Anatomy- Neural Tissue Guided Reading
In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________. A) the axon proximal to the injury deteriorates B) macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons C) Schwann cells completely degenerate D) no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged E) All of the answers are correct.
B
The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment. A) soma B) dendrites C) astrocytes D) axons E) satellite cells
B
The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________. A) properties of the soma of the neuron B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath C) the number of cell dendrites D) the type of neurotransmitter present E) All of the answers are correct.
B
The surface of the brain is called the ________. A) higher center B) neural cortex C) neuronal nuclei D) white matter E) basal nuclei
B
The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse. A) chemical B) nonvesicular- (also called electrical) C) neuromuscular D) vesicular E) neuroendocrine
B
When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________. A) parallel processing B) divergence C) convergence D) serial processing E) reverberation
B
The neuromuscular synapse is a vesicular synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________. A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) serotonin
C
The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________. A) soma B) Nissl body C) axon D) dendrite E) myelin
C
If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) satellite cells D) astrocytes
D
Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________. A) sensoriganglionic fibers B) preganglionic fibers C) somatic motor fibers D) visceral motor fibers E) All of the answers are correct.
D
Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have ________. A) two interacting neurons B) neurotransmitter release C) only a postsynaptic membrane D) a communicating junction E) receptor proteins
D
Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________. A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) glutamate D) acetylcholine E) GABA
D
Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________. A) motor pathways B) descending pathways C) efferent pathways D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ________. A) brain only B) spinal cord only C) nerves only D) brain and spinal cord E) nerves and muscles
D
The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body. A) muscle B) skeletal C) connective D) neural E) epithelial
D
When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________. A) it will stimulate astrocytes to release chemicals B) it will regenerate the threshold stimulus at the originating location on the same axon C) Schwann cells in the area begin to divide and form a solid cellular cord D) it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton E) it will propagate faster along the smaller unmyelinated fibers
D
Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? A) mitochondria B) free and fixed ribosomes C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) All of the answers are correct.
D
During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path. A) oligodendrocytes B) satellite cells C) astrocytes D) macrophages E) Schwann cells
E
Action potentials result from ________. A) the closing of ion channels B) a change in the membrane potential of axons C) the opening of calcium gates D) neurons transporting neurotransmitters E) All of the answers are correct.
B
An inhibitory response ________. A) makes an action potential more likely B) makes an action potential less likely C) directly causes an action potential D) causes ACh release E) None of the answers are correct.
B
Glial cells are roughly ________ times the number of neurons. A) 2 B) 10 C) 7 D) 15 E) 5
B
In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminal bouton immediately triggers ________. A) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasmalemma B) the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane C) the generation of an action potential in the axon D) long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane E) an action potential
B
Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, ________. A) it is rendered incapable of dividing B) it cannot grow as quickly as neurons that retain their centrioles C) it loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath D) it is probably located in the PNS
A
The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands. A) efferent B) sensory C) parallel D) afferent E) serial
A
To transmit a nerve impulse in vesicular synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. A) synaptic cleft B) presynaptic membrane C) axolemma D) secretory vesicles E) sarcolemma
A
________ is the ability of a plasmalemma to respond to an adequate stimulus. A) Excitability B) Threshold stimulus C) Wallerian degeneration D) Membrane potential E) Propagation
A
Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________. A) axonal transport B) axoplasmic transport C) osmosis D) diffusion E) neuroskeletal contraction
A and B
Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ________. A) spinal nerves B) nuclei C) cranial nerves D) columns E) reverberating neurons
B
In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________. A) the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells B) communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells C) the activity of Schwann cells D) the number of neurons in the chain E) the effects of an energy drink
B
Neurotransmitters are ________. A) produced on command B) stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane C) never recycled D) released only at electrical synapses E) produced by astrocytes
B
Receptors may be classified as ________. A) effectors and muscles B) somatic and visceral C) glands and muscles D) voluntary and involuntary E) subconscious and conscious
B
A neuronal pool is ________. A) a group of identical nerve cells B) a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions D) the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve E) a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses
C
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________. A) astrocytes B) oligodendrocytes C) ependymal cells- (choroid plexus) D) Schwann cells E) satellite cells
C
Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________. A) nerves B) centers C) tracts D) ganglia E) nuclei
C
If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________. A) has a smaller diameter; less slowly B) has more myelination; more slowly C) has a larger diameter; more rapidly D) is longer in length; more rapidly E) is shorter in length; less rapidly
C
In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________. A) white matter B) nuclei C) ganglia D) columns E) tracts
C
Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________. A) receptors B) reflexes C) effectors D) axons E) dendrites
C
The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs. A) skeletal B) lymphatic C) endocrine D) immune E) circulatory
C
The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ________. A) the size of the dendrites B) the number of axons C) the number of processes that project from the cell body D) the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes E) the overall size of the cell
C
A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________. A) ependymal cells- line central cavities of brain and spinal cord, moves CSF via cilia B) oligodendrocytes- myelin sheath C) satellite cells- surround cell body of PNS neuron. Similar to astrocytes in CNS. D) microglia- monitor health of neurons, microglia migrate to damaged or infected, special type of macrophage. E) interneurons
D
A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________. A) the passage of neurotransmitters between cells B) growth of Schwann cells C) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane D) the passage of ions between the cells E) All of the answers are correct.
