Anatomy&Physiology Chapter 1

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A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a.exercise physiologist b.microscopic anatomist c.regional physiologist d.systemic anatomist

a.exercise physiologist

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a.organ b.organelle c.organism d.organ system

a.organ

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

control center

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a.cardiovascular system b.endocrine system c.muscular system d.skeletal system

d.skeletal system

Metabolism can be defined as the ________. A. adjustment by an organism to external or internal change B. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions C. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells D.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

d.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

changes an organism goes through during its life

development

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

differentiation

organ that can cause a change in a value

effector

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

gross anatomy

process of increasing in size

growth

Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.

health career, promote heath, respond to health

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

homeostasis

sum of all of the body's chemical reactions

metabolism

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

microscopic anatomy

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

negative feedback

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

normal range

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

nutrient

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

organ system

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

organism

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. food nitrogen oxygen water

oxygen

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions

physiology

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

positive feedback

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

pressure

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

regional anatomy

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

renewal

process by which new organisms are generated

reproduction

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

responsiveness

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

sensor

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

set point

systemic anatomy

systemic anatomy

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

tissue

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? A All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. B Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. C Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. D Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

A.all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival

Name the six levels of organization of the human body.

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. A.a control center B.a set point C.effectors D.sensors

a.a control center

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a.cell b.molecule c.organ d.tissue

a.cell

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. A differentiation B reproduction C responsiveness D both reproduction and responsiveness

a.differentiation

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

anabolism

science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures

anatomy

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? A. blood pressure regulation B. childbirth C. regulation of fluid balance D. temperature regulation

b.childbirth

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. A increasing the blood to her hands and feet B becoming lethargic to conserve heat C breaking down stored energy D significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

c.breaking down stored energy

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a.microscopic anatomy b.muscle anatomy c.regional anatomy d.systemic anatomy

c.regional anatomy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. A.is the result of catabolism B.release energy in uncontrolled bursts C.stores energy for use by body cells D.All of the above

c.stores energy for use by body cells

Stimulation of the heat-loss (get rid of) center causes ________. A. blood vessels in the skin to constrict B. breathing to become slow and shallow C. sweat glands to increase their output D. All of the above

c.sweat glands to increase their output

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

catabolism

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

cell


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