ANPS Exam 3

A person with type B blood can donate to which of the following patients?

A patient who has either type B blood or type AB blood

Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?

AB

B and T lymphocytes are part of which line of defense?

Adaptive defenses

Like the ABO blood group, the Rh blood group is important in determining blood transfusion compatibility. What is true regarding the Rh blood group?

Anti-Rh (D) antibodies are only found in Rh- individuals who have been exposed to Rh+ blood.

What is an antigen?

Any substance that can mobilize an immune response.

You have learned that lymphatic tissues contain lymphoid follicles that often contain germinal centers. What is occurring in the germinal centers?

B cells are activated in response to antigen

Why is a ruptured appendix a medical emergency?

Because pathogens are spilled into the sterile peritoneal cavity.

Why is a person with type O blood called a "universal donor"?

Because they have no antigens on their red blood cells, their RBCs won't cause agglutination when donated to patients with any of the other blood types.

What is the most common type of T cell?

CD4 cells

Which major class of lymphocytes become helper T cells?

CD4 cells

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types?

CD8 cells

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8 cells

Which class of MHC protein do CD8 cells recognize?

Class I MHC

Which class of MHC protein do CD4 cells recognize?

Class II MHC

Cancer cells would be attacked by what cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

What is/are the function(s) of the immune system?

Launch the inflammatory response; clear injured tissues of pathogens and debris; defend against pathogens

What is TRUE about the flow of lymph through a lymph node?

Lymph enters the node through the afferent lymph vessels and leaves through the efferent lymph vessels.

An abnormal buildup of fluid in the tissues due to failure or blockage of the lymphatic vessels is called _________________________.

Lymphedema

When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum cause clumping (agglutination) of donor cells on a slide, the blood type is ________

O

Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the wall of the small intestine, and has the ability to launch an immune response when presented with appropriate antigens?

Peyer's patches

All of the following are examples of the innate (nonspecific) internal defenses EXCEPT? a. Phagocytes b. T cells of cellular immunity c. Inflammation d. Natural Killler (NK) cells

T cells of cellular immunity

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.

What is the role of phagocytes?

They engulf (eat) and destroy pathogens

What is the role of helper T cells?

They help in the activation of both B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

What is the role of plasma cells?

They produce antibodies

When performing a blood-typing assay, "agglutination" or clumping would be seen in which of the following situations?

When type AB blood is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum

People who have the B antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have _________ antibodies in their plasma.

anti-A

People who have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have ____________ antibodies in their plasma.

anti-A and anti-B

People who have the A antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have ____________ antibodies in their plasma.

anti-B

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

antigen

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

antigen-presenting cells

Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.

antigens

Which of the MALT is a blind sac hanging from the first part of the large intestine?

appendix

The ________ is the structure responsible for goose bumps.

arrector pili muscle

Lymph from the left hand must travel through which cluster of lymph nodes?

axillary nodes

What must happen to activate a B cell?

binding of antigen and help from a T cell

What is NOT considered MALT (Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue)?

bone marrow

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

bone marrow and thymus

All of the following are considered functions of lymph nodes EXCEPT? a. to fight infection b. to house immune cells c. to filter blood d. to filter lymph

c. to filter blood

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells are involved in which type of adaptive immunity?

cellular or cell-mediated immunity

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens (antigens that originate from outside the cell)?

class II MHC proteins

CD8 cells become _____________________ when they are activated.

cytotoxic T cells

Which immune cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which means that they process and present antigens to T cells during the immune response?

dendritic cells; macrophages; B cells

The dermis contains mostly which type of tissue?

dense irregular connective tissue

With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are _______________ different blood types.

eight; there are four ABO blood types (A, B, AB, or O), each of which can be either Rh positive or Rh negative, which makes a total of 8 ABO and Rh blood groups.

