Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is:

The u/s appearance of the GE junction is:

"bull's eye" or target lesion sign

The 3 parts of the larger intestine are:

1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum& anal canal

What are the 2 purposes of thoracentesis?

1. Diagnostic- analysis of pleural fluid yields clinically useful information or 2. Therapeutic purposes- improve patient comfort and lung function

The 4 regions of the stomach are:

1. Fundus 2. Body 3. Antrum 4. Pylorus

Required information before the thoracentesis procedure is:

1. Lab values required-Prothrombin time, Platelet count, Medication list -for the clotting time 2. A written informed consent

The 5 layers of the bowel (from the lumen outward) are:

1. Mucosa surface - echogenic 2. Muscularis mucosa - hypoechoic 3. Submucosa - echogenic 4. Muscularis externa (propria) - hypoechoic 5. Adventitia /Serosa - echogenic

The three paired muscles in the posterior abdominal wall that are:

1. Psoas major 2. Quadratus lumborum -the kidneys sit on both muscles 3. Iliacus

The normal measurement for the pylorus is:

1. Pyloric length <16-18 mm 2. Pyloric AP diameter <10 - 15 mm 3.Muscle thickness < 3 - 4 mm

Name the peritoneal cavities or spaces.

1. Subhepatic space 2. Omental bursa/The lesser sac 3. Subpherenic space / supra hepatic space 4. Infracolic compartment 5. Posterior cul - de sac / pouch of douglas, vaginal pouch, rectouterine pouch- females 6. Vesicorectal space /cul - de sac-males 7. Anterior cul - de sac / vesicouterine pouch 8. Space of Retziius (prevesical/retropubic space)

The 4 parts of the duodenum are:

1. Superior (1st) duodenum. 2. Descending (2nd) duodenum. 3. Transverse (3rd) duodenum. 4. Ascending (4th)

The 3 compartments retroperitoneum are:

1. The anterior pararenal space 2. The perirenal space 3. The posterior pararenal space

The two openings of the stomach are:

1. The cardiac 2. Pyloric orifices

The peritoneal cavity is divided into two:

1. The greater sac 2. The lesser sac or omental bursa

The 4 parts of the large colon are:

1. ascending colon 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon

The CBD the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) travels posterior to the --------------------of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas.

1st portion

The Ampulla of Vater open into the -----------------of the duodenum

2nd portion

The normal intestinal wall measurement is between

3-5 mm thick (depending on distention of the bowel)

The SMA is located anterior to the ---------------of the duodenum.

3rd portion

In general, the normal intestinal wall should measure less than ----------------in thickness

5 mm

What type of transducer is used to scan the pylorus?

5- or 12-MHz linear array transducer

The normal measurement of the appendix is:

<6mm in AP & <2-3mm wall thickness

What type of transducer is used to scan the pylorus?

A high- resolution linear array transducer should be used

The organs that are located in the perirenal space are:

Adrenals, Kidneys, Renal vessels and ureters AO & IVC

--------------- is space between the anterior wall of the uterus & posterior wall of bladder.

Anterior cul - de -sac / vesicouterine pouch

What kind of imaging is ordered on a patient after thoracentesis procedure and why?

Chest radiograph (X-ray), to R/O pneumothorax (abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space)

---------------- are folds of mucosa within the large colon.

Haustra

The u/s appearance of the transversalis fascia is:

Hyperechoic

The u/s appearance of the crura is:

Hypoechoic

What should the sonographer do to define a cystic mass in the LUQ?

If there is a cystic mass in the LUQ the sonographer may give the patient a carbonated drink to see the bubbles

The crura of the diaphragm are located:

Inferior to diaphragm, anterior to AO, superior to CA, posterior to IVC & EG junction

--------------Where more ascites accumulate.

Infracolic compartment , paracolic gutters, right & left quadrant

Organs contained within the peritoneal cavity are called:

Intraperitoneal organs

Define thoracentesis/ pleural tap

Is an invasive procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

on sonography the EG junction is seen between -------------- and -------------------.

Left lobe of the liver and aorta (posterior to the left lobe and anterior to the aorta)

The 2nd (descending) and 4th (ascending) portions of the duodenum are:

Longitudinal

The right subhepatic space also called-------------- and it is located:

Morrison's pouch(hepatorenal space), posterior to the liver and anterior to the kidney

The organs that are located in the anterior pararenal space are:

Pancreas, Duodenum, Portion of CBD, SMA, SMV, Parts of the colon

A procedure involving needle drainage of fluid from a body or pelvic is called:

Paracenthesis

Infracolic compartment is also called:

Paracolic gutters, right & left quadrant

The best patient positioning for thoracentesis procedure is:

Patient sitting at the edge of the bed leaning over a bedside table with their back rounded. Also can be done lateral decubitus position

The subhepatic & the subpherenic space together are called:

Peri hepatic space

The removal of an abnormal fluid collection in the pericardial cavity (pericardial effusion) is called

Pericardiocentesis/ pericardial tap

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are:

Peristalsis

Thoracentesis is the treatment for:

Pleural effusion

--------- Contains retroperitoneal fat, illiopsoas muscle, qudrates lumborum muscle & posterior abdominal wall.

Posterior pararenal space

------------ is located between posterior renal fascia and the posterior abdominal wall.

Posterior pararenal space

The appendix is located:

Posterior to the terminal ileum and anterior to the iliac vessels

Posterior cul - de -sac is also called:

Pouch of Douglas, vaginal pouch, rectouterine pouch- where more ascites accumulate

-------------- are the 2 longitudinally oriented muscles extending from the zyphoid process to the pubic bone.

Rectus abdominins muscles

The -----------forms a covering for the paired rectus abdominis muscles anteriorly and posteriorly.

Rectus sheath

----------- is a posterior abdominal segment that lies posterior to the peritoneal cavity.

Retroperitoneum

Patient positioning for pylorus scan is:

Right lateral decubitus position. If the stomach is empty and HPS is not readily apparent, an oral feeding (i.e. glucose water or pedialyte) is given to facilitate comprehensive visualization of the pyloric area.

Most of the digestion & absorption of food takes place in the:

Small intestine

-----------is space of Retzius (prevesical/retropubic space)

Space b/n bladder & pubic bone-not common location for fluid

Name the organs that are located within the peritoneum.

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, most of the small intestine and a portion of the colon (transverse and sigmoid colon)

-------------- Lies between the diaphragm & anterior portion of the right & left lobe of the liver

Subpherenic space / supra hepatic space

-------------- is located between posterior parietal peritoneum and anterior renal fascia(Gerota's fascia).

The anterior pararenal space

---------- Is a small, finger-shaped pouch of intestinal tissue located between the small intestine and large intestine (cecum)

The appendix

--------------- is a muscle that separate the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

The diaphragm

-------------is the largest and most superficial of the three flat abdominal muscles.

The external oblique muscle

The greater and the lesser sac communicate through:

The foramen of Winslow or epiploic foramen

The area where the distal esophagus attaches to the stomach is called:

The gastroesophageal junction/esophagogastric junction

-------------- is a bend in the colon, marks the beginning of the transverse colon, which travels across the abdomen.

The hepatic flexure

------------- is the intermediate layer of the three flat abdominal muscles.

The internal oblique muscle

Coughing occurs during or after the thoracentesis procedure is due to:

The lung re-expanding

The part of the membrane that lines the abdominal & pelvic cavity is called:

The parietal peritoneum

The patient prep for appendix scanning is:

The patient should have empty bladder

------------- is located between anterior and posterior pararenal spaces.

The perirenal space

Space between parietal & visceral peritoneum, contain serous fluid & is called:

The peritoneal cavity or space

-------------is the largest membrane of the body, lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity and organs.

The peritoneal membrane

--------------is the area between the posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall muscles.

The retroperitoneal space

---------------is a bend, located inferior to the spleen, marks the beginning of the descending colon.

The splenic flexure

-------------- fascia is seen posterior to the muscle.

The transvesalis

The portion that covers the internal organs, or viscera, is called:

The visceral peritoneum

There are four important paired muscles in the anterior abdominal wall are:

Three flat muscles 1. External oblique 2. Internal oblique 3. Transversus abdominis 4. One strap-like muscle (rectus abdominins)

Primary function of the large intestine is:

To absorb water and electrolytes from digestive and storage of fecal matter until it can be expelled

-----------------is the innermost of the three flat abdominal muscles.

Transversus abdominis

-------------- is in males space anterior to the rectum and posterior to the bladder.

Vesicorectal space /cul - de sac

Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is:

alimentary tract

-----------------are the muscular attachment of the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae.

crura

The 3 parts of the small intestine are:

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

The majority of the gastrointestinal tract is considered to be

intraperitoneal

When the valvulae conniventes is visualized because of obstruction, the US appearance is called:

keyboard sign

------------- It is the most common location for pseudocyst

lesser sac

------------- is located posterior to the stomach and left lobe of the liver and anterior to the pancreas

lesser sac

The ----------may be thought of as a diverticulum of the greater sac and does not contain any organ.

lesser sac

The sheaths that encase the rectus abdominus muscles join at midline to form the:

linea alba

Normal bowel should be compressible and should have

observable peristalsis

The folds of the stomach mucosa and submucosa are called the:

rugae

The best patient positioning is paracentesis is:

supine

The larger the gauge the smaller

the needle size.

The 1st (superior) and 3rd (transverse) portions of the duodenum are:

transverse

Folds in the inside bowel wall is called:

valvulae conniventes