ANT-102 Midterm and Final

Priest

a full-time, trained religious specialist who can interpret the supernatural and petition the supernatural on behalf of humans

Dialects

a nonstandard variation of a language

Shaman

a part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings

Biomedicine is defined as:

a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences

Phoneme

a sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning

European colonialism was achieved through:

advanced weaponry and military strategies

Which of the following is NOT an attempt to regulate aspects of sexuality by cultural institutions such as the government?

age of licensed driver

In the article "Arranging a Marriage in India," Nanda interviews a young woman named Sita. Sita says arranged marriage is a good thing because __________.

all of the above

Lexicon

all of the words, ideas, and events that make up a language

"Paralanguage" refers to _________.

an extensive set of noises (such as laughs, cries, sighs, yells) and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker

When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group, they are practicing:

assimilation

The Kula exchange, in terms of the type of reciprocity, is most like which event?

balanced reciprocity

A small, kinship-based group of foragers who move over a particular territory is known as a:

band

_______________ refers to the dominant medical paradigm in Western cultures today.

biomedicine

Religion serves which of the following functions:

both a and b

The most common economic marriage transaction among societies that have them is _________; a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.

bride's price

According to the text, which of the following has seen an increase in attention to policies addressing sexual violence?

college campuses

__________ are the children of parental siblings of the opposite sex, such as a father's sister's children or a mother's brother's children.

cross cousins

Horticulture is defined as:

cultivation strategy with nonintensive use of land and labor.

Ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field of anthropology?

cultural anthropology

What is the subfield of anthropology in which researchers study people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together?

cultural anthropology

In the course of participant observation, anthropologists are often called on to do things that they might not ordinarily do. What allows them to develop a keen understanding of beliefs and practices of others as they conduct fieldwork?

cultural relativism

_________________ is a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, and shared by a group of people.

culture

In the example of the peppered moth, the moths evolved a darker coloration during the Industrial Revolution because:

darker moths were selected for because environmental pollutants made them less visible to predators

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

enculturation

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagine to be distinct from those outside the group is know as a(n):

ethnicity

People who judge other cultures solely in terms of their own culture are being _________________.

ethnocentric

Which research method is not used by cultural anthropologists?

ethnocentrism

_________________ is discovering the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group.

ethnomedicine

A society with a caste system is egalitarian. (t/f)

false

All societies divide labor by age and gender. (t/f)

false

An example of a cultural syndrome is high rates of automobile crashes among young drivers. (t/f)

false

Development is a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations. (t/f)

false

Nanda was never successful in finding a bride for her friend's son. (t/f)

false

People with more social, economic, and political power in a society are generally less healthy. (t/f)

false

Russians were the only immigrant group to be legally excluded on the basis of national origin in the United States. (t/f)

false

Scientists that study the fossil remains of dinosaurs and other forms of paleo-organisms are called archaeologists. (true/false)

false

The Apache tradition of "being shot by an arrow" during a conversation refers to the process used to prepare corn for planting. (true/false)

false

The archaeological record shows evidence of human artistic expression dating back 1 million years. (t/f)

false

The marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time is known as polyandry. (true or false)

false

The research of visual anthropologists focuses on distinguishing between popular and high art. (t/f)

false

The value of a piece of art is determined in part by the artist in non-industrialized or "primitive' art. (t/f)

false

When goods or services are given to another, with definite expectation of a return gift, we call it generalized reciprocity. (t/f)

false

The Nanda article was written from whose point of view?

family seeking daughter in law

Margaret Mead's work was used to disprove what aspect of life in the U.S.?

gender roles are biologically determined

Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary sexual characteristic?

genitalia

In the past, groups of people have tried to systematically eradicate people of different religious or ethnic groups, a process referred to in anthropology as:

genocide

The trafficking of human organs discussed in the text provides a disturbing example of the impacts of:

globalization

The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat of force is referred to as:

hegemony

In ranked societies, the social rank of each member of the society is determined by:

hereditary

What concept refers to anthropology's commitment to looking at the full scope of human diversity and experience, including cultural, biological, historical, and linguistic aspects?

holism

The ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is a:

human microbiome

_______ is the individual patient's experience of sickness.

illness

Scientists have found that human sexuality:

is marked by diversity, flexibility, and fluidity.

Which of the following statements about human behavior is true?

it is a combination of "nature" (biology) and "nurture" (acculturation).

