Psychology: Chapter 4 Study Guide

Light is made up of ___ energy.

electromagnetic

A sound's pitch depends on its ___.

frequency

Sounds are caused by -electromagnetic energy -the release of sensory neurons -motion parallax -vibrations that cause changes in air pressure

vibrations that cause changes in air pressure

Sharpness of vision is known as -retinal disparity -retinal convergence -visual continuity -visual acuity

visual acuity

Convergence is an example of -shape constancy -brightness constancy -a binocular cue -a monocular cue

a binocular cue

weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed

absolute threshold

The ___ of a color is its complementary color.

afterimage

The way we perceive objects is determined by -our emotional state -our expectations and attitudes about what we see -learning and past experiences -all of the above

all of the above

A person's vestibular sense helps control -depth perception -the perception of pain -the process of eyes adjusting to a darkened room -balance

balance

Retinal disparity is an example of a(n) ___ cue.

binocular

The ___ ___, which has no photoreceptors, is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

blind spot

Aspirin and Ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by -blocking the production of prostaglandins -numbing sensory neurons around the roots of hair cells -transmitting competing sensations to the cerebral cortex -all of the above methods

blocking the production of prostaglandins

The cones in the retina are sensitive to -yellow and orange light -black and white -blue, green, and red light -all of the above

blue, green, and red light

Smell and taste are known as the -skin senses -photoreceptor senses -vestibular senses -chemical senses

chemical senses

tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input

closure

bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluid and neurons

cochlea

A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially ___ ___.

color blind

The ___ ___ is the spectrum of light bent into a circle.

color circle

Movies, which are a series of still pictures, are perceived as moving images because of the perceptual rule of ___.

continuity

perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns

continuity

minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli

difference threshold

The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the -stirrup -eardrum -cochlea -auditory nerve

eardrum

The loudness of a sound depends on the ___ of sound waves.

height/amplitude

Signal-detection theory attempts to find out -how psychological factors affect perception -the lowest sounds that people and animals can hear -which cues are the most effect for showing depth -all of the above

how psychological factors affect perception

The lens of the eye is responsible for -allowing enough light to enter the eye -processing an image -keeping objects in focus -carrying visual input to the brain

keeping objects in focus

Even with eyes closed, a person knows about the position and motion of his or her body parts because of -visual acuity -kinesthesis -monocular cues -binocular cues

kinesthesis

The sense of taste can be disrupted by -loss of the sense of smell -damage to the taste buds' receptor neurons -damage to hearing or sight -all of the above

loss of the sense of smell

Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the -inner ear -middle ear -cochlea -auditory nerve

middle ear

Perspective and texture gradient are examples of ___ cues.

monocular

The monocular cue of ___ parallax explains why someone in a moving vehicle sees nearby objects, such as trees or road signs, pass by quickly.

motion

nerve that sends information about odors to the brain

olfactory nerve

Rods in the retina allow us to recognize -colors -outlines of objects -the depth, or distance, of objects -the size of distant objects

outlines of objects

___ is the process by which we interpret sensory stimulation. ___ is the process of receiving sensory information.

perception sensation

neuron that is sensitive to light

photoreceptor

opening in the colored part of the eye

pupil

The main colors of the visible spectrum are -red, green, black, white, orange, and brown -red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet -red, blue, and green -yellow, orange, blue, black, and purple

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet

sensitive surface of the eye that acts like the film in a camera

retina

The two kinds of photoreceptors are ___ and ___.

rods cones

We recognize that an object has only one shape-no matter what angle it is viewed from-because of ___ ___.

shape constancy

Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ___ senses.

skin

Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing -very quiet sounds -anything but loudest sounds -sounds of certain frequencies -any sounds at all

sounds of certain frequencies

illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images

stroboscopic motion

Many older people become farsighted as -the lens in their eyes become more brittle -their pupils respond more slowly to light -they lose photoreceptors -all of the above occur

the lens in their eyes become more brittle

Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because -this numbs the skin's sensory neurons -it causes more prostaglandins to flood the brain -the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time -of all of the above

the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time

Through the process of sensory adaptation, we learn -to block out sounds we hear frequently -to block out sounds that are unfamiliar -to pay closer attention to sounds we hear frequently -to pay closer attention to familiar images

to block out sounds we hear frequently