ANT 160 Final

The "gift" as viewed in economic exchanges

1- The Obligation to give, 2- The Obligation to receive, an 3- The Obligation to repay

Reciprocity in terms of economic exchange (3 types)

1.Generalized: Those who exchange do so without expecting an immediate return and without specifying the value of the return 2.Balanced: Exchange done in equal terms or values 3.Negative: Exchange where one party seeks a profit in the relationship

Clans

A compromise kin group based on a rule of residence and a rule of descent. The clan is a group composed of a number of lineages -A clan is a descent group who claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it. When a clan's apical ancestor is non-human, it is called a totem

Lineages

A consanguineal kin group practicing Unilineal descent, which includes persons who can actually trace their relationship to a common ancestor, that is, a lineage is all the Unilineal descendants of a known common ancestor or ancestors

Achieved status

Are positions obtained by age, consensus, or merit

Castes

Are societies to which membership and types of labor are ascribed at birth and in which social mobility between groups or sets is not allowed

Chiefdoms

Ascribed positions based on lineage or rank of individuals controlling an area through alliances by marriage and warfare. The chiefs monopolize the use of force, and are able to organize as system of tax collectors as well

"Arrows against the Wind" What is colonization? What is globalization? List at least three changes that have occurred to the Dani and other indigenous groups as a result of these processes.

Colonization: Take control of an area and send people to live there; infiltration Globalization: Development of increasingly integrated global economy 3 changes: 1)Exploitation of resources 2)Change to tradition, clothing, etc. 3)Exploit workers, make them cut down trees but pay them a very small amount

5 Major Pillars of Islam

Confession of faith Ritual prayer 5 times a day Giving alms to the poor Fasting during Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca

NGOs

Development and use of NGO's (non-governmental orgs) Objective: equity, access, justice, redistribution Arena of actions: -Official public sphere -International civil societies; initiatives -Local communities •Origins of NGO's or also known as transnational advocacy networks: -Labor -Suffrage -Civil rights -Environmentalism

Industrial revolution and characteristics of industrial societies

Dramatic technological and economic innovations that occurred in England during period from about 1760 to 1830 •Period during which the productive activities of societies were rapidly transformed by invention of succession of machines powered by newer, inanimate sources of energy, such as coal, electricity, petroleum, and natural gas •Basic cause was growing store of technological information in the latter part of the agrarian era

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is like kinship in that people feel like kin through common descent but cannot trace the precise relationship Ethnicity=group identity based on its members' idea of their own distinctiveness from others. Based on a sense of common history linked to a particular area or territory The terms ethnic groups and ethnicity are recent in origin, with use beginning in the 50s as a means to identify sub-state groups that were in conflict throughout the world and who felt bound together by ties that lay between kinship and nationality

Egalitarianism

Everyone has equal rights and equal opportunities in society Sort of opposite of stratified society

Cooperatives

Formation of cooperatives to sustain ethnic diversity and to take advantage of this economic niche in the world market •Cooperatives can be seen as economic structures whereby individuals of similar backgrounds, ethnicity, etc. group together to content with larger scale economic forces beyond their control •This can be seen as a more resilient or adaptive strategy than what the individual could hope to accomplish or obtain on his/her own

Midlands

Founded 1680s Origins: English Quakers Location: Delaware Bay, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri Beliefs: -Ethnic diversity founded by peoples of Germanic descent and not Anglo-Saxons of Britain -Ethnic and ideological purity not a priority -Left England to flee European tyrannies -Government seen as unwelcome intrusion leading to moderate even apathetic political opinion

Greater Appalachia

Founded: Five waves between 1717 and 1776 Origins: war-torn borderlands of northern Britain including Scotland, England, Ireland Location: Backcountry frontier of Midlands, Tidewater, and Deep South. Expanding south along Appalachian Mountains in Penn, KY, TN Beliefs: -Based on clan warrior culture of northern Britain -Described as proud, independent, and disturbingly violent -Some interaction with indigenous groups and inter-group marriages but generally competitive in nature for indigenous lands in backcountry -Established bluegrass music, stock car racing, Evangelical fundamentalism, "'merica" Discrepancies with other nations: Tidewater and Deep south with distrust of aristocracy and Yankeedom with distrust of governments and social reformers

