Anatomy: Special Senses Homework

Which of the following is a sex-linked condition that more often affects males?

color blindness

Hemianopia is caused by __________.

damage to the visual cortex

What specific receptor cells respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva?

gustatory cells

What must be stimulated in order for the sense of hearing to be transmitted to the cochlear nerve?

hair cells

What is a possible cause of conduction deafness?

inability of auditory ossicles to vibrate

An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the ________.

middle ear

Our sense of static equilibrium is created by the ________.

movement of otoliths along hair cells

Which of the following structures of the eye would NOT be affected by conjunctivitis?

the cornea

The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached.

true

Sound waves entering the external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) hit the eardrum, also known as the ________.

tympanic membrane

What are the three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain?

Facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

Which portion of the retina contains a concentration of cones?

Fovea centralis

Which disorder of the eye results from increased pressure due to a buildup of aqueous humor?

Glaucoma

If the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti are damaged, what sense is impaired?

Hearing

The stapes (stirrup) is indicated by ________.

Label H

The tympanic membrane is indicated by ________.

Label I

Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball and the process of light refraction.

Light passes through the front of the eye to the lens. The cornea and the lens help to focus the light rays onto the retina. The cells in the retina absorb and convert the light to electrochemical impulses which are transferred along the optic nerve and then to the brain.

Identify the pathway of vibrations as they travel from one ossicle to the next.

Malleus, incus, stapes

Explain how the function of rods and cones differ.

Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels. They do not mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity Cones are active at higher light levels are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity. The central fovea is populated exclusively by cones.

What information does the brain use to interpret the source of a sound?

Sound reaches the two ears at slightly different times.

Describe the pathway of sound waves that result in the sensation of hearing.

Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through a narrow passageway called the ear canal, which leads to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear.

After years of working on loud construction sites, Erik experienced deafness in both ears. Determine what has been damaged.

Spiral organ of Corti

What sign or symptom distinguishes Méniére's syndrome from sensorineural and conduction deafness?

Vertigo

What structure is lined with ceruminous glands?

external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)

As you complete a special senses lab, you discover your lab partner is able to taste a substance you put on the tip of his tongue. Which cranial nerve was stimulated by these taste buds?

facial nerve

The choroid consists of an outer, pigmented layer and an inner, neural layer, which is home to rods and cones.

false

The movement of otoliths is involved in the sensation of dynamic equilibrium.

false

The olfactory receptors are responsible for detecting taste sensations.

false

Unlike the sensation of taste, it is not necessary to have the chemicals associated with smells dissolved in body fluids.

false

What part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?

fovea centralis

The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube is indicated by ________.

label A

Japrice has a cold and her eyes are runny with tears. What structure has become inflamed that is causing Japrice's runny eyes?

lacrimal mucosa

Stimulation of sour receptors occurs in response to ________.

lemons

What part of the eye is affected by cataracts?

lens

What separates the aqueous humor in the anterior segment from the vitreous humor in the posterior segment of the eye?

lens

Which of the following is the auditory ossicle that attaches to the tympanic membrane?

malleus (hammer)

Sensorineural deafness can be caused by which of the following conditions?

maternal rubella

The inability to see distant objects is termed "nearsighted" or ________.

myopia

Where are photoreceptors cells located within the eye?

neutral layer of the retina

What type of chemoreceptor is responsible for our sense of smell?

olfactory receptor

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the ________.

optic chiasma

Where do the axons of ganglion cells leave the eyeball?

optic disc

What part of the retina absorbs light and prevents it from scattering inside the eye?

pigmented layer

After the age of 40 the elasticity of the lens decreases, making it difficult to clearly see close objects. What is this condition called?

presbyopia

The age-related condition resulting from decreased lens elasticity is known as ________.

presbyopia

The function of the choroid layer of the eye is to ________.

prevent light from scattering inside the eye

Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

retina

Which of these is part of the sensory layer of the eye?

retina

The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the ________.

scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

Which cochlear hair cells are stimulated by high-frequency sounds?

shorter, stiffer hair cells located along the basilar membrane, near the oval window

Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the ________.

spiral organ of Corti

The movement of otoliths and bending of hair cells in the inner ear contribute to our sense of ________.

static equilibrium

Damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) will partially impair the sense of ________.

taste

Where are olfactory receptors located?

the superior region of the nasal cavity

In order to hear sound, vibrations must pass from the tympanic membrane to the ossicles, and on to the oval window.

true

Tarsal glands situated between the eyelashes release an oily secretion that lubricates the eye.

true

The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

true

The pupil is the circular opening in the iris through which light passes.

true

What divides the outer ear from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

What sensation allows someone to enjoy the "beef taste" of a steak?

umami

What is the orientation of images formed on the retina?

upside down and reversed left to right

Static equilibrium receptors are located in the ________.

vestibule

Which of these is associated with rods?

vision in dim light

What is the reflexive movement of both eyes medially to view objects close to us?

Convergence

Which of the following correctly states the function of the tarsal glands?

Tarsal glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye.

How do organs of equilibrium help us maintain our balance?

The macula sends information on head position and the crista ampullaris sends information on rotation movements to the cerebellum for integration.

Eye movements are controlled by the abducens, oculomotor, and trochlear nerves.

True

What term refers to the ability to focus on close objects?

accommodation

The prefix ____ means "hear." The prefix _____ means "old age." The prefix _____ means "light." The prefix _____ means "smell." The prefix _____ means "ear."

audi- presby- photo- olf- oto-

Hearing aids would be most useful for a person with ________.

conduction deafness

A person with total color blindness may lack ________.

cones

Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Which of the following structures refract light before it hits the retina?

cornea, humors, and lens

While spinning around on a carousel or carnival ride, this motion will be detected by receptors known as the ________.

crista ampullaris