ANTH 1003 Cox- Auburn
Nocturnal
Active during the nighttime
Costs and benefits
An analytical approach that considers the caloric cost of obtaining food and the calories contained
Franz Boas
Better known as the founder of American Anthropology; he has strived to be the most holistic. They worked in all four subfields when the study was small.
replication and protein synthesis
DNA has two main functions, what are they?
Terrestrial
Living on the ground
Meiosis
Occurs in only one set of specialized cells that produce gametes
Macaca
The genus of macaque monkeys
saggital keel
The presence of a raised area in the middle of the cranium found in H. erectus is known as a
enculturation
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
they were colorblind
"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": What conclusion did Prime Minister William Gladstone make about how the Greeks saw color?
genetic drift
A change in the genetic variation across generations due to random factors
Matrifocal unit
A cluster of individuals generally made up of related females
Geographical information systems
A computerized methogology that brings together data from several sources and integrates them with a geographic reference map
Glaciation
A condition when the land surface is covered with sheets of glacial ice
thermoluminescence dating
A dating method for estimating dates of pottery that has been fired
Carbon-14 dating
A dating method that establishes the date or period of an organic artifact or feature from the relative proportions of radioactive carbon to nonradioactive isotopes
sexual dimorphism
A difference between the sexes of a species in body size or shape
founder effect
A form of genetic drift that is the result of a dramatic reduction in population numbers so that descendent populations are descended from a small number of "founders"
Pleistocene
A geologic period in which much of the land in the northern hemisphere was covered by glaciers. These ice sheets retreated about 12,000 years ago
Phylogeny
A graphic representation that traces evolutionary relationships and identifies points when an evolutionary event or change occurred, such as the creation of a new species
Haplotype
A group of distinctive inherited genes
creole
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
creole language
A language of mixed origin that has developed from a complex blending of two parent languages that exists as a mother tongue for some part of the population
Ethnopoetics
A method of recording oral poetry, stories, ritual language, and nearly any narrative speech act, as verses and stanzas rather than as prose paragraphs in order to capture the format and other performative elements that might be lost in written texts
pidgin languages
A mixed language with a simplified grammar, typically borrowing its vocabulary from one language but its grammar from another
Plasticity 2
A particular form of developmental bias in which an organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime
Dispersal
A pattern of one sex leaving the group they were born into about the time of reproductive maturity
holistic perspective
A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.
Test pit
A preliminary excavation, usually of a single 1-meter-by-1-meter square to see if artifactual material exists at the site and to assess the character of the stratigraphy
Anthropoid
A primate superfamily that includes monkeys, apes, and humans
the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except
Affiliation
A relationship between individuals who are frequently in close association bas on tolerance, even friendliness
Qualitative Methods
A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs.
Gene
A segment of DNA that contains the code for a protein
strategy
A set of behaviors that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection
Language
A system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar
genealogical method
A systematic methodology for recording kinship relations and how kin terms are used in different societies
theory
A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis. A theory explains things and helps guide research by focusing the researcher's questions and making the findings meaningful
True
According to "Our Babies Ourselves", in the United States, individualism is valued highly, so generally parents do not hold their babies as much as other cultures.
a culturally appropriate adult
According to "Our Babies Ourselves", the goal of child-rearing in any society is to make the child:
Dark fur
According to the "Survival of the Fittest" video , what trait of the Rock Pocket Mouse was best adapted to survival on the lava flow?
Social Evolutionism
All societies pass through stages, from primitive state to complex civilization. Cultural differences are the result of different evolutionary stages.
father-son bonding
All the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except
Ethnography of speaking
An anthropological approach to language that distinguished the ways that people actually speak from the ideal ways that people in any culture are supposed to speak.
the natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
homo erectus
Anthropologists think that the first hominin capable of speaking in sounds, not signals, was:
chronometric (absolute) dating
Any dating method that determines an age of a fossil, rock, artifact, or archaeological feature on some specified time scale
Relative dating
Any dating techniques provide us with rough assessments of the age of a fossil, artifact, or archaeological feature relative to other fossils, rocks, artifacts, or features
Fieldnotes
Any information that the anthropologist writes down or transcribes during fieldwork
Sites
Any location that shows evidence of human activity, including those with monuments and buildings
Interview
Any systematic conversation with an informant to collect field research data, ranging from a highly structured set of questions to the most open-ended ones.
historical archaeologists
Archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation about the sites also exists. The goal is to supplement what we know about a community or society from what is found in the ground with written records
Charles Darwin 2
Argued that variations do not arise from a desire to change, but are found in the preexisting traits of individuals within a population
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet
Articulated the first theory of biological evolution
Gregor Mendel
Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
selective breeding
Based on close observations, Mendel connected those traits to specific parents and learned that the characteristics of offspring could be controlled by
Lunate Sulcas
Becoming Human: The _______________ is a deep furrow in a primate's brain. It divides parts of the brain related to vision from the rest of the neocortex, which is where more complex thought happens.
false
Behavioral ecology uses a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates.
displacement
Being able to communicate about things not currently present in space and time is known as:
E.E. Evans-Pritchard
Believes anthropology should be grouped with the humanities rather than natural sciences. He argued that describing other people requires an understanding of their inner lives and beliefs that no scientific methodology can grasp. His view was that the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.
Gregor Mendel 3
By cross-breeding pea plants, he was able to illustrate the basic laws of inheritance:
fission track
Can distinguish young from older and very old rocks (especially useful for very old fossils)
nucleotide bases, sugars, phosphates
Chemically, DNA is composed of what
a more specific age for a fossil or something organic
Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish
True
Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.
False
Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.
Tree-ring dating
Counts tree rings, each of which represents a year. Useful in very dry regions where trees are preserved, such as the American Southwest over the past 12,000 years. In some cases it has been used for much earlier samples
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
Cultural anthropologists do research by
false
Cultural anthropologists use just three methods
False
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
Functionalism
Cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill psychological and social needs
False
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
Structural Functionalism
Culture is systematic, its pieces working together in a balanced fashion to keep the whole society functioning smoothly
Mitosis and Meiosis
DNA copies are necessary for two primary functions of cells, what are they?
Textual evidence
Deciphering and analyzing writing systems such as hieroglyphs. Egyptian hieroglyphics, Mesopotamian cuneiform, and Mayan glyphs, as well as some early writing systems in China often appear on ancient monuments, clay tablets, stelae, papyrus, and other surfaces discussing the heroic deeds of leaders. Where translations are possible, written evidence often provides more or less precise dates for events, buildings, and documents of financial transactions
yes
Do Neanderthals and modern humans share the same genus and species classification (Homo sapien).
nope
Does the term hominin refer to humans and great apes
Diffusionists
Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies.
the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group, language is a guide to "social reality," we understand the material world through the language we speak
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
the interface between human and ape communities
Ethnoprimatology is an emerging field that studies
helps us understand our origins as a species, identify the evolutionary changes that make our species distinctive, and specify traits we share with other creatures whom we have common ancestry
Evolution is important to anthropology because
EB Taylor
Father of Culture, Founder of academic anthropology in English.
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
French philosopher and natural historian, argued that the relationship between organisms and their environment was a dynamic one, he argued that active forces of nature--not biblical creation--had created ever-proliferating forms of life
nucleus
Genes are found in the __________ of every cell
Geomorphologists
Geologists who study the formation and structure of the earth's surface
protein synthesis
How DNA assists in the creation of the molecules that make up organisms. The organic structure of our bodies are made up of ______, which are strings of amino acids
reproductive success
How many surviving offspring an organism has
He studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions (from so-called savagery to civilization).
How would you describe Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?
paleoanthropology q
If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in
key scenarios
Imply how people should act
False
In order to truly practice cultural relativism, one could never make a judgement on what is right and wrong.
False
In science, a theory is an educated guess and is not well-accepted among the scientific community.
Historical Particularism
Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change. Culture traits diffuse from one culture to another.
no
Is it easy to identify direct causal links between genes and behavior.
