Anatomy&Physiology Chapter 1
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a.exercise physiologist b.microscopic anatomist c.regional physiologist d.systemic anatomist
a.exercise physiologist
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a.organ b.organelle c.organism d.organ system
a.organ
compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector
control center
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a.cardiovascular system b.endocrine system c.muscular system d.skeletal system
d.skeletal system
Metabolism can be defined as the ________. A. adjustment by an organism to external or internal change B. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions C. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells D.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
d.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
changes an organism goes through during its life
development
process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
differentiation
organ that can cause a change in a value
effector
study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy
gross anatomy
process of increasing in size
growth
Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.
health career, promote heath, respond to health
steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
homeostasis
sum of all of the body's chemical reactions
metabolism
study of very small structures of the body using magnification
microscopic anatomy
homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
negative feedback
range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
normal range
chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival
nutrient
functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues
organ
group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
organ system
living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
organism
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. food nitrogen oxygen water
oxygen
science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions
physiology
mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus
positive feedback
force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
pressure
study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
regional anatomy
process by which worn-out cells are replaced
renewal
process by which new organisms are generated
reproduction
ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions
responsiveness
(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center
sensor
ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
set point
systemic anatomy
systemic anatomy
group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function
tissue
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? A All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. B Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. C Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. D Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
A.all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival
Name the six levels of organization of the human body.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. A.a control center B.a set point C.effectors D.sensors
a.a control center
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a.cell b.molecule c.organ d.tissue
a.cell
Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. A differentiation B reproduction C responsiveness D both reproduction and responsiveness
a.differentiation
assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
anabolism
science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures
anatomy
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? A. blood pressure regulation B. childbirth C. regulation of fluid balance D. temperature regulation
b.childbirth
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. A increasing the blood to her hands and feet B becoming lethargic to conserve heat C breaking down stored energy D significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
c.breaking down stored energy
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a.microscopic anatomy b.muscle anatomy c.regional anatomy d.systemic anatomy
c.regional anatomy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. A.is the result of catabolism B.release energy in uncontrolled bursts C.stores energy for use by body cells D.All of the above
c.stores energy for use by body cells
Stimulation of the heat-loss (get rid of) center causes ________. A. blood vessels in the skin to constrict B. breathing to become slow and shallow C. sweat glands to increase their output D. All of the above
c.sweat glands to increase their output
breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
catabolism
smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles
cell