New France

Founding 1604, 16 years before Mayflower voyage Origins: obviously France Location of immigrants: Quebec, Maine, Nova Scotia, New Orleans Beliefs -Cultural diversity with Catholicism and French Protestants allowed to practice their faith -Embraced Native peoples cultures; no viewpoints of an inferiority of indigenous peoples; cross-cultura marriages due in part to shortage of women in Quebec resulting in "ethnoracial" group, the metis -Back woodsmen leading to characteristics of rough equality and self-reliance -Discrepancies with the other nations/cultures: Yankeedom and Tidewater as Protestant societies with very different views about race, religion, and racism against indigenous societies that were viewed as savages

Tidewater

Founding 1607 Origins: Southern English gentry Location: Jamestown, the first lasting English settlement in the New World; Virginia Beliefs: -Founded by Virginia company as a corporate-owned military base -Initially comprised of gentlemen-adventurers with little farming skills and beggars and vagrants from the streets of London -Bold, ready to fight and individualistic -Goals were to reproduce the semi-feudal manorial society of English countryside except did not practice primogeniture (first born son inherits all property) -Economic, political, and social affairs run by landed aristocrats -Central role in foundation of U.S. Discrepancies with other nations: mainly with Yankeedom and their belief in equality of all peoples under God's eyes and having violent conflicts with native indigenous groups

Yankeedom

Founding 1620s-30s, 1621 Mayflower's voyage Origins: England, Pilgrims, and Puritans Location: Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin Beliefs -Protestant theocracy based on teachings of John Calvin -Left England because of their unwillingness to compromise on religious policy -Priorities included education, local political control, and pursuit of "greater good" of community Discrepancies with other nations: mainly with Deep South and Tidewater; against aristocratic privilege and oligarchy or governments run by wealthy and few landowners

New Netherland

Founding 1624 Origins: Dutch colony from the Netherlands Location: Greater New York Common beliefs: -Founded by Dutch West Indies Company as global commercial trading society and fur trading post -Tolerance of diversity and commitment to the freedom of inquiry, upward mobility and strong emphasis on private enterprise -"Front door to immigrants" with early Jewish, Muslim, African residents Discrepancies with other nations: mainly with neighboring Tidewater and Yankeedom because of their expansionistic tendencies

Deep South

Founding 1670 Origins: From older English colony on Barbados, linked back to English nobility Location: Founded Charleston includes lowlands of SC, GA, MS, lowland Alabama, LA delta, eastern TX and Arkansas, western Tennessee, northern FL and part of Southeastern NC Beliefs: -Based on West Indies slave state in Barbados -Landed aristocracy important with form of Republicanism whereby the elite and wealthy should rule but all others stay in their places -No belief in equality but that certain people were by nature slaves and inferior -Wealth based on slave labor from Africa with children also born into slavery. Caste system from 1670-1970: set one is born into and can never leave -Development of slave born culture with languages, Afro-Caribbean cuisines, musical traditions like jazz, blues, and rock and roll -Discrepancies with other nations: mainly with Yankeedom and their beliefs in equality, education, self-government for all. Often allies with Tidewater society -These differences in beliefs/values between North and South are exemplified by Civil War of 1860-1865

Left Coast

Founding 1820s then another wave during Gold Rush Origins: early colonists were Yankees who arrived by sea Beliefs: 1. Local sovereignty, grass-roots organizations, independent producer ethic, intellectualism and strong educational system, and belief in weak state (federal) government combined with a Puritan, Protestant religion and work ethic. 2. Resentment of El Norte culture south of Monterey (early Spanish settlement founded 1770), California. 3. Forty-niners' Gold Rush mentality of get rich quick and go elsewhere to enjoy it and other non-religiously sanctioned behaviors. 4. After 1850 immigrants from all over the world arrived (i.e. Chile, Australia, Ireland, Italy, China, Catholics etc.). Discrepancies with the other (i.e. other nations, ethnic groups, cultures): Allied with Yankeedom and somewhat with Greater Appalachia in opposition mainly to El Norte based on language and expansionistic characteristics and the libertarian Far West.

