons D: Midbrain E: Brainstem F: Pituitary gland G: Optic Chiasma H: Hypothalamus I: Frontal Lobe J: Thalamus K: Corpus calosum L: Cerebrum M: Fornix N: Central Sulcus O: Parietal Lobe P:Parieto-occipital sulcus Q: Pineal body R: Occipital lobe S: Cerebral aqueduct T: Cerebellum U: 4th ventricle
Identify labels:
Red: Frontal lobe Yellow: Parietal lobe Purple: Occipital lobe Green: Temporal lobe
Identify the colors:
()
Identify the cranial nerves by number and by name, and list the major functions of each.
A. Presynaptic neuron B. Voltage-gated channel C. Nerve impulses D. Postsynaptic neuron E. Synaptic end bulb F. Closed ion channel G. Synaptic cleft H. Open ion channel I. Neurotranmitter receptors J. Synaptic vesicle
Identify the following labels:
A- Gray matter of cerebral cortex B- Arachnoid villi C- Dura Mater D- Subarachnoid Spine E- Pia Mater F- Superior sagittal sinus G- Arachnoid Membrane; Frontal view of meninges of the brain at the level of the superior sagittal (dural) sinus
Identify the labels, and the view?
A- Frontal Lobe B- Parietal Lobe C- Occipital lobe D- Ventricle E- Thalamus F- Pineal Gland G- Fornix H- Optic Chiasm I- Hypothalamus J- Midbrain K- Pons L- Medulla Oblanganta N-Spinal Cord O- Cerebellum P- Arbor Vitae
Identify the labels:
A- Olfactory bulb B- Optic Chiasm C- Midbrain D- Pons E- Medulla
Identify the labels:
A- hemispheres B- Cereburm C- Cerebellum D-Spinal Cord E- Sulcus F- Gyrus
Identify the labels:
()
Identify the spinal nerves by number and by name, and list the major functions of each.
A- dendrites B- Cell body C- Axon hillock D- schwann cell E- Nucleus a. Nodes of ranvier in b/w the schwann cells (D)s B. Comes in through the dendrites, goes around the nucleus C. Axon terminals at the end of the axon
Identify the structure and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 28-1. a. label the nodes of ranvier. b. use an arrow to show the direction of the electrical impulse c. label the axon terminal.
()
Identify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear, and list the functions of each
Somatic
Identify the type of reflex in: Effectors are skeletal muscles
Autonomic
Identify the type of reflex in: Effectors are smooth muscles and glands
Somatic
Identify the type of reflex in: Flexor Reflex
Somatic
Identify the type of reflex in: Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex
C
In an earthquake, which type of sensory receptor is most likely to sound the first alarm? A. Exteroceptor B. Visceroceptor C. Mechanoreceptor D. Proprioceptor
Sympathetic
Includes celiac ganglion (what division?)
Parasympathetic
Includes otic ganglion (what division?)
Repolarization
Period during which K+ ions diffuse out of the neuron
1) Reuptake- taken up back into presynaptic terminal via transporter proteins, allowing terminal to recycle neurotransmitters 2) Enzymatic breakdown- broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft 3) Interact w/ receptor molecules
Referring to Figure 28-4, after the neurotransmitters are released from the cell surface, what happens to the neurotransmitters?
Going down from presynaptic to postsynatpic neuron: https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS765US765&biw=1024&bih=762&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=AVNPXLbZJ-K4jwSEmqSQCg&q=direction+of+the+nerve+impulse+at+synapse&oq=direction+of+the+nerve+impulse+at+synapse&gs_l=img.3...2962.6494..6665...4.0..0.203.1125.14j0j1......1....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i24.f2ZZerUBSDs#imgrc=IIwpf9ttSkWZ2M:
Referring to Figure 28-4, label the direction of the nerve signal.
Pupillary reflex
Regulates amount of light that enters eye
increases
Sodium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of a neuron __________ when its voltage-gated sodium channels open.
Parasympathetic
Typically has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers (what division?)
Protects brain and spinal cord from trauma Supplies nutrients to the NS tissue Removes wast products from cerebral metabolism
What are the 3 main functions of the CSF?
Reuptake Interact with Recetpors Enzymatic Breakdown
What are the 3 possible outcomes for the neurotransmitters once they have been released from the presynaptic axon bulb?
The four cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
What are the brain ventricles?
Fluctuations in concentrations of hormones, ions, and nutrients that continually occur, particularly after eating or exercising. -*remember that certain ions (sodium and potassium) are involved in initiating nerve impulses, and some amino acids serve as neurotransmitters.
What are the different types of chemical changes that the blood-brain barrier protects us from?
brain ventricles
What are the four cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid?
Nodes of Ranvier
What are the gaps in a myelin sheath?
Astrocytes
What are the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?
A: mitochondrion B: vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules
What are A&B?
Synaptic cleft, functional junction=synapse
What are axon terminals separated by neurons by? What can this area also be described as?
Stimuli
What are changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning?
Neurotransmitters
What are chemicals released by neuron that stimulate other neurons, muscles or glands?
corpus callosum
What are large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres?
3 connective tissue membranes which protect CNS structures
What are meninges?+subdivision
nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers
What are mixed nerves?
bundles of neurons of the PNS;PNS
What are nerves?+subdivison
- Neurons usually do not connect directly to one another - A gap called a synapse controls the transmission of signals -neurotransmitters cross the synapse and stimulate the next neuron
What are neurotransmitters (ppt) ?
a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells
What are nodes of Ranvier
PNS- specialized supporting cells that wrap themselves tighly around the axon jelly-roll fashion, forming myelin sheath
What are schwann cells?+subdivision
Propioceptors
What are sensory receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of stretch?
changes in body and external environment
What are stimuli?
arachnoid villi
What are structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural sinuses
Sensory/afferent division, Motor/Efferent Division
What are the 2 functional classifications? ()()()()
irritability: the ability to respond to stimulus and convert it into an impulse Conductivity: The ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands
What are the 2 main functional properties of a neuron (+exp)?
Somatic, autonomic
What are the 2 subdivisions of the efferent division?
Loc: inhibitory synapses func: hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated chloride channel. Binding of GABA to the receptors increases the influx of chloride (Cl−) ions into the postsynaptic cell raising its membrane potential and thus inhibiting it. (The neurotransmitter glycine acts in the same way at synapses in the spinal cord and the base of the brain.) This is a fast response — taking only about 1 millisecond. Binding of GABA to GABAB receptors activates an internal G protein and a "second messenger" that leads to the opening of nearby potassium (K+) channels. As you might expect, this is a slower response, taking as long as 1 second. used at inhibitory synapses in the CNS (see above).
What is Gamma aminobutyric(GABA)? What are the locations and functions of it?
used at excitatory synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). Essential for long term potentiation (LTP), a form of memory. Like GABA, Glu acts on two types of CNS synapses: FAST (~1 msec) with Glu opening ligand-gated Na+ channels; SLOW (~1 sec) with Glu binding to G-protein-coupled receptors receptors that turn on a "second messenger" cascade of biochemical changes that open channels allowing Na+ into the cell.
What is Glutamate? What are the locations and functions of it?
Loc: used at inhibitory synapses in the CNS. In fact, both GABA and glycine are released together at some inhibitory synapses. Func: Binding of glycine to the receptors increases the influx of chloride (Cl−) ions into the postsynaptic cell raising its membrane potential and thus inhibiting it. (like GABA)
What is Glycine? What are the locations and functions of it?
Released by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Also used at certain synapses in the CNS. (needs more? )
What is Norepinephrine (NE)? What are the locations and functions of it?
Synthesized from tryptophan (Trp). Histamine confined to synapses in the brain and is also secreted from the duodenum, where it acts in a paracrine manner to stimulate intestinal peristalsis, and as a circulating hormone, where it is taken up by platelets and also suppresses bone formation.)
What is Serotonin? What are the locations and functions of it?
Mass of PNS nerve bodies usually adjacent to CNS structures
What is a ganglion?
CNS
What is a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming info and issues orders
PNS
What is a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS
Motor, Efferent
What is a nerve that conducts impulses away from the CNS from the body periphery?
Sensory, Afferent nerve
What is a nerve that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery?
nerve- bundle of neurons; PNS, Sensory (afferent nerves), Motor (efferent nerves)
What is a nerve, location, and the different types?
Sensory, Afferent neuron
What is a neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery?
