Anatomy Unit III Exam

________ cells directly provide cell-mediated immunity.

Cytotoxic T

Define hemorrhoids. (Module 22.17B)

Distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE.

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would not affect the

ability to absorb carbohydrates.

The movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, minerals, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid is known as

absorption

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies.

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the

blood levels of secretin rise.

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

Lacteals

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as

chyme

Which of the following does not enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine?

cilia

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis.

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

double the rate of breathing.

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are characteristic of the

ileum.

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration.

The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the

jejunum

The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesentery

Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. (Module 20.5A)

mucosa-associated

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa.

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization.

Starting at the mouth, identify the major organs of the digestive tract. (Module 22.1B)

oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? (Module 21.16C)

pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis.

The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ________, while its normal background level of activity is known as ________.

plasticity; tone

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever.

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins.

Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A)

reabsorbing water and compacting material into feces, absorbing vitamins, and storing fecal material

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?

small intestine

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears.

Why can smooth muscle contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal muscle? (Module 22.3C)

the actin and myosin are more loosely organized

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

Parietal cells and their secretions are not involved in

the release of bicarbonate into the stomach.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct.

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except A) the brain. B) the thymus. C) lymphoid nodules. D) lymph node organs. E) the spleen.

A

How do abnormal antigens attached to class I MHC proteins initiate an immune response? (Module 20.16C)

Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD8 T cells initiates the initial immune response.

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B)

Act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.

If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens?

Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.

How do NK cells detect cancer cells? (Module 20.11B)

By the tumor-specific antigens on the plasma membranes of cancer cells.

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) inhibition of the immune response. C) histamine release. D) enhanced phagocytosis. E) stimulation of inflammation.

B

Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli B) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

B

Which of the following would be greater? A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

B

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)

B cells

Which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?

Brush border enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except A) epithelia. B) epidermal layers. C) sebaceous glands. D) blood. E) mucus.

D

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) solubility of oxygen in plasma. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) PO2 of the alveoli. E) diameter of an alveolus

E

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the A) colon. B) pharynx. C) esophagus. D) stomach. E) bladder.

E

In emphysema, all of the following occur except A) compliance increases. B) the surface area for gas exchange decreases. C) alveoli collapse. D) there is elevated PCO2 in the blood. E) patients present with cyanosis

E

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? A) Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. B) They are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium. C) Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. D) Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. E) Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.

E

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

Explain the significance of the alkaline mucous layer lining the interior surface of the stomach. (Module 22.11A)

It protects epithelial cells from the acid and enzymes in the gastric lumen.

List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B)

Lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

Describe the orientation of smooth muscle fibers in the muscular layer of the digestive tract. (Module 22.3A)

The cells align parallel to each other and form an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B)

States that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.

Which two cells coordinate adaptive immunity? (Module 20.14A)

T cells and B cells

Explain lymphedema. (Module 20.3C)

The accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage.

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B)

The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

What is the primary function of the duodenum? (Module 22.13C)

To neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine.

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

Tonsils