What determines the surface antigens on an individual's red blood cells?

genetics

The lighter stained areas within the centers of the lymphoid follicles are formed by B cells proliferating in response to antigen. These lighter stained regions are called ____________________________.

germinal centers

Activated CD4 cells become ________________________.

helper T cells

Which type of cell is deficient in AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)?

helper T cells

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

humoral immunity

In which layer would you be most likely to find adipose tissue?

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

Where is the spleen located?

in the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm and curled around the anterior aspect of the stomach

Which of the following promotes closure of the minivalves associated with lymph capillaries?

increasing pressure inside the lymph capillary

Tears and epithelial sheets would be a part of which defense system?

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

innate internal defenses

functions of the spleen

is a site for interaction of lymphocytes with their antigens, removes pathogens, aged erythrocytes, and platelets from the blood, stores platelets; does NOT filter lymph

Like all epithelial layers in the body, the epithelium of skin sits on a connective tissue layer. The epithelium of skin is specifically called the epidermis and can be described as _____________________.

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

keratinocytes

The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system are the two basic functions of the __________.

lymph nodes

Which bean-sized organs are located along lymphatic vessels and become swollen during infections?

lymph nodes

Which lymph organs are positioned along lymph vessels and are responsible for filtering antigens out of the lymph?

lymph nodes

Excess interstitial fluid is collected by the __________________ .

lymphatic capillaries

Which type of leukocyte forms the B cells and T cells of adaptive immunity?

lymphocyte

Which types of immune cells are found in lymph nodes?

macrophages and dendritic cells; B cells, plasma cells and T cells; B lymphocytes

Which immune cells are phagocytes?

macrophages and neutrophils

These cells produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage. The cells are __________.

melanocytes

Which type of cell makes it possible to mount a faster and more powerful immune response if an antigen is encountered at a later date?

memory cells

Adjacent cells in lymphatic capillaries overlap each other loosely. What is the unique structural modification that increases their permeability?

minivalves

Which type of white blood cell is very large with a U-shaped nucleus and transforms into a macrophage in the tissues?

monocyte

People who have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have ___________________ in their plasma.

neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Which leukocyte is the most common, is usually the first to respond to the site of tissue injury, and acts as a phagocyte?

neutrophil

How is cell death caused by the cytotoxic T cells?

perforin and granzymes are released by cytotoxic T cells

Which mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is also known as "the adenoids"?

pharyngeal tonsils

Which cells make antibodies?

plasma B cells

What happens after B cells are activated?

plasma cells and memory cells are formed

An individual who is blood type AB negative (AB - ) can ________.

receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

Where does filtering and processing of red blood cells and pathogens in the blood occur?

red pulp of the spleen

These glands are found all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair.

sebaceous glands

Which glands secrete an oily product that lubricates and conditions the hair?

sebaceous glands

What lymphoid organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?

spleen

Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?

spleen

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

stratum (basale) germinativum

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

The cells in this layer of epidermis are dead, and their flat, scale-like remnants are filled with keratin

stratum corneum

From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis of thick skin are ________.

stratum germinativum (basale), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

What is the B cell receptor?

the antibody

Lymph from which regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?

the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and right side of the thorax

Fingerprints are found in ___________ and are caused by ___________.

thick skin; dermal ridges

Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?

thoracic duct

How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

through programmed cell death, or apoptosis

Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life, but is not very active in adulthood?

thymus

When a patient suffers physical trauma to a tissue, inflammatory cells and plasma proteins enter the area of tissue that is damaged in a sequence of events called the inflammatory response. What is the ultimate goal of the inflammatory response?

to clear the injured area of pathogens, dead tissue cells and any other debris so that the tissue can be repaired

What is the function of the secretion from sebaceous glands?

to lubricate hair and prevent infection

Which of these lymphoid organs is part of a collection of tissues called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and removes pathogens entering the pharynx (throat)?

tonsils

In the digestive system, there are special lymphatic vessels called lacteals, which transport absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream.

true

Which part of the antibody recognizes and binds to the antigen?

variable region (fab region)

Which part of the spleen is the site of immune surveillance and response?

white pulp

in the spleen, what is the site of immune interactions between antigens and lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen