Anatomy-somatic and special senses

endolymph

The fluid within the membranous labyrinth

tympanic cavity

air filled space in the temporal bone

conjunctiva

aka pink eye; thin membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye

pupil

circular opening in the center of the iris; controls the amount of light we absorb

macula

contain small hair receptors that help with static equilibrium

sensory receptors

detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses that travel on sensory pathways into the CNS for processing and interpretation

perilymph

fluid contained in the bony labyrinth

aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens; helps nourish the eye; gets secreted into the posterior chamber

endorphins

found in pituitary gland and help with pain suppression

viterous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape.

choroid coat

loosely joined to sclera and has blood vessels and nourishes tissues; contains melanin

scala tympani

lower compartment of cochlea; leads to round window

referred pain

painful sensation is in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus

taste buds

particular organs of taste located on the surface of the papillae on the tongue's surface and the roof of the mouth and the walls of the pharynx

projection

process by which the brain causes a sensation to seem to come from the region of the body being stimulated

lacrimal apparatus

produce tears and drains tears from the eye; lubricates and cleanses the eye; helps fight infections

taste hairs

projections of the taste cells our from the taste pore-sensitive part of the taste cells

static equilibrium

related to position of the head, stability, and posture when still. -utricle and saccule

crista ampullaris

sensory organ within a semicircular canal that functions in the sense of dynamic equilibrium

adaptation

sensory receptors becoming less responsive after constant repeated stimulation

basilar membrane

separates cochlear duct from the scala tympani

vestibular (reissners membrane)

separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

acupuncture

stimulates dorsal column neurons which prevent pain from being transmitted to spinal cord

serotonin

stimulates other neurons to release enkephalins-help with sleep

membranous labyrinth

tube that lies within the bony labyrinth; contains endolymph

scala vestibuli

upper compartment of cochlea; leads from oval window

saliva

watery fluid secreted by the salivary glands

olfactory organs

yellowish brown masses that cover the upper parts of the nasal cavity, nasal concahe, and septum

auditory ossicles

3 bones that bridge the tympanic membrane and inner ear; increase vibration force (malleus, incus, stapes)

utricle

A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head.

convex lens

A lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges; light converges

concave lens

A lens that is thinner in the center than at the edges; light diverges

tectorial membrane

A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move

iris

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

suspensory ligaments

A series of fibers that hold the lens of the eye in place

retina

Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain; thin and delicate but complex

local anesthesia

chemical anesthetic injected near nerve

myopia

Nearsightedness; distant objects are focused in front of retina

optic disc

Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light.

external auditory meatus

S shaped tube that leads inward through the temporal bone and receives waves from auricles

ciliary body

Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.

lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

vestibule

a bony chamber between the semicircular canals and the cochlea

sensation

a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses

cochlear duct

a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it; contains endolymph

pain

a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences

macula lutea

a yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision

accomodation

ability of the lens to adjust shape to facilitate focusing

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

at end of external auditory meatus; membrane; reproduces the vibrations of sound waves

refraction

bending of light rays occurs when light passes at an angle between media of two different optical densities

olfactory receptor cells

bipolar neurons surrounded by columnar epithelial cells

bony labyrinth

bony canal in the temporal bone; contains perilymph

cones

color receptor in eye; Cone-shaped visual receptor cells; located in retina; works best in bright light; responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the fovea

rods

colorless vision; Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.

sensory nerve fibers

common in epithelial tissues, associated with touch and pressure

labyrinth

complex system of chambers and tubes

organ of corti

connected to hair cells that line the cochlea. Neurons activated by the movement of hair cells. When the fluid moves, the hair cells move, and so do these. Fires, impulses transmitted to the brain via auditory nerve.

auditory (eustachian tube)

connects middle ear to pharynx; conducts air tympanic cavity and outside the body

sclera

continuous with cornea; white portion of the eye

ischemia

defiency of oxygen rich blood

cupulla

dome shaped gelatinous mass in ampulla

taste cells (gustatory)

modified epithelial cells that act as receptors

olfactory bulbs

enlargements

hyperopia

farsightednes; distant objects are focused behind the retina

cochlea

functions in hearing

semicircular canals

in labyrinth; provide equilibrium

optic nerve

in the back of the eye; pierce the sclera and sends impulse

pacinian corpuscles

large structures composed of conn tissue fibers and cells; common in deep subcutaneous tissue and tendons and ligaments; respond to heavy pressure

decibels

measure sound intensity

round window

membrane covered opening b/t middle and inner ear

orbicularis oculi

muscle that moves eyelids

enkephalins

neuropeptide that suppresses acute and chronic pain impulses and can relieve pain

taste pores

opening formed in the middle of the cylindrically arranged taste cells

oval window

opening in the wall of the tympanic cavity

auricle (pinna)

outer funnel like structure of outer ear; collects sound waves

phantom pain

perception of intense pain in a structure that has been amputated

eyebrows

protect eyes from sweat and help shape eyes

eyelids and eyelashes

protect the eyes from foreign matter-blink reflex that keeps eyes lubricated and from spreading tears

hair cells

receptor cells in the organ of corti

dynamic equilibrium

related to movt of head and body when maintaining balance in motion -semicircular canals

acute pain fibers

relatively thin myelinated fibers, conduct impulses rapidly; produce a localized sharp pain; pain goes away (superficial)

chemoreceptors

respond to changes in chemical concentration -taste and smell

photoreceptors

respond to light; found in eye

mechanoreceptors

respond to movt and pressure changes; found in muscles and joints

pain receptors

respond to pain caused by tissue damage; found th/out body

thermoreceptors

respond to temp changes; found th/out body

extrinsic eye muscles

six muscles that attach to the eyeball and allow it to move

meissner's corpuscles

small, oval flattened conn tissue cells in sheaths; abundant in hairless areas respond to light touch

special senses

smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision

general anesthesia

suppression on conscious in the reticular formation

taste sensations

sweet, sour, bitter, salty

ampulla

swelling at the end of the membranous canal

olfactory code

the brain interprets different receptor combinations as this for smell

rhodopsin

the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity -purple

saccule

the smaller of the two fluid-filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head.

chronic pain fibers

thin unmyelinated fibers; conduct impulse slowly; produce a dull aching delocalized pain; deep or visceral pain

papillae

tiny elevations on tongue

fovea centralis

tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

somatic senses

touch, pressure, temp, and pain-structurally simple and widely distributed

cornea

transparent window of the eye; helps focus entering light rays

olfactory tracts

where the impulse of smell travels