Association neuron (or interneuron)
What is a neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway b/w sensory and motor neurons
nerve cells, highly specialized to transmit impulses from one part of the body to another. All have cell body, which contains the nucleus, and one or more processes
What is a neuron?
Refractory Period
What is a period of repolarization of the enuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus?
acetylcholine (ACh) -Binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynaptic cell opens up ligand-gated sodium channels. -These allow an influx of Na+ ions, reducing the membrane potential. -This reduced membrane potential is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential or EPSP. -If depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane reaches threshold, an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic cell. Widely used at synapses in the peripheral nervous system. Released at the terminals of -all motor neurons activating skeletal muscle. [Discussion] -all preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system [Discussion] -the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
What is acetylcholine? What are the locations and functions of it?
A chain reaction that happens along the length of the axon
What is an action potential?
Impulse is a long distance signal (aka an action potential) that is generated when a stimuli of any kind causes the gates of a sodium channel to open, leading to influx of sodium ions aka DEPOLARIZATION. (DRAWING): ()
What is an impulse? How are electrical impulses generated and move down axons? Draw a diagram that includes the following- dendrites, axon cytoplasm, extracellular space, potassium ions, sodium ions, ion channels, sodium/ potassium pump.
A clear liquid that bathes and nourishes the CNS
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Meningitis
What is inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection?
excitation threshold
What is it called when all Na+ channels are open
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is located located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.?
Effecting a response; efferent
What is motor output?+subdivision
pituitary gland
What is part of endocrine system; produces hormones such as HGH
pineal gland
What is part of the endocrine system; produces hormones such as melatonin
mdibrain
What is responsible for visual and auditory reflexes
amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following an excitation
What is the "refractory period?"
Branching white matter, bring information to and from the cerebellum
What is the arbor vitae? What is the function?
Pons, medulla oblongata and midbrain
What is the brain stem composed of?
Tract
What is the bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS?
- Responsible for the balance and coordination of skeletal muscle -Essential to making fine motor adjustments
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
80% lipid, 20% protein
What is the chemical compostition of the myelin sheath?
The ependymal cells that line the ventricles
What is the choroid plexus formed by?
High concentration of sodium ions outside cell High concentration of potassium ions inside cell More Na+ outside the cell than K+ inside so outside of cell is + relative to inside (@ RMP) Difference of charge inside and outside the neuron causes it to be polarized
What is the concentration of K+ and Na+ ions when neuron is at rest (think locations+charges)?
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain; PNS
What is the cranial nerves?+subdivision
neuron exterior
What is the cytoplasm?
conscious movement of
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Responsible for the movement of skeletal muscles
What is the frontal lobe responsible?
sends signals to CNS Somatic Sensory fibers- sense organs Visceral Sensory Fibers- Visceral Organs
What is the function and types of the Afferent Division?
Motor neurons that control involuntary responses involving the organs, glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscles
What is the function of the Autonomic Division of the Motor Division?
Proceses signals, stores memories, creates thought
What is the function of the Forebrain?
coordinates signals
What is the function of the Midbrain?
Motor neurons that control voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles Also can be involved in what we perceive as involuntary movements, like reflexes- some reflexes control involuntary movement of skeletal muscle
What is the function of the Somatic Division of Motor Division?
connects cerebral hemispheres, allows communication of one side of brain w/ another
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
carries out the most basic functions
What is the function of the hindbrain?
Relays information from cerebrum to rebellum about body temp, H2O balance, metabolism
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
What is the function of the myelin sheath
bundle of afferent nerve fibers that connect portions of the brain
What is the function of the olfactory tract?
Part of endocrine system; produces hormones such as melatonin
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Part of the endocrine system; produces hormones such as HGH
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Extension of the medulla oblanganta; conduction pathway to and from the brain
What is the function of the spinal cord?
provides a 2-way conduction pathway to and from the brain, and is a major reflex center
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Processes sensory in before it reaches the cerebral cortex, involved in memory processing
What is the function of the thalamus?
pia mater
What is the innermost covering of the brain, delicate and vascular?
saltatory conduction; increases conduction velocity of action potentials.
What is the is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node? What is the effect of this?
Synapse
What is the junction or point of close contact b/w the neurons?
L: Brain, Spine F: Mood, pain reduction
What is the location and function of Endorphins?
L: Sympathetic system F: Stress Response
What is the location and function of Epinephrine?
L: Brain F: Memory Storage
What is the location and function of Nitric Oxide?
L: Midbrain, pons, medulla F: Mood, sleep
What is the location and function of Serotonin?
nervous system
What is the master controlling and communicating system of the body?
cerebral peduncle
What is the midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly?
visual and auditory reflexes
What is the midbrain responsible for?
Consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. SPinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord. Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. These nerves serve as communication lines. They link all parts of the body by carrying impulses to and fro the spinal cord. Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. These nerves serve as communication lines. They link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles
What is the structure and function of the PNS?
part of the spinal cord; red is ascending tracts; green is descending tracts
What is this an image of? What does the red indicate? What about the green?
Nerve Myelinated, you can see the myelin sheaths Label: A-Cell Body B-Nucleus C- Cytoskeletal elements D-AXON FF:bundle of neuron fibers found outside the CNS. W/in a nerve, neuron fibers, or processes, are wrapped in protective connective tissue coverings. Each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath, an endoneurium. Groups of fibers are bound by a coarser connective tissue wrapping, the perineurium, to form fascicles. All fasicles are bound together by the epineurium.
What is this called? Is it myelinated or not? How do you know? Explain form follows function for this tissue
PNS Motor Neuron A- Axon B- Myelin Sheath C- Schwann Cells D- Node of Ranvier E- Cell Body "Soma" F- Nucleus (Nissle body not visible, maybe) FF: Cell Body is metabolic center of the neuron Nissle Substands,neurofibrils (rough ER) intermediate filaments that are importnat in maintianting cell shape Processes range in length (3-4ft) : Dendrites (processes) convey incoming messages Axons (processes) generate nerve impulses away from cell body, arise from axon hillock All axons branch profusley, forming axon terminals, which contain vesicles that contain neurotransmitters
What is this called? Label Explain Form Follows Function for this tissue
Contains myelinated fibers, CNS
What is white matter?+subdivision
small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones ) is permitted.
What kind of molecules are allowed to pass through the BBB?
hydrophilic molecules, large molecules, and microscopic particles (like bacteria)
What kind of molecules are restricted from passing thru the BBB?
The diffusion of microscopic particles (e.g., bacteria), large molecules, and hydrophilic molecules into the CSF is restricted
What kind of molecules aren't allowed to pass through the BBB?
sympathetic division
What nervous system division constricts blood vessels
parasympathetic division
What nervous system division constricts pupils
parasympathetic division
What nervous system division dilates blood vessels
sympathetic division
What nervous system division increases heart and breathing rates
sympathetic division
What nervous system division inhibits digestion
parasympathetic division
What nervous system division reduces heart and breathing rates
parasympathetic division
What nervous system division stimulates digestion
Dendrite
What neuron structure conducts local electrical currents toward the cell body?
Axon
What neuron structure generally conducts impulses away from the cell body?
Myelin Sheath
What neuron structure increases the speed of impulse transmission?
Neuron Cell body
What neuron structure is the location of the nucleus?
axon terminal
What neuron structure releases neurotransmitters?
Olfactory tract
What part of the brain is a bundle of afferent nerve fibers that connects portions of the brain?
Temporal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for auditory senses, and sense of smell and taste?
medulla oblangata
What part of the brain is responsible for heart rate, breathing, blood pressure?
frontal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for movement of skeletal muscles?
Parietal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for somatic sensory information: pain temperature, taste, touch, etc (except for special senses)
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain is responsible for: Body temprature, H2O balance, metabolism, hormone production
Frontal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for: Concious movement of skeletal muscles
Corpus callosum
What part of the brain is responsible for: Connecting cerebral hemispheres
parietal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for: Somatic senses other than special senses- pain, coldness, etc
Cerebral cortex
What part of the brain is responsible for: Speech, memory, logical/emotional response, sensation, voluntary movement
Occipital lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for: Visual senses
Midbrain
What part of the brain is responsible for: Visual/auditory reflexes
temporal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for: auditory senses/ sense of smell and tase
arbor vitae
What part of the brain is responsible for: branching white matter- bringing information to and from the cerebellum
spinal cord
What part of the brain is responsible for: conduction pathway to and from the brain
optic chiasm
What part of the brain is responsible for: connecting eye to brain
thalamus
What part of the brain is responsible for: memory pprocessing
Thalamus
What processes sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex, involved in memory processing?
The hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane
What property of the plasma membrane makes it impermeable to ions?
90%
What proportion of or neurons are interneurons?
Hypothalamus
What relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum about body temp, H2O balance, metabolism?
autonomic
What subdivision is involuntary?
CNS
What subdivisions are integration?
Neuroglia
What supports, insulates and protects cells?
Neuroglia
What type of cells are able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms?
Neurons
What type of cells are amitotic?
Bipolar neuron
What type of neuron is rare in humans?
Bare nerve endings
What type of sensory neuron is least specialized?
Bare nerve endings
What type of sensory neuron is most common?
essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons
When considering the relationship between a structural classification and a functional classification of neurons, it can be said that __________.
Ions move through their respective channels (sodium moves thorugh its channel, K+ moves through its channel) etc
When ions do move across the membrane, explain in general how this process occurs. Your answer should include a description of the channels as well as the concentration gradient
D
When neurons in Wernicke's area send impulses to neurons in Broca's area, the white matter tracts utilized are: A. commissural fibers B. projection fibers C. association fibers D. anterior funiculus
()
When provided with a model or diagram, identify the accessory eye structures, and describe the functions of each.
Neuromuscular junction
Where axon terminal meets a muscle fiber
Under the cerebrum
Where is the cerebellum located?
white
Which has myelinated fibers: gray or white matter?
A
Which is an incorrect association of brain region and ventricle? A. Mesencephalon-third ventricle B. Cerebral hemispheres-lateral ventricles C. Pons-fourth ventricle D. Medulla-fourth ventricle
B
Which nerve stimulates muscles that flex the forearm? A. Ulnar B. Musculocutaneous C. Radial D. Median
AP
Which type of potential does not decay with distance? • Graded potential • Action potential • Generator potential
paresthesia: which is caused by pressure to the peripheral nerves because your body is now unable to send messages to your brain
Which would be the more likely result of injury to the posterior side of the spinal cord only- paralysis or paresthesia (loss of sensory input)? Explain your answer.
B
Which of the following is not part of the brain stem? A. Medulla B. Cerebellum C. Pons D. Midbrain
C
Which of the following skin cells would form a junction with a motor neuron? A. Keratinocyte B. Sudoriferous glandular epithelial cell C. Arrector pili muscle cell D. Fibroblast
neuron; glial cells
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: Astrocytes, Neurons, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia
High Na+;K+ pump
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: Cell interior, High Na+, Low Na+, High K+
K+ enters the cell (group)
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: K+ enters the cell, K+ leaves the cell, Outflow of + ions
Unmyelinated; Axon
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: Nodes of Ranvier, Myelin Sheath, Unmyelinated, Saltatory conduction
Microglia; Myelination
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: Oligodendrocytes, Schqann Cells, Fast conduction speed, microglia
Voluntary Act; Autonomic
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: Predictable response; voluntary act; involuntary act; rapid response
Stretch, Efference
Which of the following terms doesn't belong, what is the group: Temprature, Free dendrite endings, Stretch, Pain and Touch
Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebellum Diencephalon
Which of the following terms indicate structures that are not part of the brain stem: Cerebral hemispheres Midbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Diencephalon
C
Which structures are directly involved with formation, circulation, and drainage of CSF? A. Ependymal cilia B. Ventricular choroid plexuses C. Arachnoid villi D. Serous layers of the dura mater
Sympathetic
While jogging in Riverside Park, Susan was confronted by an angry dog. What division of her ANS was activated as she turned tail and ran from the dog?
Because antibiotics and antibodies are too large to pass through the BBB
Why are brain infections difficult to treat?
BBB protects brain from common bacterial infection
Why are brain infections rare?
Th bones of the skull restrict superior growth of the cerebral hemispheres (and their ventricles) during development, forcing them to grow posterolaterally, and the ventricles within them are bent into the arching horn-shape during that process
Why are the lateral ventricles horn-shaped rather than oriented vertically like the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
bllod brain barrier is usesless against, fats, respitory gases, and other fat-soluble molecules that diffuse easily through all plasma membranes. This explains why bloodborne alchol, nicotine, and anesthetics can affect the brain
Why can bloodborne alchohol, nicotine, and anesthetics affect the brain