Animal Science Final Exam Part 1

- Transgenic cloning- an exact DNA copy of an animal - Pharming- generally changing vitamins in milk, changed to produce more vitamins - Genetic engineering-intentionally changing the genetic code - Gene therapy- uses genes to prevent or cure a disease or disorder - Xenotransplantation- replacing of human parts for equal animal parts

Be able to distinguish among transgenic cloning, pharming, gene therapy, genetic engineering, and xenotransplantation.

- Assists in uterine contractions to expel the fetus, stimulate gives milk let down

Describe two physiological effects of oxytocin. What is the pathway that leads to milk let down?

- Herd animals have a flight zone that makes them back away from handlers, move forward to start movement or back away to stop movement, standing still makes the animal stand still

How can a handler cause an animal to move forward, backward, or stand still based on their position relative to an animal's point of balance?

- These processes can contribute to wide genetic differences due to more accessibility in DNA

How do embryo transfer and artificial insemination contribute to genetic progress in livestock?

- Successful artificial insemination needs to be done when the cow is in estrus to better reach the egg

How does estrus synchronization relate to the techniques mentioned in the previous question?

- They are important for minerals, vitamins and main food groups, Calcium in milk, protein in meat, carbs, vitamin A, fats

In what ways are animal foods important to human nutrition? Can you list five different nutrients provided by animal foods?

- Freedom of no pain, freedom from hunger, freedom to behave normally, freedom from fear, and freedom from discomfort

What are common animal welfare assessment frameworks, such as the five freedoms and the three domains?

- Proteins, carbs, fats, minerals, and vitamins.

What are five major types of nutrients? Which nutrient is most essential?

- Male gonads are the testes while female gonads are ovaries, both produced by meiosis

What are the male and female gonads? How are male and female gametes created? (What is the name of the process, not the specific steps involved?)

- Replacement is replacing animal use for another topic, reduce is reducing the number of animals, refinement is changing the approach of the study

What are the three Rs of animal research? What is an example of each?

- Cheapest cost, easiest to find, weight of the product, animals activity level, body weight

What else other than providing specific nutrients do nutritionists consider when balancing diets for animals? Can you name five of them?

- The most common reward is food or treats to an animal

What is a common reward in operant conditioning?

-Behavior, nutrition, genetics, reproduction, and welfare

What is animal science? What disciplines fall under animal science? Can you name five?

- Biosecurity because agriculture is so important to the infrastructure of the world, diseases could harm the amount of food that can be given to the population

What is biosecurity and why is it important?

- Epistasis is the regulation of the expression of another gene

What is epistasis (or epistatic gene regulation)?

- Inbreeding is the breeding of related animals and it can being prevented by breeding animals with different genetic types to provide genetic variation.

What is inbreeding depression and how can it be prevented or reversed?

- Dominance is when a gene completely takes over, co-dominance is when the traits are shared, and incomplete dominance can make a separate phenotype that is mixed. The coat color is the most dominant trait.

What is the difference among dominance, co-dominance, and incomplete dominance? How can you tell which determines a coat color?

- A transgenic animal is a species that are made from some different DNA, and a clone is a genetic copy of an entire organism

What is the difference between a clone and a transgenic animal?

- A gene is the genetic code for something and an allele is the different versions of that code

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

- A pathogen is a disease that is non living while a parasite is an organism that causes harm

What is the difference between a pathogen and a parasite?

- Basic nutrition is general nutrition for animals while applied is actively doing a function to get an answer on what works best

What is the difference between applied and basic nutrition? How do the types of questions they ask differ?

- Colostrum is the first milk that is produced after birth which has the highest amount of minerals and antibodies to help the calf

What is the difference between colostrum and milk?

- Edible byproducts are dairy, organ meats, fibers, and gelatin while inedible products are lubricants, jewelry, construction, and leather

What is the difference between edible and inedible byproducts of food animal production? What are examples of each? Can you name five of each?

- Science tells us what we can do and ethics tells us what we should do. Animal welfare shows us the best way to do something might not be best for the animal.

What is the difference between science and ethics? How do these interact in the assessment of animal welfare?

- Welfare is hard to determine because the animal can't be asked how it feels, so welfare has to be determined by the behavior of the animal

What makes the assessment of animal welfare controversial?