Psychology: Chapter 4 Study Guide
Light is made up of ___ energy.
electromagnetic
A sound's pitch depends on its ___.
frequency
Sounds are caused by -electromagnetic energy -the release of sensory neurons -motion parallax -vibrations that cause changes in air pressure
vibrations that cause changes in air pressure
Sharpness of vision is known as -retinal disparity -retinal convergence -visual continuity -visual acuity
visual acuity
Convergence is an example of -shape constancy -brightness constancy -a binocular cue -a monocular cue
a binocular cue
weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed
absolute threshold
The ___ of a color is its complementary color.
afterimage
The way we perceive objects is determined by -our emotional state -our expectations and attitudes about what we see -learning and past experiences -all of the above
all of the above
A person's vestibular sense helps control -depth perception -the perception of pain -the process of eyes adjusting to a darkened room -balance
balance
Retinal disparity is an example of a(n) ___ cue.
binocular
The ___ ___, which has no photoreceptors, is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.
blind spot
Aspirin and Ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by -blocking the production of prostaglandins -numbing sensory neurons around the roots of hair cells -transmitting competing sensations to the cerebral cortex -all of the above methods
blocking the production of prostaglandins
The cones in the retina are sensitive to -yellow and orange light -black and white -blue, green, and red light -all of the above
blue, green, and red light
Smell and taste are known as the -skin senses -photoreceptor senses -vestibular senses -chemical senses
chemical senses
tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input
closure
bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluid and neurons
cochlea
A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially ___ ___.
color blind
The ___ ___ is the spectrum of light bent into a circle.
color circle
Movies, which are a series of still pictures, are perceived as moving images because of the perceptual rule of ___.
continuity
perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns
continuity
minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
difference threshold
The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the -stirrup -eardrum -cochlea -auditory nerve
eardrum
The loudness of a sound depends on the ___ of sound waves.
height/amplitude
Signal-detection theory attempts to find out -how psychological factors affect perception -the lowest sounds that people and animals can hear -which cues are the most effect for showing depth -all of the above
how psychological factors affect perception
The lens of the eye is responsible for -allowing enough light to enter the eye -processing an image -keeping objects in focus -carrying visual input to the brain
keeping objects in focus
Even with eyes closed, a person knows about the position and motion of his or her body parts because of -visual acuity -kinesthesis -monocular cues -binocular cues
kinesthesis
The sense of taste can be disrupted by -loss of the sense of smell -damage to the taste buds' receptor neurons -damage to hearing or sight -all of the above
loss of the sense of smell
Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the -inner ear -middle ear -cochlea -auditory nerve
middle ear
Perspective and texture gradient are examples of ___ cues.
monocular
The monocular cue of ___ parallax explains why someone in a moving vehicle sees nearby objects, such as trees or road signs, pass by quickly.
motion
nerve that sends information about odors to the brain
olfactory nerve
Rods in the retina allow us to recognize -colors -outlines of objects -the depth, or distance, of objects -the size of distant objects
outlines of objects
___ is the process by which we interpret sensory stimulation. ___ is the process of receiving sensory information.
perception sensation
neuron that is sensitive to light
photoreceptor
opening in the colored part of the eye
pupil
The main colors of the visible spectrum are -red, green, black, white, orange, and brown -red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet -red, blue, and green -yellow, orange, blue, black, and purple
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
sensitive surface of the eye that acts like the film in a camera
retina
The two kinds of photoreceptors are ___ and ___.
rods cones
We recognize that an object has only one shape-no matter what angle it is viewed from-because of ___ ___.
shape constancy
Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ___ senses.
skin
Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing -very quiet sounds -anything but loudest sounds -sounds of certain frequencies -any sounds at all
sounds of certain frequencies
illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images
stroboscopic motion
Many older people become farsighted as -the lens in their eyes become more brittle -their pupils respond more slowly to light -they lose photoreceptors -all of the above occur
the lens in their eyes become more brittle
Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because -this numbs the skin's sensory neurons -it causes more prostaglandins to flood the brain -the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time -of all of the above
the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time
Through the process of sensory adaptation, we learn -to block out sounds we hear frequently -to block out sounds that are unfamiliar -to pay closer attention to sounds we hear frequently -to pay closer attention to familiar images
to block out sounds we hear frequently