The sickle-cell gene is found in high frequency in certain African countries mainly along the equator because:

it is in response to natural selection as the gene helps prevent against malaria

Community members who guide, advise, and teach the ethnographer during fieldwork are called:

key informants

The system of human communication based on a set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings is called:

language

Witch

low status, no tangible evidence left behind

Sorcerer

low status, use tangible objects

A biological abnormality of the red blood cells referred to as sickle cell anemia, is also an adaptive response to what disease found primarily in Central and West Africa?

malaria

The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:

male or female

The socially approved sexual and economic union of 2 people is known as _____

marriage

Anthropologists who are actively engaged in studying health and illness and are increasingly realizing that biological and social factors need to be considered if we are to reduce human suffering are called _______________________.

medical anthropologists

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

never

Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered ________. A example would be shaking hands, bowing, hugging, or kissing as a form of greeting.

norms

Morpheme

one or more morphs with the same meaning

Radiocarbon dating can be applied to:

organic remains

According to Aztec tradition, they wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island with an eagle standing on a catcus with a snake its mouth. According to their prophecy this would be their new home. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco, where tradition said they found the eagle. This is an example of a(n):

origin story

Medium

part time religious practitioners, heal in a trance

The author suggests that anthropology is unique among other disciplines such as economics or history because our perspective begins with:

people

Illness is to __________ as disease is to __________.

personal experience; symptoms

Which of these is NOT an explanation for a universal taboo on family incest?

postpartum sex

What is a flawed system of classification, with no bioloigcal basis, that uses physical characteristics to divide the human populations into supposedly discrete groups?

race

Economic resources that are transferred from migrations to their families or institutions in their country of origin are called:

remittances

Franz Boas' attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers are called:

salvage ethnography

Culture is ________.

shared and taught

Syntax

specific patterns in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences

Phones

speech sounds

An autonomous regional political structure with a central government authorized to make laws and use political, economic, and military force to maintain order and defend its territory is referred to as a:

state

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

stratification

Anthropologists can investigate social change, adaptation, and health by:

studying people who migrate to more complex societies, and studying people undergoing the process of culture change in their own locale

____ are commonly used as a strategy to collect quantitative data.

surveys

The best definition of evolution is:

that biological adaptations in organisms occur in response to changes in the environment

Surgical procedures are a component of _________ that are not a component of all health-care traditions.

the biomedical model

Language Loss

the extinction of languages that have very few speakers

Digital immigrants are:

the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language

Language Continuum

the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance so that groups of people who live near one another speak in a way this is mutally intelligible

Morph

the smallest unit of a language that has a meaning

Morphology

the study of how sound sequences convey meaning

Phonology

the study of the sounds in a language and how they are used

Absolute dates are:

those that allow us to apply an age or range of years to an archaeological specimen

Based on linguistic evidence of the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:

thought is rooted in language

A key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate is informed consent. (true/false)

true

A martyr is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion. (t/f)

true

According to the Nanda article, divorce is still highly stigmatized in India. (t/f)

true

Extended family is the prevailing family type in more than half of contemporary societies, AND consists of 2 or more single-parent, monogamous, polygynous, or polyandrous, families genealogically linked and living in the same house or household. (t/f)

true

Historical linguistics focuses on how languages change over time. (true/false)

true

In his study "Body Rituals among the Nacirema," Horace Miner attempts to make the familiar seem strange while demonstrating the inherent difficulties of study another culture. (true/false)

true

Our bodies cannot tell the difference between a biological threat and symbolic threat. (true/false)

true

Religious beliefs are universal. (t/f)

true

Switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context is called "code-switching." (true/false)

true

The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movement is called its framing process. (t/f)

true

The potential power of an individual to challenge structures of power is referred to as agency. (t/f)

true

The role of shaman is generally associated with seminomadic societies. (t/f)

true

When people seek to take advantage of emerging economic or investment opportunities, they are said to be pulled to new destinations. (t/f)

true

What is the controversy of the U.S. military employing anthropologists?

turning anthropological research strategies and knowledge into a tool of war

The first cave art appears in Europe, Australia, and South Africa around 35,000 years ago, during the beginning of the:

upper paleolithic

Someone who _______ would be said to be part of the 1.5 generation.

was born in Cuba but grew up in the U.S.

Decisions about what is displayed as fine art typically reflect:

wealth and power stratification

According to your textbook, a band level society is typified by no more than _________ individuals.

100

On average, human men weigh _______ more than women?

15 percent

Calculations of DNA mutation rates indicate that Native Americans were derived from northeast Asian populations who migrated to the Americans around:

15,000 years ago

All human beings of every "race" share what percentage of their DNA?

99.9%

What is the name of the stone tool technology created by Homo erectus during the Lower Paleolithic that was the first bifical and highly standardized tool in early human history? (Hint: Swiss Army knife of the Paleolithic)

Acheulean

Modern humans had spread to virtually all parts of the world by 10,000 years ago. Of the areas listed below, which was the geographical region they showed up in last?

Australia

Worldwide, the most spoken language is:

Chinese

The Victorian ideal of sexuality was influenced by which of the following:

Christian teachings

French sociologist ________ viewed religion as ultimately something practiced with others and thus a social practice rather than a private or individual one.

Emile Durkheim