ANSC 3306 Exam 1
T/F Active Immunity is acquired artificially through vaccination
True
T/F All infectious diseases are not contagious but all contagious diseases are infectious
True
T/F Health can affect welfare and vice versa.
True
T/F Toxin production can cause a greater degree of virulence
True
Systematic Anahylaxis
Shock-like and often fatal state whose onset occurs within minutes of a type I hypertensive reaction
Tail swishing, bruxism (grinding teeth), pawing, stomping feet, stretching, looking/kicking at abdomen, recumbency (lying down), treading, restlessness, elevated HR, elevated RR, sweating, rolling, grunting, anorexia, weight loss
Signs of Abdominal Pain
Reluctance to move, abnormal gait, lameness, swelling, skin abrasions, anorexia, weight loss
Signs of Extremity Pain
Reluctance to move, rapid, shallow rr, splinting, guarding, grunting , abduction of elbows, anorexia, weight loss, neuphonia (extended head and neck)
Signs of Thoracic Pain
Straining, prolonged urination, dripping, grunting, restlessness, arching of back,kicking at abdomen, tail swishing,treading (sheep+goat), recumbency
Signs of Urination Pain
Opisthotonus is
Tetanic spasm in which spine and extremities are bent
T/F Upon fist exposure, we can have anaphylaxis
False
T/F Viral diseases are easy to control
False
T/F Vomiting is usual in both ruminants and horses
False
Titer
Measure of antibodies to document whether an animal has been exposed to a specific antigen and develops an immune response
Fomites are
Any substance other than food i.e. feed troughs, walls, humans, surgical instruments
Superficial pain is
A painful response initiated by stimuli applied to the skin or subcutaneous tissues, i.e. skin, lacerations, bruising
Pathogenic is the
ABILITY to produce symptoms and cause changes in tissue and organs
Antigenic, won't replicated in host, longer shelf-life, stable, pregnant animals, no enviro. shed, safe in imunocomp. indivs, no contaminating pathogens
Advantages of Killed Virus
Antigenic, strong, long lasting, fewer doses, less reactions, higher protection
Advantages of MLV
Diarrhea is
An increase in the frequency, fluidity or volume of bowel movements.
Internalize antigen by phagocytosis, then re-express a part of that antigen, together with the MHC molecule on their membrane. The t-helper then recognizes the antigen associated with the MHC molecule on the membrane of this cell
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)
Disease is defined as
Any departure from the normal
Antiseptic
Applied to the surface of living organisms or tissue to prevent or arrest the growth of microorganism.
Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure, pupil dilation and sweating
Autonomic NS response to pain
These immune cells have antigen binding receptors on their membranes
B lymphocytes
Granulocyte, A cell-killing cells, Blue granules contain toxic and inflammatory compounds, Important in allergic reactions
Basophils
Enhances host defense, inhibits bacterial replication and toxin release, inhibits certain neoplastic cells, stimulates antiviral, antitumor, antiproliferative and NK cell properties
Benefits of fever
Dystentry is
Blood, fibrin and or mucous in the feces caused by bleeding into the distal intestinal tract
Organic material
Blood, pus, feces, lipids, bedding
Excretions and secretions
Bodily fluids/solids i.e. feces, nasal discharge, sputum
B lymphocytes mature in the
Bone marrow
Infectious is defined as
Capable of being transmitted by injection with or without actual contact, denoting a disease due to the action of the microorganism
Abdominal distention/Constipation is
Caused by feed, fluid,fat, fetus,flatulence, feces or neoplasm
B cells, plasma cells, mast cells, basophils
Cells involved in Anaphylaxis
Germicide
Chemical agents that kill pathogenic microorganisms
Dyspnea, elevated rr, extended head and neck, open mouth breathing (ruminants), nostril flaring (horses, sheep/goats), exaggerated intercostal/abdomen effort, heave line, abducted elbows, stridor (abnormal intense respiratory sound), anxious, inactivity
Clinical Signs of Abdominal Pain/Respiratory Distress
Contagious is defined as
Communicable or transmissible by contact with the sick or fresh secretions/excretions
Vomiting is a
Coordinated, centrally mediated event usually preceded by nausea, increased salivation or retching
Virulence is the
DEGREE of pathogenicity
Melena is
Dark, tarry feces s a result of stomach/small intestine bleeding, enteritis
Shorter Duration of immunity, lower titer produced, larger repetitive doses
Disadvantaged of Killed Virus
Less stable of storage, not as pure, cannot give to pregnant animals, may revert to virulent form, may shed into environment
Disadvantages of MLV
Granulocyte, A cell-killing cell, Orange granules contain toxic compounds, Important in parasitic infections
Eosinophils
Vectors are
External parasites i.e. fly, tick etc.
T/F Regurgitation is controlled by the brain
False
T/F The presence of a microorganism does constitute infection
False
Dam: Colostrum wasn't formed or had low antibody content, colostrum was lost before parturition through premature lactation Premature neonate: colostrum ingested but not absorbed, not ingested
Failure of Passive Transport
Eliminated by bodily secretions or excretions, destroyed by host or arrested or carried throughout body by WBC
Fate of invading microorganisms
Innate Immunity is
First line of defense, non-specific immunity that everyone posses, doesn't generate lasting protective immunity
Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Loss of Function
Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Disinfectant
Germicide applied directly to inanimate objects, won't kill spores
Passive Immunity
Immunity passed down from a mother to a calf
Predominant immunoglobulin class in external secretions such as colostrum, milk, saliva, tears and mucous, 10-15% of totoal serum
Immunoglobulin A
Very low serum concentration May be involved with the activation of a B cell by an antigen, but function still largely unknown Not detectable in rabbits or chickens
Immunoglobulin D
Secreted by PC located beneath body surfaces Low serum concentration, Mediates immediate hypersensitivity reactions (hay fever, asthma, hives, anaphylactic shock), Largely responsible for immunity to parasitic worms
Immunoglobulin E
Produced by Plasma cells (PC)in spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow, Crosses the placenta to protect fetus In ruminants (esp. cattle), major Ig in colostrum and milk Primary Ig produced in a 2nd stimulation
Immunoglobulin G
1st Ig produced in a primary response, 1st Ig produced by the neonate, 5-10% of total serum
Immunoglobulin M
Ataxia is
Incoordination, an inability to coordinate muscles
Vasodilation
Increase in the diameter of blood vessels
Acquired Immunity
Initiated when innate immunity isn't adequate, antigen specific, generates lasting, protective immunity
Pain is a _________ behavior
Learned
Pathogenic organisms are
Living things capable of producing disease
This mononuclear cell exists in tissue and name changes based off location of tissue in which it exists
Macrophages
Examples of APC's
Macrophages, B lymphocytes, dendritic
Lymphocytes have
Many types, important in both humoral and cell mediated immunity
Granulocyte, found in a variety of tissues, important role in development of allergies
Mast Cells
Another name for pain
Nociception
These mononuclear cells circulate in the blood
Monocytes
Circling, paraplegia, hemapaligia, coma, semicoma, depression, convulsions/seizures, head pressing, agression/behavior change, head tilt/inner ear problems, facial paralysis, muscle tremors, fasciulations
Neurological Clinical Signs
Conscious Proprioception Deficits
Neurological disease, loss of perception
Granulocyte, Phagocyte, Short life span, Very important at "clearing" bacterial infections Cytoplasmic granules, 1st cell to arrive
Neutrophil
Natural Killer Cells
Nonspecific effector cells
Nystagmus is
Ocular ataxia, oscillation of the eyeballs
Dee pain is
Originates from muscle, joints, bones and connective tissue i.e. broken bone, torn ligament
1) Species 2) Breed/Family 3) Age 4) Sex 5) Nutrition 6) Stress/Environment
Predisposing Causes of Disease
Ruminants (can't sweat), Sheep with fleece/ crowded cattle, no access to shade or water after exercise
Predispositions to heat stress/heat stroke
Immunoglobulins
Plasma protein fractions
Disease can affect these three things
Production, efficiency and profit
Cell Mediated Branch contains
Recognizes and fights antigens on self cells, t-cells, cytotoxic (effector cells)
Humoral Branch
Recognizes and fights foreign substances in the blood with B cells, Plasma cells(effector), antibodies
Sanitizer
Reduces the number of bacterial contaminants to a safe level
When pain is perceived to originate at a site distant from the actual lesion. Generally, the origin of pain impulses is visceral. Pain originating from body cavities may be felt at two sites
Referred pain
Regurgitation is a
Relux of esophageal, gastric or ruminal contents into the mouth or nose, nothing precedes
Cyanosis is defined as
Severe respiratory distress in which the body is not getting enough oxygen
Parietal pain is
Stimulation of the parietal pleura, peritoneum or pericardium. Stabbing pain that is extremely well localized i.e. heart pain
These immune cells are the only one able to recognize cell membranes with proteins known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
T lymphocytes
This immune cell shuts down the immune system after the antigens have been eliminated
T suppressor cells
Secrete cytokines and produce more t-cells
T-helper cells
T lymphocytes mature in the
Thymus gland
1) Freedom from hunger/thirst 2) Freedom from discomfort 3) Freedom from pain/injury/disease 4) Freedom to express normal behavior 5) Freedom from fear and distress
The Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare
Colitis is
The inflammation of the large intestines resulting in dehydration and gelatin-like, bloody stools
Enteritis is
The inflammation of the small intestines resulting in nutrient deficiencies, weight loss and watery, dark, feces
Welfare is defined as
The state an animal has and it's health
1) Vasodilation, Redness and Heat 2) Increased capillary permeability, influx of fluid and cells from the engorged capillaries into the tissue, Swelling 3) Influx of phagocytic cells
Three Major Events in the Inflammatory Response
1) Warning animal of danger to tissues 2) Predicting when tissue damage is likely to occur 3) Warning co-specifics of the presence of danger
Three functions of nociception
Examples of passive immunity
Transplacental, transmammary, injection of antibodies
Introducing new animals, poor sanitation and management practices
Two main causes of diseases
May be severe but considered to be poorly localized. Sensations either correspond to a general region or may be referred to distant sites. Difficult to acculturate localize the underlying legion. I.e.Intestine, obstructed ureter or gall bladder, uterus, cramping
Visceral pain
Active Immunity
When an animal's is exposed to a foreign body and responds by eliminating it
Colic is
not a diseases, it is a symptom of a disease as a manifestation of visceral abdominal pain