Far West

Founding 1847-1850 Origins: Greater Appalachia, Midlands, Yankeedom, Deep south Location: Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, unknown states Beliefs -Treated as internal colony for exploitation by growing industrial powers -Maintains state of semi-dependency on Federal government funds while not wanting the government to interfere in internal affairs -Not based on farming -Comprised of government sponsored Indian Reservations Discrepancies with other nations: mainly Yankeedom and New Netherland due to distrust of corporations and federal government, allies with Deep South to weaken government

Tribes

Horticultural/pastoral groups where there is competition for power between kin groups, small in demographic scale, and power limited to the settlement. Ex: The Yanomamo (Venezuela), the indigenous groups of highland Papua New Guinea

List the time periods and locations for the major migrations of humans that were covered in class. Briefly review the European origins and cultural practices of different migrants to North America in the 1600s through 1800s.

In Europe, population rise occurred between 1100 and 1350, another between 1450 and 1650, and a third after 1750. Sharp decreases occurred between 1350 and 1450 due to disease (Black Pague) and again from 1650 to 1750. Estimated European population between 250 to 350 million in 1300 and probably doubled by 1780. Extraordinary demographic increase in China occurs around 1680 with circa 120 million people up to 1850 with about 430 million people. -Revolution in agricultural technologies is cited as cause for this demographic increase.

"The Gift of the Mask Dance: Negotiating at the Frontier of Identity in the Northwest Amazonia" The idea of "the gift" can be seen as expressed in two dimensions during the dance. What are these dimensions. Explain them briefly using the concepts of animism and heterarchy.

In the context of herterarchial relations of house societies the mask dance is used to negotiate with the "other" (people of different languages and political units). Heterarchy is defined as horizontal social differentiation The mask dance can be seen in terms of multiple liminal spatial rituals of social and political exchanges of gifts to secure social reproduction and food supply in relation to hunting and fishing territoriality.

Prophet

Mohammed

Mohammed

Mohammed of the Quraysh tribe of the Hasim clan (570-632 AD) -Born in Mecca -Orphaned at early age but adopted by wealthy uncle -Non-literate but well- traveled and highly respected merchant -Around 610, he receives vision from angel Gabriel -Recite in the name of your Lord who created-created man from clots of blood...." -From this time until his death in 632, Mohammed would receive other messages -Messages were memorized and compiled into written form becoming the Koran -Preached oneness of God, goodness and power of God, moral responsibility of humans towards God, etc. -Mohammed's religious message is known as Islam

Nationalism

Nation: Notion or emotion or belief of a group occupying a particular territory that the nation and the state should coincide oNationalism= desire of individuals with common historical roots to control a particular territory. This territory may or may not be defined and recognized externally as a state. However, the ultimate goal of the group is to have it recognized as such. Example: Kurds in Turkey and Iraq wanting their own state based on shared notions of ethnicity and nationalism

"Understanding Hindu Traditions" What is polytheism? What are the goals or pursuits listed in the film? What are the four stages of life? What are the three main Gods discussed?

Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods Goals: 1)Artha-pursuit of economic rewards 2)Kama-love 3)Dharma-righteous behavior 4)Moksha-freedom from cycle of death and rebirth Four stages of life: 1) school age 2) householder-marrying 3) meditation-middle age 4) old age (sannyasa) Three main gods: 1) Branma 2) Vishnu 3) Shiva

"The Triumph of Evil" What part of the world does this film take place in? What is genocide and why does it occur? Give examples of places and ethnic groups to which genocide has occurred. Do you see evidence of the elimination of rights based on ethnic affiliation?

