Anatomy of the Nervous System
Thalamus
(project through the cortex) massa intermedia lateral geniculate nuclei medial geniculate nuclei ventral posterior nuclei
how many left ventral roots are there in the human body
31
how many ventricles are there in the brain
4
how many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system
62
about what proportion of human cerebral cortex is neocortex
90%
Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the
Autonomic nervous system peripheral nervous system
Afferent nerves carry sensory information to the
Central Nervous System
the brain and spinal cord compose the _________ system.
Central nervous
The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has
First- stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ
the ______ stain color entirely black a few neurons in each brain slice
Golgi
the first neural stain revealed the silhouettes of a few neurons on a side; it is
Golgi stain
(5) Myelencephalon
MEDULLA reticular formation hind brain part of brain stem tracts
deterioration of the pathway from the substantial nigra to the striatum is often found in cases of
Parkinsons disease
The somatic Nervous system is
Part of the PNS participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment
(4) Metencephalon
Reticular formation pons cerebellum
CNS and PNS as oligodendrocytes are to
Schwann cells
(3) Mesencephalon
Tectum Tegmentum
(2)Diencephalon
Thalamus hypothalamus optic chaism pituitary gland
The ANS (autonomic nervous system) is part of the
The ANS is in the peripheral nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic.
the blood brain barrier is
a mechanism that impedes the passage into the cerebral neurons of many proteins and other large molecules
chemical communication among mammalian neurons often occurs
across synapses
the almond shaped nucleus of the anterior temporal lobe is the _________
amygdala
basal ganglia
amygdala caudate putamen globus pallidus (CAUDATE AND PUTAMEN ARE STRIATUM)
limbic system
amygdala hippocampus fornix cingulate cortex septum mammillary bodies
to locate the terminals of icons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigation would employ
an anterograde tracing techinique
many multipolar neurons have a long process emanating from the cell body. This long process is
an axon
pyramidal cells have _____ dendrites
apical
large star-shaped glial are
astrocytes
the largest glial cells are
astrocytes
What part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated
axon
at the junction of the cell body and son of multipolar neuron is the
axon hillock
the cone shade structure at the boundary between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is
axon hillock
the caudate, putamen and globes pallidus compose the
basal glanglia
the Golgi stain colors neurons
black
The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the ?
brain and spinal chord
the reticular formation is in the
brain stem
synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the
buttons
the fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best
by electron microscopy
the putamen and ________ compose the striatum
caudate
gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of
cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
the CSF circulates through the
central canal lateral ventricles subarachnoid space
between the frontal and parietal lobes is the
central fissure
major fissures
central fissure lateral fissure longitudinal fissure
the large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem
cerebellum
(1) Telencephalon
cerebral cortex, major fissure, major gyro, four lobes, limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral commissures
the lateral outgrowth that compose the telencephalon are the
cerebral hemishpere
the corpus callous is the human brains largest
commissure
the cerebral hemisphere are connected by tracts called cerebral
commissures
cerebral commissures
corpus callosum
the largest cerebral commissure is the
corpus callosum
most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the
cortex
the H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a
cross section
nissl stains are frequently used to
determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system
the lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei, and ventral posterior nuclei are all
diencephalic nuclei thalamic nuclei sensory relay nuclei
the caudal; part of the forebrain is the
diencephalon
the hypothalamus and thalamus compose the
diencephalon
this is an illustration of the developing neural tube. The line points to now of the brain's major divisions, the
diencephalon
the best thing about the Golgi stain is that it
does not stain many neurons
interneurons
dont conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure
sensory signals enter the spinal cord via the ___ roots
dorsal
the top of a dogs head is
dorsal
the spine of a human runs just beneath the body's
dorsal surface
from outside to inside the three meninges are the
dura, arachnoid, pia
neurons are specialized to receive, conduct and transmit
electrochemical signals
a major limbic system tract is the
fornix
four lobes
frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe
tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to
ganglia
the large cortical ridges between fissures are called
gyri
all mammals with lissencephalic brains
have smooth brains
most neurons of the ventral roots
have their cell bodies in the ventral horns
"encephalon" means within the
head
the three-layered cortical structure of the medial temporal lobe is the
hippocampus
two parts of the limbic system are cortical structures. These two structures are
hippocampus the cingulate
when a tumor near the cerebra; aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain, the disorder is
hydrocephalus
the pituitary gland is situated just inferior to the
hypothalamus
which structure is not part of the tegmentum
hypothalamus
which structure of the diencephalon regulates the pituitary
hypothalamus
structures part of the limbic system
hypothalamus septum hippocampus fornix
myelination
increases the speed of axonal conduction
the neuroanatmocial direction is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primitives but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures
inferior
if a midsaggittal cut were made through the human brain, all of the uncut axons running from the eyes to the brain would be
ipsilateral
the temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the ______ fissure
lateral
which thalamic nuclei relays visual info
lateral geniculate
_______ means "ring"
limbic
a neural circuit that includes the septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus is thought to be involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors. This circuit is called the
limbic system
the neuron membrane includes
lipid bilayer channel protiens signal protiens
hypothalamus
mammillary bodies
which part of the diencephalon connects the two lobes of the thalamus
massa intermedia
the nose of a rat is
medial and anterior
the tip of your nose is
medial and anterior
the myelencephalon is often called the
medulla
dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater are
meninges
the arachnoid membrane is one of the
meninges
the tectum is the roof of the
mesencephalon
the reticular formation is in the core of the
mesencephalon myelencephalon metencephalon
the particular glial cells the engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are
microglia
a cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
midsagittal
precentral is to post central as
motor is to somatosensory
neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are classified as
multipolar
it is ____ that gives white matter in the nervous system its glossy white sheen
myelin
white matter is white because
myelin is white
Cerebral cortex
neocortex hippocampus
cerebrospinal fluid is produced by
networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles the choroid plexuses
clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called
nuclei
most of a neurons DNA is in the
nucleus
the lobe at the back of the brain, which serves a visual function is the
occipital lobe
In the CNS axons are myelinated by
oligodendrocytes
PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to
oligodendrocytes
point of decussation
optic chaism
which of the following is an X-shaped structure
optic chiasm
Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS
parasympathetic nervous system
the vagus nerve is
part of the PNS the longest cranial nerve the tenth cranial nerve both sensory and motor
the neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the
periaqueductal gray
adhering to the surface of the brain is the
pia mater
the subarachnoid space is just outside the
pia mater
the _______ dangles from the hypothalamus
pituitary
the bulge on the ventral surface of the mesencephalon is the
pons
the back of your head is
posterior
major gyri
pre central gyrus postcentral gyrus superior temporal gyrus cingulate gyrus
the main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is the
produces three-dimensional images
Multipolar cortical neurons with long axons, apical dendrites and triangular cell bodies
pyramidal cells
the neuron that has apical dendrites
pyramidal cells
which structure is also known at the "little net"
reticular formation
Tegmentum
reticular formation cerebral aqueduct periaqueductal gray substantia nigra red nucleus
the neurons of the dorsal roots are
sensory
the hippocampus
shape like a sea horse in cross section
most neurons of the dorsal root system synapse in the
spinal cord
neocortex contains two fundamentally different kinds of neurons; pyramidal cells and
stellate cells
the caudate and the putamen compose the
striatum
big is to small as fissures are to
sulci
Tectum
superior colliculi inferior colliculi
the inferior and superior colliculi compose the
tectum
which structure of the brain is named after colors (red, black and grey)
tegmentum
the limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the
telencephalon
which of the following is NOT in the brain stem
telencephalon
the longitudinal fissure separates the two hemisphere. What lobe does not border it
temporal lobe
the large, two-lobed subcortical structure that sits atop the brain stem is the
thalamus
the lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventricle posterior nuclei are all the nuclei of the
thalamus
the first neural stain that permitted neuroanatomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was
the Nissl stain
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system
the Peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system
the soma is
the cell body
the myelencephalon is
the medulla part of the hindbrain part of the brain stem
the midbrain is
the mesencephalon part of the brain stem
the first two cranial nerves are
the olfactory and optic nerves
Which nervous system acts to conserve the bodies energy
the parasympathetic nervous system
the cerebral aqueduct connects the
third and and fourth ventricles
bundles of axons in the CNS are called
tracts
the myelencephalon is composed largely of
tracts
the opposite of dorsal is_____
ventral
in cross section spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two
ventral horns
cerebrospinal fluid fills the four _____ of the brain
ventricles
the mammillary nuclei are
visible on the inferior surface of the medulla often considered to be nuclei of the hypothalamus
the functions of the occipital cortex are largely
visual
the discovery of the Golgi stain
was accidental was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system