D
A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________. A) reverberation B) parallel processing C) divergence D) serial processing E) convergence
D
All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________. A) epinephrine B) serotonin C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine E) dopamine
D
1) Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? A) seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions B) receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output C) regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities D) integrating and processing data E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ________. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic division C) sympathetic division D) central nervous system E) autonomic nervous system
E
Interneurons ________. A) are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs B) are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord C) can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons D) outnumber all other neurons combined E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________. A) the number of neurons present B) the diameter of the axons C) anatomy rather than on functional grounds D) the location of the neurons E) function rather than on anatomical grounds
E
A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________. A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted B) the neurons are of different types C) the levels of microglia are too low D) there are too many astrocytes present E) the neurotransmitter is inhibitory
A
At a vesicular synapse, the neurons communicate via ________. A) neurotransmitters B) communicating junctions C) terminal arborizations D) nodes E) internodes
A
Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________. A) postganglionic fibers B) ganglionic fibers C) preganglionic fibers D) efferent fibers E) afferent fibers
A
Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon. A) neurofibrils B) collaterals C) telodendria D) terminal arborizations E) Nissl bodies
A
If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS B) near the axon of a neuron in the CNS C) near the lining of the ventricles of the brain D) at a neuromuscular synapse E) None of the answers are correct.
A
Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________. A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes B) the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks C) the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
A
Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS. A) electrical synapses B) neuromuscular synapses C) chemical synapses D) neuroendocrine synapses E) All of the answers are correct.
A
The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ________. A) central and peripheral nervous systems B) dorsal and ventral nervous systems C) appendicular and axial nervous systems D) autonomic and somatic nervous systems E) None of the answers are correct.
A
The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses result. B) Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. C) The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. D) Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.
A
The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS. A) sensory neurons- (afferent)- transmit from sensory receptors to CNS B) interneurons- lie between motor and sensory, shuttle signals through integration pathways C) motor neurons- efferent- carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs. D) axoplasmic neurons E) All of the answers are correct.
A
Which of the following is gray matter? A) neural cortex B) columns C) tracts D) glandular receptors E) nerves
A
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane (3) arrival of nerve impulse at terminal bouton in the presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors A) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 E) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3
B
________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. A) Interoceptors B) Proprioceptors C) Exteroceptors D) Visceral sensory neurons E) Nissl bodies
B
The process of reverberation involves ________. A) a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits B) a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons D) several neuronal pools processing information at one time E) All of the answers are correct.
C
Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ________. A) providing sensory information to the CNS only B) making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs C) carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only D) carrying information up and down the spinal cord E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems
E
The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________. A) neurofibril B) Nissl body C) axoplasm D) initial segment E) axon hillock
E
Types of synapses include which of the following? A) axoaxonic B) axodendritic C) axosomatic D) neuroeffector synapses E) All of the answers are correct.
E
When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon. A) temperature sensation B) glandular activity C) neural regeneration D) Wallerian degeneration E) permeability
E
Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? A) neuromuscular synapse B) neuroglandular synapse C) neuroneural synapse D) neuroaxonic synapses E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse
E
Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? A) visceral sensory neurons B) bipolar neurons C) interoceptors D) proprioceptors E) exteroceptors
E