Rwanda, Africa Genocide: physical extermination of a defined category of people Why does it occur? A group thinks they are superior to another group Examples: -Rwanda -Holocaust in Europe Rwanda is example of elimination of rights based on ethnic affiliation: Hutus and Tutsis

Two major sects or denominations in Islam

Shi'as and Sunnis Sunnis cannot marry Shias

El Norte

Since 1595, oldest European American settlements; 1610 Santa Fe's Palace of Governors was built and is oldest public building in US -Origins: Spain -Locations: Crosses US-Mexico border including south and west Texas, southern Cali, southern AZ, most of NM, parts of CO, and parts of many northern Mexico states -Beliefs ---Missionaries to convert native indigenous peoples to Catholicism ---No self-government, no elections, culture of independence, work-centered ---Introduced horse, cattle, sheep, goats to New World; first cowboys

Territoriality

Territory can be simply defined as "domain" or the extent of land under the control of a particular group Territoriality is thus the behaviors that occur in relation to the territory occupied by an individual and the groups to which he/she belongs. -Territoriality has both a special and temporal component

11 Regions/Nationalism/Founding Fathers Conclusion

The "Founding Fathers" of the United States came from diverse backgrounds. Past migrations affect the cultures or ways of life of people living in a certain area. These similarities in the ways of doing things and common links to the past lead to a feeling of unity between peoples. With very large populations, these feelings are no longer directly linked to kinship but instead take on the term nationalism. Nationalism can lead to the creation of new states which are autonomous self-governing political/territorial units. However, in this process the territorial boundaries of pre-existing states must be reconfigured. In some instances feelings of common unity/beliefs correspond to existing state territorial boundaries. These areas are today referred to as nation-states, with the United States of America currently utilized as an example of this.

Stratification

The creation of separate social strata. Its emergence indicates the transition from chiefdom to state -A stratum is one of two or more groups that are contrasted in social status and access to resources Three dimensions to social stratification: 1. Economic status or wealth including a person's material assets 2. Power or the ability to exercise one's will over others or to get others to do things 3. Prestige or the basis of social status refers to esteem, respect and approval for acts, deeds or other qualities thought of as exemplary

Bands (hunter-gatherers)

The oldest form of political organization characterized by being a small scale (up to 50 individuals), that depend on gathering and hunting. Power is usually achieved. For example: The !Kung San (South Africa), The Maku (Brazil, Colombia)

State

The state is the agency or agencies within a society that have the monopoly of legitimate violence. This definition by Max Weber implies a centralization of power and as other definitions. It has problems but does express well the major characteristic of a state Single, supreme authority over a group of people occupying a common territory Another defining characteristic of the state is that it has a monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force Based on concept of society as social contract which all individuals enter [switched slides]

Indigenous

Those that claim their lands because they were there first or have occupied them since time immemorial -Indigenous and tribal peoples are generally underprivileged minorities within states that may face the threat of genocide or ethnocide

"Dead Birds" Please describe the Dani people of New Guinea in terms of type of society, subsistence and territoriality? What type of warfare do they practice? Do they believe in ghosts?

Tribal society War-based society, village society They saw themselves as birds Polygamy, horticulturist Believe in magic

Nation-state

When the state corresponds to a single nation. Example: USA

Shamanism

Witch-doctor Weber's "the magician": individual, self employed Based on definition of Siberian shamanism Individual that through ecstasies and possession is able to act as an intermediary in the communication with the spirits

Exogamy

a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group.

Tribal

an imprecise term used today to refer to small-scale, pre-industrial societies that live in comparative isolation and manage their affairs without any centralized authority such as a state

Totemism

cult to the ancestors. The totem represents the clan. Totems become objects of a cult because they represent the society; the totem is virtually god. A totem is an animal or plant used as a symbol or emblem of the clan. The notion f a supreme being depends on the totemic belief.

Ethnocide

destruction of a people's way of life. Example: ethnocide of Native American cultures in North America during the eighteenth through twentieth centuries

Globalization

is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.

Animism

main question of Tylor's research was how humans created the concept of the soul. He argued that the concept was universal and originated in the human effort to interpret dreams. The belief in spiritual beings is the minimum definition of religion that Tylor proposed. He also proposed an evolution by stages of religion in the sequence: animism, polydaemonism, polytheism, and finally monotheism.

Genocide

physical extermination of a defined category of people. Example: the genocide of Jews by the Nazis during WWII

Endogamy

the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.

Ascribed status

the right to a position is defined at birth based on kinship of an individual