ANT 252 Test #2

Scheper-Hughes reports that about _________ infants died in Alto do Cruzeiro, Brazil, in 1965.

350

In "Mixed Blood," Fish argues that scientists, such as psychologists, use the concept of hypo-descent to choose the physical characteristics that determine biological races.

False

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) note that a factor they call "the second shift" pulls women out of the work force for a life at home.

False

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) note that the term "glass ceiling" means that a women has finally reached the highest position that can be attained in her place of work.

False

Goldstein argues that Tibetan polyandry functions to reduce the birth rate.

True

In "The Case of an American Gypsy," Sutherland argues that Gypsies hide their personal identities as a way to combat persecution by members of the societies in which they live.

True

In "The Case of an American Gypsy," Sutherland describes a case in which a young Gypsy man was accused of fraud by police in St. Paul, Minnesota.

True

Legitamacy

a kind of support based on people's positive evaluation of public policy or public officials

Monogamy

a marriage rule that permits an individual to marrry only one other person at a time.

When the author returned to Spain in 2008, María Martínez

had converted to Islam and was working with Muslims who were victims of religious discrimination.

According to Nordstrom in "Illegal Economies and the Untold Story of Amputees," the first step in the informal economy formed by marginalized women in Muleque is

hard labor.

Law

he cultural knowledge that people use to settle disputes by means of agents who have the recognized authority to do so

William ("The Berdache Tradition") points out that the emphasis of American Indian religion is on the

spiritual nature of all things.

Coercion

support derived from the threat or use of force or the promise of short-term gain

Leadership

the ability to influence others to act

The five pillars of the Islamic faith include: the recitation of the __________, daily prayers, fasting during __________, annual charitable giving, and pilgrimage to Mecca once during the lifetime of those who are able.

Shahada, Ramadan

According to Scheper-Hughes, four of the following statements are true about how the death of poor babies is treated in Alto do Cruzeiro and Bom Jesus de Mata, Brazil. Which one is not?

Midwives encourage mothers of dead babies to grieve.

Which one of the following is not true about Tibetan polyandry?

Polyandry reduces sexual competition among brothers.

According to Eames in "Negotiating Nigerian Bureaucracies," patrimonial authority is one that is organized as an extension of a noble household, where officials act as household servants and are dependents of the ruler.

True

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," an avocado is classified by Brazilians as a fruit and by North Americans as a vegetable.

True

According to Goldstein (Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife), it is richer Tibetans living in Nepal who prefer polyandry.

True

According to Rogozen-Soltar in "Becoming Muslim in Europe," Islam is the world's fastest growing religion, due in part to new births in existing Muslim societies and to new Muslims who have converted.

True

According to Rogozen-Soltar in "Becoming Muslim in Europe," Spain was part of the Muslim empire for 800 years and evidence of that history is seen in cities such as Granada, buildings such as the Alhambra, and in Spanish cuisine, music, and dance.

True

According to Scheper-Hughes (Mother's Love: Death without Weeping), mothers living in Alto do Cruzeiro in northeastern Brazil have been known to actually hasten the death of babies they feel will not survive by failing to feed them properly.

True

According to Scheper-Hughes, civil and church authorities in the northeast town of Bom Jesus de Mata, Brazil, treat infant death casually and without much concern.

True

According to Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) the "100-hour couple" phenomenon is a factor that "pushes" women to leave the workforce.

True

According to Sutherland in "The Case of an American Gypsy," Gypsies frequently take one another's Social Security numbers in order to hide their identities.

True

According to William ("The Berdache Tradition"), Indians do not see the assumption of berdache status as a result of an exercise of free will on the part of the boy, but rather as the boy acting out his basic character.

True

According to William ("The Berdache Tradition"), one of the basic tenets of American Indian religion is the notion that everything in the universe is related.

True

According to William ("The Berdache Tradition"), the mediator between polarities of woman and man in the American Indian religious explanation is a being that combines elements of both genders.

True

Goldstein argues that Tibetan Polyandry permits wealthy farmers to maintain their higher standard of living.

True

In an epilogue to her article (Mother's Love: Death without Weeping), Nancy Scheper-Hughes claims that the installation of piped, treated water to all homes in the shantytown contributed most to the increased survival of infants in Bom Jesus de Mata.

True

In his article, "Mixed Blood," Jefferson M. Fish argues that the American concept of race is culturally constructed, not a biological reality.

True

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) state that being with their children, lower stress, and nostalgia are all factors that pull women from work to home.

True

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) that for a variety of reasons, Millennials, women in their twenties and thirties, are leaving work for home.

True

Patrilineal descent

a descent rule linking consanguine relatives through males only

Bilateral descent

a descent rule linking relatives together through both males and females simultaneously.

Matrilineal descent

a descent rule linking relatives together through females only

Polygamy

a form of marriage in which one person can be married to more than one person simultaneously

Class

a kind of social stratification that restricts individuals' access to valued resources and prestige within a partially flexible system

Descent

a kinship rule that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry

Lineage

a localized group that is based on a unilineal (patrilineal or matrilineal) descent rule and which usually has some corporate power

The case of the Gypsy defendant described by Sutherland in "The Case of an American Gypsy" represents a good illustration of what happens when

a normal practice for one group is a crime for another.

Caste

a system of stratification that ranks people on the basis of their birth. People are born into a caste system and cannot move to a higher rank.

Clan

a unilineal descent group composed of lineages whose members believe that they are all descended from a common ancestor but cannot always trace their genealogical relationship to everyone in the group

Scheper-Hughes (Mother's Love: Death without Weeping) claims that which of the follow kinds of people encourage(s) mothers not to become attached to their sick and dying children?

a, b, and c above

According to Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon), factors that pull women to resign from work and return to home full time include

all of the above

Social Stratification

any form of inequality that is characterized by regularly experienced inequal access to valued economic resoucres and/or prestige

Support

anything that contributes to the adoption and enforcement of public policy

In "The Berdache Tradition," William mentions an elder explaining to him that a child's tendencies to become a berdache

are apparent early, when the child is between 9 and 12 years old.

According to William ("The Berdache Tradition"), the commonly accepted notion of "the opposite sex" that is prevalent in our society is,

based on anatomy.

When the author first met María Martínez in 2006, she had married a Jordanian man and

could not imagine a Spanish woman converting to Islam.

Legal

disputes are those that are settled by people with the authority to do so

Infralegal

disputes are those that occur outside the legal system without involving violence

Extralegal

disputes occur outside the law and escalate into violence. Feuds and wars are examples of extralegal disputes

Spaniards who convert to Islam

endanger their social standing as recognized and respected members of Spanish society.

According to Scheper-Hughes, doctors in the Brazilian town of Bom Jesus de Mata often

fail to recognize malnutrition as the primary cause of illness among poor babies.

Courts

formal institutions presided over by individuals who have the authoruty to settle disputes

According to William ("The Berdache Tradition"), berdachism in aboriginal North American was most established among tribes

in four areas.

Moots

informal community meetings at which parties to the dispute are heard, adn the attendees are given the authority to settle disputes

According to Nordstrom in "Illegal Economies and the Untold Story of Amputees," when a woman receives the entire banking pot in her informal banking group, she often will use the money to

invest in a small piece of farmland to grow and harvest crops to sell.

In "The Case of an American Gypsy," Sutherland reports that for Gypsies, going to jail

is an especially cruel punishment because it separates them from their kin.

According to Goldstein, it is difficult for a male Tibetan to start his own farm because

it is difficult to terrace new land and keep animals simultaneously without help.

On the basis of her work in northeastern Brazil and on literature describing practices in other parts of the world, Scheper-Hughes feels that

it is natural for poor mothers to maintain emotional distance from infants who are likely to die.

Nuclear Families

kinds of families cconsisting of just one couple and their children

Affinity

kinship relationship based on marriage

Consanguinity

kinship relationships based on birth

Phratries

large unilineal kinship group made up of clans

Extended Families

made up of two or more couples and their children

Polygyny

marriage of one man to more than one woman

Polyandry

marriage of one woman to more than one man simultaneously

Exogamy

marriage outside outside a specific group

Endogamy

marriage within a specific group

According to Sutherland in "The Case of an American Gypsy," Gypsies find which of the following things polluting (marime)?

non-Gypsies

The custom of polyandry may end among Tibetans living in Nepal because

of government opposition and new economic opportunities.

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," an increase in immigration has caused the most rapidly growing census category, which is now

other.

In "Mixed Blood," Fish argues that human biological races do not exist because

people from anywhere on the planet can mate with others from anywhere else andproduce fertile offspring.

According to Goldstein (Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife), Tibetan polyandry functions above all to

permit richer farmers to maintained their standard of living.

Political Systems

represent the process for making and carrying out public policy

According to Goldstein, Tibetan polyandry

requires a group of brothers to marry one woman.

Family

residential kin group made up of at least one couple and their children. Families often perform sexual, reproductive, economic, and educational functions

In "Illegal Economies and the Untold Story of Amputees," Nordstrom observes that the earnings, networks, and contributions to development by the amputees and other women in Africa

rival the entire gross domestic products (GDPs) of the countries of this region of the world.

In "The Case of an American Gypsy," Sutherland notes that the lawyer defending a young Gypsy man of using a relative's Social Security number argued in court that

the Gypsy had not intended to commit a crime when he used the number.

In Nigeria, power and authority derive from

the ability to grant favors to loyal dependents.

Social Statuses

the categories of different kinds of people who interact

Kinship

the complex system of culturally deined social relationships based on marriage and birth

Public

the group of people affected by the policy

Policy

the guidelines for action

Self-redress

the legal process of dispute settlement where disputants, themselves, are given the authority by members of their society to make a settlement

The famous American saying "It's not what you know, it's who you know" best describes the primary dynamic of

the patrimonial authority of Nigerian society.

Authority

the right to make and enforce public policy. Positions of authority are more commonly found in complex societies

Social Roles

the rules for action associated with particular statuses

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) state that _______ "pushes" women to leave work for a life at home.

the second shift

Social Situations

the settings in which interaction takes place. They include culturally defined places, times, objects, and events

Marriage

the socially approved union of two people that confers sexual rights and legitamizes children

William ("The Berdache Tradition") writes that berdache is a lifelong status, but that in case a berdache ceases to be so, it is due to

the spirits determining that it be so.

Go-inbetweens

trusted third parties who are given the lagal right to negociate and resolve disputes

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) claim that it is mostly __________ who are most likely to leave the work force for life at home.

two of the above

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) note that no longer holding a high-ranking job is a problem for a woman's prestige. What can she do to retain prestige when she spends all her time at home?

two of the above

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," an avocado is classed as a ____________ in the United States and a ____________ in Brazil.

vegetable, fruit

As a result of the Spanish Inquisition and Franco's enforcement of Catholicism as a national religion, most Spaniards

view Catholicism as integral to their national identity.

According to Sutherland in "The Case of an American Gypsy," officials in the American justice system often

view Gypsies as a criminal society.

Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) describe research on women's power conducted by Ernestine Friedl. They note that Friedl found that ________ was a key to power and equality for women in hunter/gatherer societies.

women's production and control and publicly shared food and goods

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," the terms moreno, loura, branca, and preta all refer to

Brazilian names for different tipos (types).

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," his daughter can change her race by flying from New York to Brazil. She can do this because

Brazilians have a different set of racial categories than do North Americans.

Ramages

Cognatic (bilateral) kin groups based on bilateral descent. They resemble lineages in size and funtion but provide more recruiting flexibility.

According to Elizabeth Eames in "Negotiating Nigerian Bureaucracies," Nigerian bureaucracies, like those in the west, are organized on the principle Max Weber called legal domination.

False

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," North Americans fail in their attempt to classify people into races because they ignore important physical differences such as body shape (rounded and lanky, for example).

False

According to Fish in "Mixed Blood," human beings cannot be classified into races on the basis of physical characteristics because there is so little variation within the human species.

False

According to Goldstein, Tibetan polyandry is a response to a shortage of arable land.

False

According to Nordstrom in "Illegal Economies and the Untold Story of Amputees," the Muleque woman had friends in government, as well as in the mining and transport industries, who regularly took their wares on flights or trucks going across the country.

False

According to Rogozen-Soltar in "Becoming Muslim in Europe," due to the progressive attitudes of many European countries, converts to Islam face few political or social challenges.

False

According to Scheper-Hughes, the doctors and clergy of the Brazilian city of Bom Jesus de Mata work hard to save the lives of poor children born in the shanty town of Alto do Cruzeiro but fail because of the indifference of the infants' mothers.

False

According to Sutherland in "The Case of an American Gypsy," the largest group to which Gypsies belong is called the vitsa.

False

According to William ("The Berdache Tradition"), the Western Judeo-Christian tradition is the arbiter of natural human behavior.

False

According to William, ("The Berdache Tradition"), Berdachism is a way for society to force some atypical individuals to transform in such a way that they become aligned with society's norms.

False

Dash and Long-Leg are Nigerian terms that refer to types of runners.

False

Goldstein believes that Tibetan polyandry is a response to high rates of female infanticide.

False

In "Becoming Muslim in Europe," Rogozen-Soltar states that in order to convert to the Muslim faith, would-be converts must enroll in religion classes and receive official acceptance from religious authorities.

False

In "Becoming Muslim in Europe," author Mikaela Rogozen-Soltar states that Spain does not have one predominant religion; its citizens represent a wide variety of religious beliefs, including significant percentages of Jews, Catholics, Protestants, and Muslims.

False

In "The Case of an American Gypsy," Sutherland notes that the young Gypsy man she helped to defend in court refused to eat jail food, as a protest for not being allowed to call his relatives.

False

In Nordstrom's article "Illegal Economies and the Untold Story of Amputees," the local coordinator for an NGO working with the amputees felt that taking the goods made by the Muleque women on an official NGO flight was an improper use of the NGO's equipment.

False

Nancy Scheper-Hughes (Mother's Love: Death without Weeping) feels that it is instinctual for poor mothers to grieve deeply over the death of their babies in most societies unless they have been separated from their infants by illness or divorce.

False