Hapolgroups
Lineages that share haplotypes
Arboreal
Living in the trees
Fieldwork
Long-term immersion in a community, normally involving firsthand research in a specific study community or research setting where people's behavior can be observed and the researcher can have conversations or interviews with members of the community.
electron spin resonance
Measures the build-up of electrons trapped inside crystals after they were formed. Commonly applied to tooth enamel several thousand to several millions years old
Optical Stimulated Luminescence
Measures the number of electrons trapped in the crystalline structure of minerals like quartz and feldspar after being buried in the earth for long periods. Crystals absorb energy from trace amounts of radioactive material in the soil and rock. When exposed to light the electrons are released and can be measured to estimate the date they were buried
Thermoluminescence
Measures time elapsed since crystalline material was heated. Useful for dating archaeological items like clay fired as pottery or exposed to fire in a hearth
Residue analysis
Microscopic analysis of the residues of plant and animal foods, especially starches, on pottery or tools
ethics and ethical approaches in anthropology
Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior. Ethics is organically connected to what it means to be a good anthropologist. "Do no harm" is the bedrock principle in anthropology's primary code of ethics
people learn them when they are young
Norms are stable because
Post-structuralism
Not a single school of thought, but a set of theoretical positions that rejects the idea that there are underlying structures that explain culture. embraces the idea that cultural processes are dynamic, and that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively
False
Old world monkeys are exclusively terrestrial dwellers
change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment
One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that
niche construction
Organisms directly modify their environments
Syntax
Pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language
Call systems
Patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning
Use Wear
Patterns of wear and tear on an artifact that is presumed to be due to use
paleoanthropologist
Physical anthropologists and archaeologists who study the fossilized remains of ancient primates and humans to understand their biological and behavioral evolution
sense of smell
Primates rely extensively on all the characteristics listed below except
symbolic learning
Reading your textbook is an example of:
Phase I
Reconnaissance work in archaeology is also known as:
action research
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
Action research
Research in which the goal of a researcher's involvement in a community is to help make social change
provides resistance to malaria in the tropics
Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it
Homologous
Similar due to shared ancestry
Analogous
Similar in appearance or function, not the same due to shared ancestry
Trace fossils
Soft tissues such as organs, skin, and feathers that do not fossilize, but sometimes leave impressions, or traces on the sedimentary rock that forms around them
stops
Sounds that are formed by closing off and reopening the oral cavity so that it stops the flow of air through the mouth, such as the consonants p, b, t, d, k, and g.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Spiral-shaped molecule strands that contain the biological information for the cell, molecules that reside in each of our cells in the form of spiral-shaped strands. Inherited from our parents
Renato Rosaldo
Studied head-hunting in a Filipino society called the Ilongots. Doubted their reasoning for head-hunting until his own wife was killed and then he began to understand and relate to their pain. He realized that his training as an anthropologist, which emphasized scientific detachment, accounted for his initial dismissing of head-hunting
Carl von Linnaeus
Swedish naturalist, systematized scientific findings about the diversity of life forms by developing taxonomy. He grouped together organisms with similar anatomy, suggesting that physical similarity indicates relationship
sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.
The Law of Superposition says that
Charles Darwin 3
The Origin of the Species was written by:
Hominoid
The Primate superfamily Hominoidea that includes all the apes and the humans
language death
The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
Replication
The ability of DNA to copy itself
Prehensile
The ability to grasp things, usually referring to hands or tails
Opposability
The ability to touch the thumb with the tips of the other fingers on the same hand is called:
Recent African Origin model
The argument that modern H. sapiens appeared as a new species in Africa about 200,000 years ago is called the
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.
anthropological linguistics
The branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human languages.
uses data from many societies
The comparative method
Genome
The complete set of an organism's DNA
Adaptation
The development of a trait that plays a functional role in the ability of a life form to survive and reproduce
Hominine
The division in the superfamily Hominoid that includes humans and our recent ancestors
Industrialization
The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one.
Colonialism
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.
linguistic relativity
The idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their language
through systematic connections of different parts
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
cultural construction
The meaning, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences.
Gene flow
The movement of genetic material within and between populations
Linnaeus
The name most closely associated with the system traditionally used to classify living things is:
Phenotype
The observable and measurable traits of an organism, interacts directly with the environment
Salvage Paradigm
The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.
the people or species they study
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
Fossilization
The process by which hard tissues like bone and teeth slowly turn to stone as molecule by molecule the hard tissues turn to rock, keeping the shape of the original bone
natural selection 2
The process through which certain heritable traits become more or less common in population related to the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environments 2
Australopithecines - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens
The progression of ancestral forms leading to modern-day humans, the earliest being first, is which of the following sequences?
Dominance hierarchy
The ranking of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another
Scientific Method
The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses. It is a method, not a pursuit of an ultimate truth. It questions specifics, not truths about life.
participant observation
The standard research method used by sociocultural anthropologists that requires the researcher to live in the community he or she is studying to observe and participate in day-to-day activities.
Morphology
The structure of words and word formation in a language
Paleoethnobotany
The study of ancient plant remains in order to reconstruct a picture of prehistoric environments and human---plant interactions
Behavioral ecology
The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives
ethnoscience
The study of how people classify things in the world, usually by considering some range of set of meanings
Sociolinguistics
The study of how sociocultural context and norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society
Anthropology
The study of human beings, their biology, their prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions
Archaeology
The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.
Ethnoprimatology
The study of the interface between human and ape communities
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the social lives of living communities.
Phonology
The systematic pattern of sounds in a language, also known as the language's sound system
functionalism
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
extended evolutionary synthesis
The view of evolution that accepts the existence of not just genetically based but also non-genetically based processes of evolution: developmental bias, plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance
inherited
Those traits that enable successful adaptations are
Changes shape and folds itself in various ways
To become a protein, the polypeptide...
Grooming
Touching another individual to remove dirt, insects, and debris, usually as a way for individuals to bond
derived characteristics
Unique to a species, evolved after two or more species who have shared a common ancestor diverged. Ex: chin in modern humans
Potassium-argon dating
Useful for dating minerals, clays, and sediments over 100,000 years old. Often used for dating fossils and very early stone tool, by dating a higher layer of igneous rock that was laid down as volcanic ash
Alleles
Variations in the sequences of the same gene
interglacial
Warm periods between ice ages, usually referring to warm periods during the Pleistocene
Oldowan
What is the tool tradition associated with Homo habilis?
Industrialization
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time
When cultural anthropologists go into the field
Niche Construction 2
When organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs
culture is isolated
Which of the following is NOT a concept key to the human culture as discussed in the lecture?
Plattyrhine
Which of the following is NOT a part of a human's taxonomic classification?
Paleontology
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sub-fields of anthropology?
Dinosaur bones
Which of the following is NOT studied by anthropologists?
it is used to communicate, it is symbolic, it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar
Which of the following is a feature of language?
Location of the Foramen Magnum
Which skeletal feature is paleoanthropologists' best indicator of bipedalism in a fossil?
Americans
Who are the Narcerima?
language ideology
Widespread assumptions that people make about the relative sophistication and status of particular dialects and languages
Cognate words
Words in two languages that show the same systematic sound shifts as other words in the two languages, usually interpreted by linguists as evidence for a common linguistic ancestry.
cognate words
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
traits
_________ Vary from one individual to another, these differences result partly, but not entirely, from genetic variation
Surface Collection
a collection of pottery and stone artifacts made from the surface of the soil around a possible site
potassium-argon dating
a dating method that measures the decay of an isotope of potassium into argon, used to date minerals, clays, and sediments over 100,000 years old in igneous rock that was laid down as volcanic ash
proto language
a hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages
quantitative methods
a methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed
Functionalism
a perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society
natural selection
a process through which certain inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment
ethnographic method
a prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community
social sanctions
a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation
seriation
a relative dating method that analyzes changing styles of pottery or other artifacts over time to situate any particular assemblage of artifacts into a time series of styles and designs
comparative method
a research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies
Breccia
a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix
Taxonomy
a system of naming and classifying species
Interpretive theory of culture
a theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols
theory
a well-supported, well-tested statement about how something works.
Symbols
an elaboration of a sign, wider range of meaning, three main kinds: summarizing symbols, elaborating symbols, and key scenarios
cross-cultural perspective
analyzing human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures
Applied anthropology
anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs
Practicing Anthropology
anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product
Comparative method
any anthropological research that involves systematic comparison of several societies
Informant
any person an anthropologist gets data from in the study community, especially people interviewed or who provide information about what he or she has observed or heard
ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one's own culture
Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Philology
comparative study of ancient texts and documents
interpretive anthropology
culture is a shared system of meaning. people make sense of their worlds through the use of symbols and symbolic activities like myth and ritual
cognitive anthropology
culture operates through mental models and logical systems
Neo-evolutionism
cultures evolve from simple to complex by harnessing nature's energy through technology and the influence of particular culture-specific processes
Holism
efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation
non-directional
evolution is
metaphors
implicit comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them, allowing people to make sense of complex social relations around them
no sir
is the appearance of culture the event that signaled the arrival of modern humans.
customs
long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect
Extra-genetic inheritance
organisms transmit more than genes across generations
social institutions
organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society
Structuralism
people make sense of their world through binary oppositions like hot-cold, culture-nature, male-female, and raw-cooked. These binaries are expressed in social institutions and cultural practices like kinship, myth, and language
evolutionary perspective
perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
development bias
physical development can influence the generation of variation
Habitation sites
places where people lived at some time in the past
tradition
practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring
Mitosis
process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents, the creation of two new cells out of one cell by division
Extra-genetic inheritance
refers to the observation that parents and social groups create environments for their offspring that can aid in their adaptive success, the socially transmitted epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms
Alluvial soil
rich, fine grained soils deposited by rivers and streams
altriusm
seemingly selfless acts that have a net loss of energy to the actor but a net gain in energy to the receiver
gametes
sex cells are known as
Symbol
something--an object, idea, image, figure, or character--that represents something else
Fieldwork
spending a year or two observing social life of different cultures
polypeptide
string of amino acids
summarizing symbol
sum up a variety of meanings and experiences and link them to a single sign
values
symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities
elaborating symbols
symbols that help us sort out complex feelings and relationships
evolution
the adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations
kin selection
the behavioral favoring of your close genetic relatives
Plasticity
the environment directly shapes organisms' physical traits
Pan
the genus of chimpanzees
Erasmus Darwin
the grandfather of charles darwin, conducted systematic observations of domestic and wild animals, fossils, and their anatomies. Argued that life had arisen from an original filament and that groups of organisms could undergo gradual changes and become different from the first group, thus producing the diversity of forms we see on the planet
cultural determinism
the idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior
developmental bias
the idea that not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others
Cultural Materialism
the material world, especially economic and ecological conditions, shape people's customs and beliefs
Headnotes
the mental notes an anthropologist makes while in the field, which may or may not end up in formal fieldnotes or journals
cultural relativism
the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
Essentialism
the philosophical position that dictates that each organism has a true, ideal form, and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type
Speciation
the process by which new species arise
Enculturation
the process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a society
intersubjectivity
the realization that knowledge about other people emerges out of relationships and perceptions individuals have with each other
diversity
the sheer variety of ways of being human around the world
Linguistic Anthropology
the study of how people communicate with one another through language use shapes group membership and identity
Stratigraphy
the study of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect
Biological Anthropology
the study of the biological and biocultural facets of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates
descriptive linguistics
the systematic analysis and description of a language's sound system and grammar
culture
the taken-for-granted notions, rules, and moralities, and behaviors within a social group
cultural appropriation
the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another
globalization
the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundariesbrerror
ancestral characteristics
traits or structures that are shared by all or most species in a group because they are inherited from a common ancestral species. ex: hair among mammals
shared derived characteristic
traits that evolved after all the species being compared shared a common ancestor, but prior to some more recent speciation events, seen, for example, in the larger brains of humans and apes relative to the brains of monkeys
Norms
typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done
empirical
verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory
Signs
words or objects that stand for something else, usually as a kind of shorthand
