Anatomy-somatic and special senses
endolymph
The fluid within the membranous labyrinth
tympanic cavity
air filled space in the temporal bone
conjunctiva
aka pink eye; thin membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye
pupil
circular opening in the center of the iris; controls the amount of light we absorb
macula
contain small hair receptors that help with static equilibrium
sensory receptors
detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses that travel on sensory pathways into the CNS for processing and interpretation
perilymph
fluid contained in the bony labyrinth
aqueous humor
fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens; helps nourish the eye; gets secreted into the posterior chamber
endorphins
found in pituitary gland and help with pain suppression
viterous humor
jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape.
choroid coat
loosely joined to sclera and has blood vessels and nourishes tissues; contains melanin
scala tympani
lower compartment of cochlea; leads to round window
referred pain
painful sensation is in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus
taste buds
particular organs of taste located on the surface of the papillae on the tongue's surface and the roof of the mouth and the walls of the pharynx
projection
process by which the brain causes a sensation to seem to come from the region of the body being stimulated
lacrimal apparatus
produce tears and drains tears from the eye; lubricates and cleanses the eye; helps fight infections
taste hairs
projections of the taste cells our from the taste pore-sensitive part of the taste cells
static equilibrium
related to position of the head, stability, and posture when still. -utricle and saccule
crista ampullaris
sensory organ within a semicircular canal that functions in the sense of dynamic equilibrium
adaptation
sensory receptors becoming less responsive after constant repeated stimulation
basilar membrane
separates cochlear duct from the scala tympani
vestibular (reissners membrane)
separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli
acupuncture
stimulates dorsal column neurons which prevent pain from being transmitted to spinal cord
serotonin
stimulates other neurons to release enkephalins-help with sleep
membranous labyrinth
tube that lies within the bony labyrinth; contains endolymph
scala vestibuli
upper compartment of cochlea; leads from oval window
saliva
watery fluid secreted by the salivary glands
olfactory organs
yellowish brown masses that cover the upper parts of the nasal cavity, nasal concahe, and septum
auditory ossicles
3 bones that bridge the tympanic membrane and inner ear; increase vibration force (malleus, incus, stapes)
utricle
A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head.
convex lens
A lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges; light converges
concave lens
A lens that is thinner in the center than at the edges; light diverges
tectorial membrane
A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move
iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
suspensory ligaments
A series of fibers that hold the lens of the eye in place
retina
Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain; thin and delicate but complex
local anesthesia
chemical anesthetic injected near nerve
myopia
Nearsightedness; distant objects are focused in front of retina
optic disc
Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light.
external auditory meatus
S shaped tube that leads inward through the temporal bone and receives waves from auricles
ciliary body
Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.
lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
vestibule
a bony chamber between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
sensation
a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses
cochlear duct
a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it; contains endolymph
pain
a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences
macula lutea
a yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision
accomodation
ability of the lens to adjust shape to facilitate focusing
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
at end of external auditory meatus; membrane; reproduces the vibrations of sound waves
refraction
bending of light rays occurs when light passes at an angle between media of two different optical densities
olfactory receptor cells
bipolar neurons surrounded by columnar epithelial cells
bony labyrinth
bony canal in the temporal bone; contains perilymph
cones
color receptor in eye; Cone-shaped visual receptor cells; located in retina; works best in bright light; responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the fovea
rods
colorless vision; Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
sensory nerve fibers
common in epithelial tissues, associated with touch and pressure
labyrinth
complex system of chambers and tubes
organ of corti
connected to hair cells that line the cochlea. Neurons activated by the movement of hair cells. When the fluid moves, the hair cells move, and so do these. Fires, impulses transmitted to the brain via auditory nerve.
auditory (eustachian tube)
connects middle ear to pharynx; conducts air tympanic cavity and outside the body
sclera
continuous with cornea; white portion of the eye
ischemia
defiency of oxygen rich blood
cupulla
dome shaped gelatinous mass in ampulla
taste cells (gustatory)
modified epithelial cells that act as receptors
olfactory bulbs
enlargements
hyperopia
farsightednes; distant objects are focused behind the retina
cochlea
functions in hearing
semicircular canals
in labyrinth; provide equilibrium
optic nerve
in the back of the eye; pierce the sclera and sends impulse
pacinian corpuscles
large structures composed of conn tissue fibers and cells; common in deep subcutaneous tissue and tendons and ligaments; respond to heavy pressure
decibels
measure sound intensity
round window
membrane covered opening b/t middle and inner ear
orbicularis oculi
muscle that moves eyelids
enkephalins
neuropeptide that suppresses acute and chronic pain impulses and can relieve pain
taste pores
opening formed in the middle of the cylindrically arranged taste cells
oval window
opening in the wall of the tympanic cavity
auricle (pinna)
outer funnel like structure of outer ear; collects sound waves
phantom pain
perception of intense pain in a structure that has been amputated
eyebrows
protect eyes from sweat and help shape eyes
eyelids and eyelashes
protect the eyes from foreign matter-blink reflex that keeps eyes lubricated and from spreading tears
hair cells
receptor cells in the organ of corti
dynamic equilibrium
related to movt of head and body when maintaining balance in motion -semicircular canals
acute pain fibers
relatively thin myelinated fibers, conduct impulses rapidly; produce a localized sharp pain; pain goes away (superficial)
chemoreceptors
respond to changes in chemical concentration -taste and smell
photoreceptors
respond to light; found in eye
mechanoreceptors
respond to movt and pressure changes; found in muscles and joints
pain receptors
respond to pain caused by tissue damage; found th/out body
thermoreceptors
respond to temp changes; found th/out body
extrinsic eye muscles
six muscles that attach to the eyeball and allow it to move
meissner's corpuscles
small, oval flattened conn tissue cells in sheaths; abundant in hairless areas respond to light touch
special senses
smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision
general anesthesia
suppression on conscious in the reticular formation
taste sensations
sweet, sour, bitter, salty
ampulla
swelling at the end of the membranous canal
olfactory code
the brain interprets different receptor combinations as this for smell
rhodopsin
the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity -purple
saccule
the smaller of the two fluid-filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head.
chronic pain fibers
thin unmyelinated fibers; conduct impulse slowly; produce a dull aching delocalized pain; deep or visceral pain
papillae
tiny elevations on tongue
fovea centralis
tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
somatic senses
touch, pressure, temp, and pain-structurally simple and widely distributed
cornea
transparent window of the eye; helps focus entering light rays
olfactory tracts
where the impulse of smell travels