Anatomy Unit III Exam
________ cells directly provide cell-mediated immunity.
Cytotoxic T
Define hemorrhoids. (Module 22.17B)
Distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE.
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would not affect the
ability to absorb carbohydrates.
The movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, minerals, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid is known as
absorption
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies.
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space.
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the
blood levels of secretin rise.
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin.
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide.
Lacteals
carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.
After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as
chyme
Which of the following does not enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine?
cilia
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis.
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
double the rate of breathing.
The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed
expiratory reserve volume
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.
helper T
Aggregated lymphoid nodules are characteristic of the
ileum.
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as
internal respiration
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration.
The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the
jejunum
The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesentery
Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. (Module 20.5A)
mucosa-associated
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa.
Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as
neutralization.
Starting at the mouth, identify the major organs of the digestive tract. (Module 22.1B)
oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? (Module 21.16C)
pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis.
The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ________, while its normal background level of activity is known as ________.
plasticity; tone
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens
produce a fever.
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins.
Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A)
reabsorbing water and compacting material into feces, absorbing vitamins, and storing fecal material
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome.
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
small intestine
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears.
Why can smooth muscle contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal muscle? (Module 22.3C)
the actin and myosin are more loosely organized
Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
Parietal cells and their secretions are not involved in
the release of bicarbonate into the stomach.
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct.
The thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except A) the brain. B) the thymus. C) lymphoid nodules. D) lymph node organs. E) the spleen.
A
How do abnormal antigens attached to class I MHC proteins initiate an immune response? (Module 20.16C)
Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD8 T cells initiates the initial immune response.
What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B)
Act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.
If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens?
Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.
How do NK cells detect cancer cells? (Module 20.11B)
By the tumor-specific antigens on the plasma membranes of cancer cells.
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) inhibition of the immune response. C) histamine release. D) enhanced phagocytosis. E) stimulation of inflammation.
B
Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli B) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air
B
Which of the following would be greater? A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
B
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)
B cells
Which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?
Brush border enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream.
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except A) epithelia. B) epidermal layers. C) sebaceous glands. D) blood. E) mucus.
D
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) solubility of oxygen in plasma. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) PO2 of the alveoli. E) diameter of an alveolus
E
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the A) colon. B) pharynx. C) esophagus. D) stomach. E) bladder.
E
In emphysema, all of the following occur except A) compliance increases. B) the surface area for gas exchange decreases. C) alveoli collapse. D) there is elevated PCO2 in the blood. E) patients present with cyanosis
E
Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? A) Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. B) They are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium. C) Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. D) Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. E) Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.
E
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.
Explain the significance of the alkaline mucous layer lining the interior surface of the stomach. (Module 22.11A)
It protects epithelial cells from the acid and enzymes in the gastric lumen.
List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B)
Lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Describe the orientation of smooth muscle fibers in the muscular layer of the digestive tract. (Module 22.3A)
The cells align parallel to each other and form an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B)
States that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.
Which two cells coordinate adaptive immunity? (Module 20.14A)
T cells and B cells
Explain lymphedema. (Module 20.3C)
The accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage.
What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B)
The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Tidal volume
What is the primary function of the duodenum? (Module 22.13C)
To neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine.
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils